scholarly journals New Insights Into the Biological Interaction Between Unripe Citrus Fruits and the Tephritid Fly Bactrocera Minax Based on Omics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guijian Zhang ◽  
Penghui Xu ◽  
Yaohui Wang ◽  
Shuai Cao ◽  
Xuewei Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
P450 Gene ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Rnai Technique

Abstract The adaptation of phytophagous insects to host defence is an important aspect of plant-insect interactions. The reciprocal adaptability between specialist insects and their hosts have been adequately explored; however, the mechanisms underlying the adaptation of tephritid fruit fly specialists, a group of notorious pests worldwide, to unripen host fruits remain elusive. Here, plant metabolomes and insect transcriptomes were analysed for the first time to explore the interaction between unripe citrus fruits and the Chinese citrus fly Bactrocera minax. Seventeen citrus secondary metabolites, mainly flavones, alkaloids and phenylpropanoids, were identified in the unripe citrus fruit metabolome and they accumulated during larval feeding. Three detoxification genes (1 P450 gene, 2 ABCs genes) were highly expressed in B. minax larvae collected from unripe citrus fruits compared with the ones fed on artificial diets and ripe citrus fruits. Based on omics data, a novel ABC gene was screened through plant allelopathy tests and the gene was significantly upregulated in B. minax larvae treated with defensive secondary metabolites; additionally, the mortality rate of the larvae reached 51% after silencing the ABC gene by RNAi technique. Overall, these results shed light on the mechanisms underlying the biological interactions between tephritid fruit fly specialists and host fruits.

scholarly journals Facilitation and inhibition: changes in plant nitrogen and secondary metabolites mediate interactions between above-ground and below-ground herbivores

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1767) ◽  
pp. 20131318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Huang ◽  
Evan Siemann ◽  
Xuefang Yang ◽  
Gregory S. Wheeler ◽  
Jianqing Ding
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Insect Interactions

To date, it remains unclear how herbivore-induced changes in plant primary and secondary metabolites impact above-ground and below-ground herbivore interactions. Here, we report effects of above-ground (adult) and below-ground (larval) feeding by Bikasha collaris on nitrogen and secondary chemicals in shoots and roots of Triadica sebifera to explain reciprocal above-ground and below-ground insect interactions. Plants increased root tannins with below-ground herbivory, but above-ground herbivory prevented this increase and larval survival doubled. Above-ground herbivory elevated root nitrogen, probably contributing to increased larval survival. However, plants increased foliar tannins with above-ground herbivory and below-ground herbivory amplified this increase, and adult survival decreased. As either foliar or root tannins increased, foliar flavonoids decreased, suggesting a trade-off between these chemicals. Together, these results show that plant chemicals mediate contrasting effects of conspecific larval and adult insects, whereas insects may take advantage of plant responses to facilitate their offspring performance, which may influence population dynamics.

scholarly journals The Multifunctional Roles of Polyphenols in Plant-Herbivore Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1442
Author(s):  
Sukhman Singh ◽  
Ishveen Kaur ◽  
Rupesh Kariyat
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Physical Defenses ◽  
Herbivore Interactions ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Plant Herbivore

There is no argument to the fact that insect herbivores cause significant losses to plant productivity in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. To counter this continuous onslaught, plants have evolved a suite of direct and indirect, constitutive and induced, chemical and physical defenses, and secondary metabolites are a key group that facilitates these defenses. Polyphenols—widely distributed in flowering plants—are the major group of such biologically active secondary metabolites. Recent advances in analytical chemistry and metabolomics have provided an opportunity to dig deep into extraction and quantification of plant-based natural products with insecticidal/insect deterrent activity, a potential sustainable pest management strategy. However, we currently lack an updated review of their multifunctional roles in insect-plant interactions, especially focusing on their insect deterrent or antifeedant properties. This review focuses on the role of polyphenols in plant-insect interactions and plant defenses including their structure, induction, regulation, and their anti-feeding and toxicity effects. Details on mechanisms underlying these interactions and localization of these compounds are discussed in the context of insect-plant interactions, current findings, and potential avenues for future research in this area.

scholarly journals Effect of pH and temperature in production of mycotoxins and antibiotics by phytopathogenic moulds for Persian lime (Citrus latifolia T.) in a complex lime pericarp-base medium

2017 ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Sandoval- Contreras ◽  
Angélica Villarruel- López ◽  
Arturo Pedro Sierra- Beltrán ◽  
Refugio Torres- Vitela ◽  
Felipe Ascencio
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Effect Of Ph ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Base Medium ◽  
Citrus Latifolia ◽  
And Control

Post-harvest decay of citrus fruits is caused by moulds capable of producing mycotoxins with great impact on health. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pH and temperature in synthesis of mycotoxins and antibiotics in Persian lime pathogenic and mycotoxigenic moulds, and to investigate the diffusion of mycotoxins inside the citrus fruit. As a result, several mycotoxins were identified, such as aflatoxins and fumonisins. In most of the analysed moulds, synthesis of the secondary metabolites was observed on acidic pH at 20 °C; some antibiotics were found as well. Diffusion of A. niger mycotoxins and antibiotics was observed in the interior of the lime fruit, achieving highest concentration in the septa. Knowing the behaviour of these moulds is useful for evaluation of health risk due to mycotoxins and control of pathogenic and mycotoxigenic post-harvest moulds.

Consequences of Corymbia (Myrtaceae) hybridisation on leaf-oil profiles

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Andrew Hayes ◽  
Helen F. Nahrung ◽  
David J. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Insect Interactions

The present study examines patterns of heritability of plant secondary metabolites following hybridisation among three genetically homogeneous taxa of spotted gum (Corymbia henryi (S.T.Blake) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson, C. citriodora subsp. variegata (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson and C. citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson subsp. citriodora (section Maculatae), and their congener C. torelliana (F.Muell.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S.Johnson (section Torellianae)). Hexane extracts of leaves of all four parent taxa were statistically distinguishable (ANOSIM: global R = 0.976, P = 0.008). Hybridisation patterns varied among the taxa studied, with the hybrid formed with C. citriodora subsp. variegata showing an intermediate extractive profile between its parents, whereas the profiles of the other two hybrids were dominated by that of C. torelliana. These different patterns in plant secondary-metabolite inheritance may have implications for a range of plant–insect interactions.

Averting robo-bees: why free-flying robotic bees are a bad idea

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-729
Author(s):  
Roslyn Gleadow ◽  
Jim Hanan ◽  
Alan Dorin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Food Security ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Native Habitat ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Insect Interactions

Food security and the sustainability of native ecosystems depends on plant-insect interactions in countless ways. Recently reported rapid and immense declines in insect numbers due to climate change, the use of pesticides and herbicides, the introduction of agricultural monocultures, and the destruction of insect native habitat, are all potential contributors to this grave situation. Some researchers are working towards a future where natural insect pollinators might be replaced with free-flying robotic bees, an ecologically problematic proposal. We argue instead that creating environments that are friendly to bees and exploring the use of other species for pollination and bio-control, particularly in non-European countries, are more ecologically sound approaches. The computer simulation of insect-plant interactions is a far more measured application of technology that may assist in managing, or averting, ‘Insect Armageddon' from both practical and ethical viewpoints.

scholarly journals Application of a roller conveyor type plasma disinfection device with fungus-contaminated citrus fruits

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akikazu Sakudo ◽  
Yoshihito Yagyu
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Viable Cell Number ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Decimal Reduction Time ◽  
Gas Plasma ◽  
Plasma Device ◽  
Time Required

AbstractEfficient methods to achieve the safe decontamination of agricultural products are needed. Here, we investigated the decontamination of citrus fruits to test the antifungal potential of a novel non-thermal gas plasma apparatus, termed a roller conveyer plasma instrument. This instrument generates an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (APDBP) plasma on a set of rollers. Penicillium venetum was spotted onto the surface of the fruit or pericarps, as well as an aluminium plate to act as a control, before performing the plasma treatment. The results showed that viable cell number of P. venetum decreased with a decimal reduction time (D value or estimated treatment time required to reduce viable cell number by 90%) of 0.967 min on the aluminium plate, 2.90 min and 1.88 min on the pericarps of ‘Kiyomi’ (Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis) and ‘Kawano-natsudaidai’ (C. natsudaidai) respectively, and 2.42 min on the surface of ‘Unshu-mikan’ (C. unshiu). These findings confirmed a fungicidal effect of the plasma not only on an abiotic surface (aluminium plate) but also on a biotic surface (citrus fruit). Further development of the instrument by combining sorting systems with the plasma device promises an efficient means of disinfecting citrus fruits during food processing.

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