­­Correlation analysis of oxygen consumptions between stepper and treadmill movements and implication for rehabilitation     

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar Hussain Mukrikakkada ◽  
Graham Arnold ◽  
Rami Abboud ◽  
Weijie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Treadmill Walking ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
System A ◽  
Unit Energy ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Metabolic Unit

Abstract Background: Stepper movement is popular as a home-based exercise. However, it has not been fully investigated how much energy is consumed during movement. This study aimed to investigate oxygen consumption for stepper movements at different cadence levels and to look into whether there are correlations between stepper movement and treadmill walking. Methods: Twenty two healthy volunteers (10 males, 12 females, aged between 18 and 40 years) participated in the study. The participants randomly performed stepper movements and treadmill walking at three different cadences, a self-determined comfortable cadence, a 20% higher and a 20% lower ones than the comfortable one. Their oxygen consumption was measured using Oxycon mobile® system. A set of parameters, e.g. VO2, Metabolic unit, Energy expenditure, etc were obtained. Statistical analysis was carried out to investigate correlations between stepper and treadmill movements in terms of oxygen consumptions. Results: Strong correlations were found between two types of movements, most of metabolic parameters had correlation coefficients ranged proximately between 0.5 to 0.8, p<0.001, e.g. 0.789 for VO2, 0.790 for energy consumption, 0.826 for ventilation, all p<0.001. In the conformable cadence level, VO2 for stepper movements was 826.49±56.02 (ml/min) while VO2 for treadmill walking was 787.16±56.02. Usually, stepper movements have oxygen consumption similar to or slightly higher than that in treadmill walking.Conclusions: This study indicates that stepper movement has similar oxygen consumption level to treadmill at a comfortable cadence level and at a 20% higher than the comfortable one, but stepper movement consumes more energy than treadmill walking by approximately 10% at lower cadence (i.e. 20% lower than the comfortable one). The study shows that the stepper movements is highly correlated with treadmill walking in terms of oxygen consumption, and thus stepper movement data provided can be used as a reference for the healthy to estimate their energy consumption in rehabilitation at home.

scholarly journals Correlation Analysis of Oxygen Consumptions Between Stepper and Treadmill Movements and Implication for Rehabilitation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar Hussain Mukrikakkada ◽  
Graham Arnold ◽  
Rami Abboud ◽  
Weijie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Treadmill Walking ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
System A ◽  
Unit Energy ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Metabolic Unit

Abstract Background: Stepper movement is popular as a home-based exercise. However, it has not been fully investigated how much energy is consumed during movement. This study aimed to investigate oxygen consumption for stepper movements at different cadence levels and to look into whether there are correlations between stepper movement and treadmill walking. Methods: Twenty two healthy volunteers (10 males, 12 females, aged between 18 and 40) participated in the study. The participants performed stepper movements and treadmill walking at three different cadences, a self-determined comfortable cadence, a 20% higher and a 20% lower ones than the comfortable one. Their oxygen consumption was measured using Oxycon mobile® system. A set of parameters, e.g. VO2, Metabolic unit, Energy expenditure, etc were obtained. Statistical analysis was carried out to investigate correlations between stepper and treadmill movements in terms of oxygen consumptions. Results: Strong correlations were found between two types of movements, most of metabolic parameters had correlation coefficients ranged proximately between 0.5 to 0.8, p<0.001. In the conformable cadence level, VO2 for stepper movements was 826.49±56.02 (ml/min) while VO2 for treadmill walking was 787.16±56.02. Usually, stepper movements have oxygen consumption similar to or slightly higher than that in treadmill walking.Conclusions: This study indicates that stepper movement has similar oxygen consumption level to treadmill at a comfortable cadence level and at a 20% higher than the comfortable one, but stepper movement consumes more energy than treadmill walking by approximately 10% at lower cadence (i.e. 20% lower than the comfortable one). The study shows that the stepper movements is highly correlated with treadmill walking in terms of oxygen consumption, and thus stepper movement data provided can be used to predict the treadmill data in rehabilitation.

scholarly journals Correlation analysis of oxygen consumptions between stepper and treadmill movements and implication for rehabilitation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar Hussain Mukrikakkada ◽  
Graham Arnold ◽  
Rami Abboud ◽  
Weijie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Treadmill Walking ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
System A ◽  
Unit Energy ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Metabolic Unit

Abstract Background: Stepper movement is popular as a home-based exercise. However, it has not been fully investigated how much energy is consumed during movement. This study aimed to investigate oxygen consumption for stepper movements at different cadence levels and to look into whether there are correlations between stepper movement and treadmill walking. Methods: Twenty two healthy volunteers (10 males, 12 females, aged between 18 and 40) participated in the study. The participants randomly performed stepper movements and treadmill walking at three different cadences, a self-determined comfortable cadence, a 20% higher and a 20% lower ones than the comfortable one. Their oxygen consumption was measured using Oxycon mobile® system. A set of parameters, e.g. VO2, Metabolic unit, Energy expenditure, etc were obtained. Statistical analysis was carried out to investigate correlations between stepper and treadmill movements in terms of oxygen consumptions. Results: Strong correlations were found between two types of movements, most of metabolic parameters had correlation coefficients ranged proximately between 0.5 to 0.8, p<0.001, e.g. 0.789 for VO2, 0.790 for energy consumption, 0.826 for ventilation, all p<0.001. In the conformable cadence level, VO2 for stepper movements was 826.49±56.02 (ml/min) while VO2 for treadmill walking was 787.16±56.02. Usually, stepper movements have oxygen consumption similar to or slightly higher than that in treadmill walking.Conclusions: This study indicates that stepper movement has similar oxygen consumption level to treadmill at a comfortable cadence level and at a 20% higher than the comfortable one, but stepper movement consumes more energy than treadmill walking by approximately 10% at lower cadence (i.e. 20% lower than the comfortable one). The study shows that the stepper movements is highly correlated with treadmill walking in terms of oxygen consumption, and thus stepper movement data provided may be used to predict the treadmill data in rehabilitation in the future.

Relationship between Coffee Prices in Spot and Futures Markets-An Empirical Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 180-188
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Futures Market ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Futures Prices ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Spot Prices ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Highly Correlated

The present study explored the relationship between spot and futures coffee prices. The Correlation and Regression analysis were carried out based on monthly observations of International Coffee Organization (ICO) indicator prices of the four groups (Colombian Milds, Other Milds, Brazilian Naturals, and Robustas) representing Spot markets and the averages of 2nd and 3rd positions of the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) New York for Arabica and ICE Europe for Robusta representing the Futures market for the period 1990 to 2019. The study also used the monthly average prices paid to coffee growers in India from 1990 to 2019. The estimated correlation coefficients indicated both the Futures prices and Spot prices of coffee are highly correlated. Further, estimated regression coefficients revealed a very strong relationship between Futures prices and Spot prices for all four ICO group indicator prices. Hence, the ICE New York (Arabica) and ICE Europe (Robusta) coffee futures prices are very closely related to Spot prices. The estimated regression coefficients between Futures prices and the price paid to coffee growers in India confirmed the positive relationship, but the dispersion of more prices over the trend line indicates a lesser degree of correlation between the price paid to growers at India and Futures market prices during the study period.

scholarly journals Association between Oxygen Consumption and Surface Electromyographic Amplitude and Its Variation within Individual Calf Muscles during Walking at Various Speeds

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1748
Author(s):  
Kohei Watanabe ◽  
Shideh Narouei
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Surface Emg ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Emg Amplitude ◽  
Calf Muscles

Surface electromyography (EMG) has been used to estimate muscle work and physiological burden of the whole body during human movements. However, there are spatial variations in surface EMG responses within individual muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between oxygen consumption and surface EMG responses of lower leg muscles during walking at various speeds and to quantify its spatial variation within an individual muscle. Nine young males walked on a treadmill at four speeds: preferred minus 1 km/h, preferred, preferred plus 1 km/h, and preferred plus 2 km/h, and the metabolic response was measured based on the expired gas. High-density surface EMG of the tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles was performed using 64 two-dimensional electrode grids. Correlation coefficients between oxygen consumption and the surface EMG amplitude were calculated across the gait speeds for each channel in the electrode grid and for individual muscles. Mean correlation coefficients across electrodes were 0.69–0.87 for the four individual muscles, and the spatial variation of correlation between the surface EMG amplitude and oxygen consumption within an electrode grid was significantly greater in MG muscle than in TA muscle (Quartile deviations: 0.24 for MG and 0.02 for TA, p < 0.05). These results suggest that the physiological burden of the whole body during gait at various speeds can be estimated from the surface EMG amplitude of calf muscles, but we need to note its spatial distribution within the MG muscle.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Total Unit Energy Consumption of a Car with a Hybrid Drive System in Real Operating Conditions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3966
Author(s):  
Jarosław Mamala ◽  
Michał Śmieja ◽  
Krzysztof Prażnowski
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Drive ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Hybrid Drive ◽  
Total Unit ◽  
Unit Energy ◽  
Unit Energy Consumption

The market demand for vehicles with reduced energy consumption, as well as increasingly stringent standards limiting CO2 emissions, are the focus of a large number of research works undertaken in the analysis of the energy consumption of cars in real operating conditions. Taking into account the growing share of hybrid drive units on the automotive market, the aim of the article is to analyse the total unit energy consumption of a car operating in real road conditions, equipped with an advanced hybrid drive system of the PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) type. In this paper, special attention has been paid to the total unit energy consumption of a car resulting from the cooperation of the two independent power units, internal combustion and electric. The results obtained for the individual drive units were presented in the form of a new unit index of the car, which allows us to compare the consumption of energy obtained from fuel with the use of electricity supported from the car’s batteries, during journeys in real road conditions. The presented research results indicate a several-fold increase in the total unit energy consumption of a car powered by an internal combustion engine compared to an electric car. The values of the total unit energy consumption of the car in real road conditions for the internal combustion drive are within the range 1.25–2.95 (J/(kg · m)) in relation to the electric drive 0.27–1.1 (J/(kg · m)) in terms of instantaneous values. In terms of average values, the appropriate values for only the combustion engine are 1.54 (J/(kg · m)) and for the electric drive only are 0.45 (J/(kg · m)) which results in the internal combustion engine values being 3.4 times higher than the electric values. It is the combustion of fuel that causes the greatest increase in energy supplied from the drive unit to the car’s propulsion system in the TTW (tank to wheels) system. At the same time this component is responsible for energy losses and CO2 emissions to the environment. The results were analysed to identify the differences between the actual life cycle energy consumption of the hybrid powertrain and the WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Test Procedure) homologation cycle.

Effect of the Short Fiber on the NR Composite and the NR-SBR Composite

2012 ◽  
Vol 581-582 ◽  
pp. 552-555
Author(s):  
Cai Jun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Short Fiber ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Mechanical Process ◽  
Contrast Method ◽  
Unit Energy ◽  
Unit Energy Consumption

The influence of the pretreatment polyester short fiber on the mechanical process and the properties of the NR/ SBR compound was studied by using contrast method. The results showed that the maximum power and the unit energy consumption increased because of short fiber, and the temperature also enhanced. So the low rotate speed is better. When the composite were cured, it had much characteristic such as rapid vulcanization speed, short scorch time and vulcanization smooth period. But the mechanical properties were increased. In the end, the microscopic photo of composite with the scanning electronic micrograph was taken.

Design of Vacuum System of Steam Jet Bursting Unit for Chestnut Shell

2011 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 1685-1688
Author(s):  
Xi Nan Dang ◽  
Qiao Fu Chen ◽  
Li Jun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Jet Pump ◽  
Waste Gas ◽  
System A ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Chestnut Shell ◽  
Bursting Process

According to the vacuum bursting process for fresh chestnut shell and requirements for relevant vacuum system, a vacuum system of steam jet pump was designed with a start-up jet pump attached to it. Of which the waste gas from ejector was used for reheating in the bursting process to lead the vacuum bursting unit to run more reliably and stably with efficiency improved and energy consumption reduced. The rate of bursting came up to 95% in the process test.

scholarly journals Optimization of Energy-Efficient Speed Profile for Electrified Vehicles

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Abbas ◽  
Youngki Kim ◽  
Jason B. Siegel ◽  
Denise M. Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption ◽  
System A ◽  
Trip Time ◽  
Route Information

This paper presents a study of energy-efficient operation of vehicles with electrified powertrains leveraging route information, such as road grades, to adjust the speed trajectory. First, Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle (PMP) is applied to derive necessary conditions and to determine the possible operating modes. The analysis shows that only 5 modes are required to achieve minimum energy consumption; full propulsion, cruising, coasting, full regeneration, and full regeneration with conventional braking. The minimum energy consumption problem is reformulated and solved in the distance domain using Dynamic Programming to optimize speed profiles. A case study is shown for a light weight military robot including road grades. For this system, a tradeoff between energy consumption and trip time was found. The optimal cycle uses 20% less energy for the same trip duration, or could reduce the travel time by 14% with the same energy consumption compared to the baseline operation.

scholarly journals Basic Passive Side-Day lighting Considerations for High Rise office Building

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Building Design ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Office Building ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
System A ◽  
Modern Era

High rise office building design is one of the essential buildings in construction industry due to the limited space especially in the urban area. After home, a high rise office building is an important space for human in modern era. Due to the issue of high energy consumption especially inefficient artificial light strategy, side-day lighting becomes the best solution for a high rise office building design. Despite providing efficient energy consumption, side-day lighting creates a positive impact to the worker as well as the office's indoor environment. Hence, this paper aims to explore the basic passive side-day lighting considerations that educate people especially for those who are involved in the building construction industry. Beside, this paper focuses on the passive design considerations due to the various advantages that not involved especially with complex electrical and mechanical system. A systematic literature review is the main methodology for this paper to identify the basic passive side-day lighting considerations for a high rise office building design. Base on this research, it revealed that eight elements for building design considerations should be applied to provide a better day lighting impact for a high rise office building design. Considerations for non-building design aspects should also need to be applied since those aspects contribute to produce a better day lighting impact for a high rise office building design.

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