scholarly journals Cardiac Function and Muscular Oxygen Desaturation in Sprint and Endurance Cohorts during the Incremental Bicycle Ergometry

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (92) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilma Papievienė ◽  
Kristina Poderienė ◽  
Eugenijus Trinkūnas ◽  
Albinas Grūnovas ◽  
Jonas Poderys
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Desaturation ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Bicycle Ergometry ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
Femoral Muscle ◽  
Performance Abilities

Research background and hypothesis. The objective of this study was to compare the velocity of changes of cardiac output and muscular oxygen desaturation during the graded exercise stress in endurance and sprint cohorts.Research  methods.  The  subjects,  13  long  distance  runners  and  11  sprinters,  underwent  a  50W  increase  in workload every 6 minutes and they exercised till the inability to continue the workout.  The heart rate (HR), cardiac output and oxygen desaturation (StO 2 ) in lateral head of the rectus femoral muscle were registered. Research results. The averaged values of change in cardiac output at each stage of workout were similar for both cohorts. We found statistically significantly higher velocities of changes in StO 2  in the sprint cohort than in the endurance cohort. The lower physical performance abilities are typical of the sprint cohort compared to the endurance cohort but three was no difference between the averaged maximal HR values registered at the end of incremental ergometry. During the exercising with given work rate at stages which became subjectively hard, the StO 2  decreased to the same smallest level. This means that the same type of change and the same smallest degree of StO 2  occurs just before the inability to continue the exercising.  Discussions and conclusions. The endurance cohort features a more extensive slow augmentation and greater peak values of cardiac output compared to the sprint cohort.  The same type of changes and the same degree of muscular oxygen desaturation occur at the point of the inability to continue the exercising, but faster changes in oxygen desaturation in muscular tissue are characteristic of the sprint cohort compared to the sprint cohort.Keywords:  bicycle ergometry, cardiac output, oxygen desaturation.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Concatenation between Cardiac Output and Indices of Arterial Blood Presure during Graded Exercise Stress in Endurance Cohort

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (88) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilma Papievienė ◽  
Eugenijus Trinkūnas ◽  
Alfonsas Buliuolis ◽  
Albinas Grūnovas ◽  
Jonas Poderys
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Matrix Theory ◽  
Blood Pressure Reduction ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Bicycle Ergometry ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Arterial Blood

Research background and hypothesis. Potential mechanisms through which muscle perfusion is altered during prolonged exercise are not fully understood. The methods applied in the  analysis of human data are very important  because  many crucial variables are not directly measureble or even identifiable.Research aim  was to  find out the peculiarities in concatenation between  central and peripheral cardiovascular changes under conditions of increasing fatigue.Research methods. Well-trained endurance runners underwent a 50 W increase in workload (bicycle ergometry) every 6 minutes and they exercised until inability to continue the task. Dynamics of concatenation between cardiac output and systolic arterial blood pressure (ABP), diastolic ABP and total peripheral resistance were assessed using a method based on matrix theory proposed by Lithuanian scientists.Research results. The increase of cardiac output during exercising has the same tendency of stepwise increase of workload, but changes of systolic and diastolic ABP with accumulation of fatigue could be characterized as linear type dependent with the time of exercising. The concatenation between the changes in cardiac performance and behaviour of peripheral vasculature increased at onset of exercising and the decrease or loss of the concatenation led up to inability to continue exercising.Discussion and conclusions. The importance of peripheral factors, i. e. decrease of diastolic blood pressure, reduction  of  total  peripheral  vascular  resistance  plays  an  increasingly  significant  role  for  cardiac  output  during continuous exercising. The concatenations between the changes of these indices and cardiac output increase and in the case of high-grade fatigue concatenations begin to decline.Keywords: cardiac output, periferal vascular resistance, concatenation.

Lightweight remotely actuated switching valve for rebreathing exercise studies

1980 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-388
Author(s):  
D. G. Ellis ◽  
R. M. Lampman
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stress Testing ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Switching Valve ◽  
Remote Operation ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
New Type

A new type of switching valve used in rebreathing studies for estimating cardiac output is described. This valve employs a unique deformable elastic element, actuated by low-pressure compressed air, to effect switching. The capability for remote operation (via a compressed air line) and the light weight of the valve (110 g) make the valve especially well suited to exercise stress testing studies. Two valves of this type have been satisfactorily used in graded exercise stress tests in a clinical setting for over 2 yr.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Adjustments during Graded Exercise Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (84) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Poderys ◽  
Alfonsas Buliuolis ◽  
Vilma Papievienė
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Bicycle Ergometry ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
System Adaptation ◽  
Cardiac Muscles ◽  
Adequate Blood Supply ◽  
Exercise Type ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Study Participants

Research background and hypothesis. Cardiac function provides an adequate blood supply to all organs thus changes in the performance and functional state of cardiac muscles during exercising are very important.Research aim. The aim of the study was to find out the peculiarities in adjustment of cardiovascular system in dependence on the type of adaptation to physical loads during graded stress.Research  methods.  The  study  participants,  17  non-athletes,  23  endurance,  19  sprint  and    21  combat  sport athletes, underwent a bicycle ergometry of incremental increase in provocative workload (graded stress). A 12-lead ECG was reordered and a computerized program allowed to measure ECG parameter, the ratio of JT/RR intervals and the velocity of adaptation of cardiovascular system to exercising (V Ad ), by calculating the difference between the relative changes of JT interval and RR interval as a difference: V Ad . = (JTi/JT0) 100% – (RRi/RR0) 100%.Research results. No significant functional ischemia was found in endurance cohort during the graded stress while it was expressed in non-athletes’ cohort and slightly smaller in sprint and combat cohorts. Maximal values of other ECG or ABP parameters registered during graded stress did not reveal significant differences between cohorts.Discussion  and  conclusions.  Functional  ischemia  is  an  important  factor  limiting  muscular  and  cardiac performance during the graded exercise stress. The exercise type plays a significant role in developing the velocity of adaptation of cardiovascular system at onset of exercising. Faster adaptation at onset of exercise is more characteristic of sprint and combat sports than representatives of endurance or non-athletes.Keywords: cardiovascular system, adaptation, functional ischemia.

scholarly journals Assessment of exercise-induced stress by automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations within the circadian rhythm in Japanese female long-distance runners

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumi Ushiki ◽  
Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽  
Yoshifumi Shoho ◽  
Larasati Martha ◽  
Hirotaka Ishigaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Overtraining Syndrome

Abstract Background Overtraining syndrome, caused by prolonged excessive stress, results in reduced performance and cortisol responsiveness in athletes. It is necessary to collect saliva samples sequentially within circadian rhythm for assessing exercise stress by measuring cortisol concentrations, and automated cortisol measurements using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) may be useful for measuring a large number of saliva samples. In this study, we evaluated the appropriate use of cortisol-based exercise stress assessment within the circadian rhythm, which may diagnose and prevent overtraining syndrome in athletes. Methods We collected saliva and sera from 54 healthy participants and analyzed the correlation between salivary cortisol concentrations measured by ECLIA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or serum cortisol analysis. We also collected saliva continuously from 12 female long-distance runners on 2 consecutive days involving different intensities and types of exercise early in the morning and in the afternoon and measured salivary cortisol concentrations using ECLIA. Each exercise intensity of runners was measured by running velocities, Borg Scale score, and rate of change in the pulse rate by exercise. Results ECLIA-based salivary cortisol concentrations correlated positively with those detected by ELISA (ρ = 0.924, p < 0.001) and serum cortisol (ρ = 0.591, p = 0.001). In long-distance runners, circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol including peak after waking and decrease promptly thereafter were detected on both days by continuous saliva sampling. The rates of change in salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly lower after an early morning exercise than after an afternoon exercise on both days (day 1, p = 0.002 and day 2, p = 0.003). In the early morning exercise, the rate of change in salivary cortisol concentration was significantly higher on day 1 than on day 2 ( p = 0.034), similar to significant difference in running velocities ( p = 0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest that automated ECLIA-based salivary cortisol measurements are able to detect the athletes' circadian rhythm and compare the exercise stress intensities at the same times on different days, even in the early morning, possibly leading to prevention of overtraining syndrome.

scholarly journals Exercise stress assessed by automated measurements of salivary testosterone and cortisol levels and testosterone/cortisol ratio within circadian rhythms in male long-distance runners

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larasati Martha ◽  
Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽  
Kazumi Ushiki ◽  
Yoshifumi Shoho ◽  
Yoshimaro Yanagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Borg Scale ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Salivary Testosterone ◽  
Automated Measurements ◽  
Cortisol Ratio

Abstract Background: Exercise stress promoted cortisol and testosterone secretions that have their own circadian rhythms. It is necessary that the testosterone, cortisol and testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C ratio) are measured through their rhythms for use in monitoring exercise-induced stress in athletes. Automated measurement has not been applied to salivary testosterone, which requires passive drooling difficult to collect sufficient saliva rapidly. This study aimed to verify whether automated measurements of the testosterone and cortisol concentrations and T/C ratio using saliva collected sequentially can effectively assess exercise intensity differences within circadian rhythms in male athletes.Methods: We investigated the correlations of testosterone and cortisol concentrations measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) between saliva and sera collected from 20 male long-distance runners. We collected the runners' saliva sequentially by passive drooling on two consecutive days involving different intensity trainings in the morning and evening; salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations were measured by ECLIA. Each exercise intensity was measured by running distances, velocities, Borg scale score and maximum pulse rate during exercise.Results: The salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations were positively correlated with the respective total serum hormone concentrations. The runners were divided into low-intensity exercise group (n = 8) and high-intensity exercise group (n = 7), in which five runners were excluded because measurable saliva samples could not be obtained due to low volume and high-viscosity. Sequential saliva collection and automated measurements detected the runners' circadian rhythms of testosterone, cortisol and T/C ratio. The rate of change in the salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly higher and that in the T/C ratio was significantly lower in the evening interval training on day 1 in the high-intensity exercise group which had significantly higher running velocity, Borg scale score, and maximum pulse rate values; this relationship was not shown for salivary testosterone.Conclusions: Automated measurements of the salivary cortisol concentration and the T/C ratio reflected different exercise intensities may be useful for creating appropriate exercise programs for athletes. Conversely, the automated measurements of salivary testosterone and T/C ratio, which require passive drooling to collect saliva, may be less suitable for practical use with athletes than the salivary cortisol-only measurement

scholarly journals Assessment of exercise-induced stress by automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations within the circadian rhythm in Japanese female long-distance runners

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumi Ushiki ◽  
Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽  
Yoshifumi Shoho ◽  
Larasati Martha ◽  
Hirotaka Ishigaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Overtraining Syndrome

Abstract Background: Overtraining syndrome, caused by prolonged excessive stress, results in reduced performance and cortisol responsiveness in athletes. It is necessary to collect saliva samples sequentially within circadian rhythm for assessing exercise stress by measuring cortisol concentrations, and automated cortisol measurements using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) may be useful for measuring a large number of saliva samples. In this study, we evaluated the appropriate use of cortisol-based exercise stress assessment within the circadian rhythm, which may diagnose and prevent overtraining syndrome in athletes. Methods: We collected saliva and sera from 54 healthy participants and analyzed the correlation between salivary cortisol concentrations measured by ECLIA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or serum cortisol analysis. We also collected saliva continuously from 12 female long-distance runners on 2 consecutive days involving different intensities and types of exercise early in the morning and in the afternoon and measured salivary cortisol concentrations using ECLIA. Each exercise intensity of runners was measured by running velocities, Borg Scale score, and rate of change in the pulse rate by exercise. Results: ECLIA-based salivary cortisol concentrations correlated positively with those detected by ELISA (ρ = 0.924, p < 0.001) and serum cortisol (ρ = 0.591, p = 0.001). In long-distance runners, circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol including peak after waking and decrease promptly thereafter were detected on both days by continuous saliva sampling. The rates of change in salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly lower after an early morning exercise than after an afternoon exercise on both days (day 1, p = 0.002 and day 2, p = 0.003). In the early morning exercise, the rate of change in salivary cortisol concentration was significantly higher on day 1 than on day 2 ( p = 0.034), similar to significant difference in running velocities ( p = 0.001).Conclusions: Our results suggest that automated ECLIA-based salivary cortisol measurements are able to detect the athletes' circadian rhythm and compare the exercise stress intensities at the same times on different days, even in the early morning, possibly leading to prevention of overtraining syndrome.

Personality Assessment of The Elite Women Long Distance Runners of India

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-564
Author(s):  
Annu Annu ◽  
◽  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Malkeet Kaur ◽  
Neha Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance

Blood lactate and glycerol after 400-m and 3,000-m runs in sprint and long distance runners

1984 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Ohkuwa ◽  
Yoshinobu Kato ◽  
Koichi Katsumata ◽  
Takayuki Nakao ◽  
Miharu Miyamura
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance

scholarly journals Analysis of the Impact of a Multi-Strain Probiotic on Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Long-Distance Runners

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3758
Author(s):  
Joanna Smarkusz-Zarzecka ◽  
Lucyna Ostrowska ◽  
Joanna Leszczyńska ◽  
Karolina Orywal ◽  
Urszula Cwalina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Impact

Use of probiotic supplements, the benefits of which have not been proven in sportspeople, is becoming more widespread among runners. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a multi-strain probiotic on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and inflammation in the body. The randomised, double-blind study included 66 long-distance runners. The intervention factor was a multi-strain probiotic or placebo. At the initial and final stages of the study, evaluation of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness was performed and the presence of inflammation determined. In the group of men using the probiotic, an increase in lean body mass (p = 0.019) and skeletal muscle mass (p = 0.022) was demonstrated, while in the group of women taking the probiotic, a decrease in the content of total body fat (p = 0.600) and visceral fat (p = 0.247) was observed. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) increased in women (p = 0.140) and men (p = 0.017) using the probiotic. Concentration of tumour necrosis factor-alpha decreased in women (p = 0.003) and men (p = 0.001) using the probiotic and in women (p = 0.074) and men (p = 0.016) using the placebo. Probiotic therapy had a positive effect on selected parameters of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness of study participants and showed a tendency to reduce inflammation.

scholarly journals Comparison of Y-Balance Test Performance by maturation status in youth distance runners

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967121S0008
Author(s):  
Mitchell J. Rauh ◽  
Micah C. Garcia ◽  
David M. Bazett-Jones ◽  
Jason T. Long ◽  
Kevin R. Ford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Limb Length ◽  
Distance Running ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle Strength ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: Distance running is a popular interscholastic sport, but also has an associated high risk of running-related injuries. Recent literature suggests that functional tests may help to identify athletes at increased risk of injury. The Y-Balance Test (YBT) is an objective measure used to assess functional muscle strength and balance and to expose asymmetries between tested limbs. Purpose: To determine if YBT performance was associated with maturation status in healthy, youth distance runners. We hypothesized that mid-pubertal (MP) runners would demonstrate less functional reach distance than pre-pubertal (PrP) or post-pubertal (PoP) runners. Methods: A convenience sample of 142 (Females: n=79, Males: n=63) uninjured youth runners (ages 13.5±2.7 years; weekly running distance: 18.2±20.4 km) were recruited from the local community. All runners met inclusion criteria, indicating that they were between 9 and 19 years old and participated in long-distance running activities such as school/club track and field, cross country, road races, trail running, and/or soccer. The runners completed a modified Pubertal Maturational Observation Scale (PMOS), then were screened for right (R) and left (L) anterior (ANT), posteromedial (PM) and posterolateral (PL) reach distances (cm) normalized by lower limb length (cm). Composite reach distance was calculated by the sum of the three reach distances divided by three times the limb length multiplied by 100 for R and L limbs. ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to compare maximum normalized reach distances for the three directions and composite reach distance by maturation status and sex. Results: Overall, 31.7% were classified as PrP status, 26.1% as MP, and 42.3% as PoP, with similar percentages by sex ( p=0.84). The only significant mean difference was found for R ANT maximum normalized reach distance between PrP and PoP ( p=0.02), indicating a greater normalized reach in PrP athletes. No significant mean differences were found for R or L PM and PL maximum normalized reach distances, or for R or L composite reach distances, by maturation status or when stratified by maturation and sex ( p>0.05). Conclusions: In this sample of youth runners, the YBT was only a discriminator of anterior reach distance between pre-pubertal and post-pubertal runners. As decreased anterior reach is associated with reduced quadriceps muscle strength and anterior knee pain, reduced anterior reach in post-pubertal runners may potentially signify an increased risk of sustaining a running-related injury. Thus, preventive efforts to ensure good functional quadriceps muscle strength may be merited.

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