scholarly journals A Shape-Variable, Aqueous, Low-Temperature Liquid Metal–Conductive Polymer Secondary Battery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Fu ◽  
Guicheng Liu ◽  
Lingyun Xiong ◽  
Manxiang Wang ◽  
Jeongwoo Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Conductive Polymer ◽  
Eutectic Point ◽  
Active Constituent ◽  
Metal Anode ◽  
Shape Variable ◽  
Secondary Battery

Abstract A shape-variable aqueous secondary battery operating at low temperature is developed using Ga68In22Sn10 in wt% liquid metal anode and conductive polymer (polyaniline (PANI)) cathode. While in the GaInSn alloy anode, Ga is the active constituent; Sn and In increase the acid resistance and decrease the eutectic point to -19°C. This enables the use of strongly acidic aqueous electrolytes (here, pH 0.9), thereby improving the activity and stability of the PANI cathode. Consequently, the battery exhibits remarkable excellent electrochemical performance and mechanical stability. The GaInSn–PANI battery operates via a hybrid mechanism of Ga3+ stripping/plating and Cl− insertion/extraction and delivers a high initial capacity of over 324.6 mAh g− 1 and a 52.4% retention rate at 0.2 A g− 1 after 500 cycles, and outstanding power and energy densities of 4300 mW g− 1 and 98.7 mWh g− 1, respectively. Because of the liquid anode, the battery without packaging can be deformed with a small force of several millinewtons without any capacity loss. Moreover, at approximately − 5°C, the battery delivers a capacity of 67.8 mAh g− 1 at 0.2 A g− 1 with 100% elasticity. Thus, the battery is promising as a deformable energy device at low temperatures and in demanding environments.

A Shape‐Variable, Low‐Temperature Liquid Metal–Conductive Polymer Aqueous Secondary Battery

2021 ◽  
pp. 2107062
Author(s):  
Hao Fu ◽  
Guicheng Liu ◽  
Lingyun Xiong ◽  
Manxiang Wang ◽  
Jeongwoo Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Conductive Polymer ◽  
Shape Variable ◽  
Secondary Battery ◽  
Temperature Liquid

Homoepitaxial Growth of Crystalline Ge Films through a Liquid Metal Medium at Low Temperature

1990 ◽  
Vol 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulin Xiong ◽  
Jene A. Golovehenko ◽  
Frans Spaepen
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Eutectic Point ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Semiconductor Interface ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crystalline Films

ABSTRACTCrystalline films of Ge have been homoepitaxially grown through a liquid Au medium by the so-called vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism at relatively low temperature (400-450 °C). During the process, the Ge vapor is delivered by a molecular beam evaporator and the liquid phase in the system is formed at the interface by heating a Au metal film above its eutectic point with the semiconductor. This process has a potential of a high growth rate at low temperature. The growth process and the crystallinity of the films were monitored in situ by high energy ion backscattering and channeling. The surface morphology and quality of the films were examined by scanning electron microscopy and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. The experimental results are presented, together with a discussion of the growth mechanism and the nature of the liquid metal-semiconductor interface.

scholarly journals Alcohol-based highly conductive polymer for conformal nanocoatings on hydrophobic surfaces toward a highly sensitive and stable pressure sensor

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Joon Lee ◽  
Srinivas Gandla ◽  
Byeongjae Lim ◽  
Sunju Kang ◽  
Sunyoung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Conductive Polymer ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Pdms Surface ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Sensor Applications ◽  
Water Based

Abstract Conformal and ultrathin coating of highly conductive PEDOT:PSS on hydrophobic uneven surfaces is essential for resistive-based pressure sensor applications. For this purpose, a water-based poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) solution was successfully exchanged to an organic solvent-based PEDOT:PSS solution without any aggregation or reduction in conductivity using the ultrafiltration method. Among various solvents, the ethanol (EtOH) solvent-exchanged PEDOT:PSS solution exhibited a contact angle of 34.67°, which is much lower than the value of 96.94° for the water-based PEDOT:PSS solution. The optimized EtOH-based PEDOT:PSS solution exhibited conformal and uniform coating, with ultrathin nanocoated films obtained on a hydrophobic pyramid polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface. The fabricated pressure sensor showed high performances, such as high sensitivity (−21 kPa−1 in the low pressure regime up to 100 Pa), mechanical stability (over 10,000 cycles without any failure or cracks) and a fast response time (90 ms). Finally, the proposed pressure sensor was successfully demonstrated as a human blood pulse rate sensor and a spatial pressure sensor array for practical applications. The solvent exchange process using ultrafiltration for these applications can be utilized as a universal technique for improving the coating property (wettability) of conducting polymers as well as various other materials.

Molten iodide salt electrolyte for low-temperature low-cost sodium-based liquid metal battery

2020 ◽  
Vol 475 ◽  
pp. 228674
Author(s):  
Qing Gong ◽  
Wenjin Ding ◽  
Alexander Bonk ◽  
Haomiao Li ◽  
Kangli Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Liquid Metal Battery

scholarly journals A Performance-Enhanced Liquid Metal-Based Microheater with Parallel Ventilating Side-Channels

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Lunjia Zhang ◽  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Ronghang Wang ◽  
Renchang Zhang ◽  
Zhenming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Micro Electro Mechanical System ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Heating Channel ◽  
Excellent Performance ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Metal Heating ◽  
Flat Surfaces ◽  
Side Channels

Gallium-based liquid metal can be used as a material for microheaters because it can be easily filled into microchannels and electrified to generate Joule heat, but the liquid metal-based microheater will suffer breakage induced by voids forming within the liquid metal when the temperature normally gets higher than 100 °C. To resolve this problem, a novel liquid metal-based microheater with parallel ventilating side-channels is presented. It consists of a liquid-metal heating channel and two parallel ventilating side-channels. The heating channel is connected with the side-channels by small gaps between polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) posts. Experimental results show that this novel microheater can be heated up to 200 °C without damage. To explain its excellent performance, an experiment is performed to discover the development of the voids within the liquid-metal heating channel, and two reasons are put forward in this work on the basis of the experiment. Afterward pressing and bending tests are conducted to explore the mechanical stability of the novel microheaters. Finally, the microheaters are applied to warm water to show their good flexibility on non-flat surfaces. In consequence, the novel liquid metal-based microheater is believed to be widely applicable to soft micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS) heating devices.

scholarly journals Development of Potentiometric Phenol Sensors by Nata de Coco Membrane on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ani Mulyasuryani ◽  
Afifah Muhimmatul Mustaghfiroh
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Conductive Polymer ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Membrane Thickness ◽  
Carbon Electrode ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Screen Printed Carbon Electrode ◽  
Electrode Membrane ◽  
Screen Printed

Nata de coco, a bacterial cellulose as a result of coconut water fermentation, is a conductive polymer with a electrical conductivity of 553 μS/cm and has high mechanical stability. In this study, nata de coco was used as a supporting membrane for the development of phenol sensors in potentiometry. Nata de coco membrane containing phenol is coated on the surface of the printed carbon electrode (screen-printed carbon electrode). The cross-sectional area of the carbon electrode coated with the membrane is 1.5 × 3 mm2, while the reference electrode is Ag/AgCl. The thickness of the electrode membrane affects the Nernstian factor. The optimum Nernstian factor is produced by 100 μm membrane thickness containing 117.5 μg of phenol. Measurement of phenol solution was carried out at pH 11, in the concentration range of 10−8 to 10−2 mol/L, resulting in a Nernstian factor of 41.8 ± 1.3 mV/decade. The Nernstian factor increased to 55.7 ± 0.4 mV/decade if the membrane of the electrode contained 0.1% Fe3O4 nanoparticles. This sensor has been applied in the real sample of river water, resulting in good accuracy and precision.

scholarly journals Photon flux determination of a liquid-metal jet X-ray source by means of photon scattering

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1497-1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malte Wansleben ◽  
Claudia Zech ◽  
Cornelia Streeck ◽  
Jan Weser ◽  
Christoph Genzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Beam Power ◽  
Photon Scattering ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Metal Anode ◽  
Metal Jet

Liquid-metal jet X-ray sources promise to deliver high photon fluxes, which are unprecedented for laboratory based X-ray sources, because the regenerating liquid-metal anode is less sensitive to damage caused by an increased electron beam power density.

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