scholarly journals Are Tryptophan and Serotonin Alteration Act as a Trigger Biomarker for Type 2 Diabetes Complications?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamyar Khoshnevisan ◽  
Maryam Chehrehgosha ◽  
Sayed Mahmoud Sajjadi-Jazi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Complications ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
Platelet Concentration ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Determination Methods ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Tryptophan (Trp) is a vital amino acid causing clinical implications in the human body and biological specimens. Serotonin (5-HT) is well-recognized for its biological activities in the brain, and as a familiar neurotransmitter, it regulates various neuropsychological processes. Alterations in the serotonergic system were proved to play a role in the pathogenesis of different neurological and psychiatric diseases. In recent years, Trp and 5-HT levels have been considered as triggers of diabetes mellitus (DM). The altered Trp metabolism may also play roles in the pathogenesis of DM and developing a risk of complications. The whole blood (WB) 5-HT level was mainly lower among diabetic patients compared to others. That is mostly derived from a lower platelet concentration of 5-HT in these patients. Indeed, 5-HT level can be considered as a potent biomarker for early detection of DM complications. Besides, it was proved that outside the digestive and central nervous systems, 5-HT was discovered in beta cells, and scientists have been attempting to realize its mechanism of action ever since. Towards to end, the determination methods, biomarker’s role, and approaches of 5-HT and Trp levels were thoroughly investigated in both healthy and diabetic patients with or without complications. Moreover, the association between insulin and 5-HT has been specifically discussed. Our study concluded that Trp and 5-HT levels could be exclusively applied for early diagnosis of DM complications as well as many other complications.

scholarly journals The Correlation between Vitamin D and Clinical Implications for Obesity-Related Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Noor Thair Tahir ◽  
Hind SH. Ahmed ◽  
Rasha K. Hashim ◽  
Teba D. Soluiman
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Obese Group ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Vitamin D Levels

Background: Obesity and type 2 diabetes have both rapidly raised during the last periods and are ongoing to increase at a disturbing rate universal. Several clinical and epidemiological researches demonstrated a reverse association between circulating vitamin D levels, central adiposity and the progress of insulin resistance and diabetes. Objective: The target of this work was to elucidate the complex role of vitamin D and the clinical implications of diabetes on metabolic defects related with obesity. Subjects and Methods: This study encompassed 90 diabetic patients (45 obese and 45 non obese) who were attending the National Diabetic Center/ Al-Mustansiriyah University during the period from June 2019 to January 2020; their age range was (35-60) years. All participant underwent clinical and biochemical examinations. Results: A substantial rise (p= 0.01) in waist/hip ratio, body mass index, fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in obese diabetic patients as paralleled to non-obese group. Moreover, there was an elevation in glycated hemoglobin, serum insulin, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance in obese group, but it was not significant. A substantial decrease (p= 0.01) in serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol and vitamin D3 were detected in obese diabetic patients as paralleled to non-obese group.       Also, obese diabetic patients had the higher percent (61%) of D3 deficiency as paralleled to non-obese patients. Conclusions: In the present study, it is found that there is significant increase in blood sugar in the individuals with decreased vitamin D levels, which was related with insulin resistance, decreased β-cell function, and obesity.  

scholarly journals Knowledge of Complications of Diabetes Mellitus and its Associated Factors among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Visiting Addis Zemen District Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yitayeh Belsti ◽  
Yonas Akalu ◽  
Haileab Fekadu ◽  
Yaregal Animut
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Diabetes Complications ◽  
District Hospital ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Addis Zemen ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Abstract Objectives: To reduce Diabetes mellitus related morbidity and mortality, knowledge about its complications is necessary. However, there is no information about knowledge of diabetic patients on diabetes mellitus complications in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess knowledge on diabetes complications and its associated factors among Type 2 diabetic patients at Addis Zemen District Hospital, northwest Ethiopia, 2019. Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among 402 type 2 adult diabetes patients at Addis Zemen District Hospital by using interviewer administered structured questionnaires. Results: In this study, less than half (48.5%) with 95%CI (43.3, 52.7) of participants had a good knowledge regarding diabetes complications. Being: male (AOR: 4.67, 95% CI (2.53, 8.61), in the age of 31-45years (AOR: 7.30, 95% CI (3.10, 17.17)) educational level of high school and above (AOR: 7.46, 95%CI (3.02, 18.44)), having monthly income of ≥ 2500 Ethiopian birr (AOR: 7.18, 95%CI (1.70, 30.28)) were significantly associated with good knowledge. This must get the attention of health institutions, the government, and all concerned stakeholders in the health sector to design strategies on increasing diabetes complications knowledge among diabetes patients to decrease morbidity and mortality associated with the complications.

scholarly journals ROLE OF INSULIN IN BRAIN: DELVE INTO THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Khanam
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Insulin Signalling ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Functional Activities ◽  
Mitochondrial Alterations ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

We have learned over the last several decades that the brain is an important target for insulin action. In central nervous system (CNS) it mainly affects feeding behaviour and various aspects of memory and cognition. Insulin signalling in CNS has emerged as a novel field of research since decreases brain insulin levels and signalling were associated to impaired learning, memory and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Alterations of these functional activities may contribute to the manifestation of several clinical entities, such as central insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A close alliance between T2DM and AD has been reported, to the extent that AD is twice more frequent in diabetic patients. There are links between T2DM and AD through mitochondrial alterations and oxidative stress, altered energy and glucose metabolism, cholesterol modifications, dysfunctional protein O-GlcNAcylation, formation of amyloid plaques, altered Aβ metabolism and tau hyperphosphorylation. Herewith, we aim to integrate the metabolic, neuromodulatory, and neuroprotective roles of insulin in two age-related pathologies: T2DM and AD, both in terms of intracellular signalling and potential therapeutic approach.

scholarly journals Study of hospitalization and mortality in Korean diabetic patients using the diabetes complications severity index

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunju Yoo ◽  
Eunjung Choo ◽  
Sukhyang Lee
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Diabetes Complications ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
International Classification Of Disease ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
Risk Of Mortality

Abstract Background The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is expected to increase from 7.7% in 2017 to 8.4% in 2045 worldwide. Diabetes complications contribute to morbidity and mortality. To evaluate whether the diabetes complications severity index (DCSI) was associated with increased risks of mortality and hospitalization. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the National Health Insurance Database (NHID) sample cohort of 1,102,047 patients (2002–2015) in Korea. Diabetes complications were evaluated at 2 years after the initial diagnosis and during the subsequent follow-up period (mean duration 6.56±2.81 years). The type and severity of complications were evaluated on the basis of the International Classification of Disease Ninth (ICD-9) codes used in DCSI with 7 categories and 55 subcategories of complications. The Cox proportional hazard and Poisson regression models were used to evaluate the mortality and hospitalization rates. The incidence and relative risk of diabetes complications as well as the risk of mortality and hospitalization were the main outcome measures. Results A total of 27,871 patients were finally included and grouped by the number of complications present at two years. Four hundred ninety patients (5.37%) died without complications, 659 (7.31%) died with one complication and 1,153 (11.85 %) died with two or more complications. As DCSI at index date increased, the risk of additional new diabetes complications increased by 26% [relative risk (RR) 1.26, 95% CI 1.25–1.27]. The risks of mortality and hospitalization were linearly related to DCSI [hazard ratio 1.13 (95% CI 1.11–1.16), relative risk 1.04 (95% CI 1.03–1.06)]. Conclusions Patients with higher incidence and severity of diabetes complications have increased risks of mortality and hospitalization.

The Effect of Natural Soluble Polysaccharides On the Type 2 Diabetes through Modulating Gut Microbiota:A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Yang ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Xinghui Wu ◽  
Wenqi Cai ◽  
Qian Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

: Diabetes strongly influences patient quality of life. The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) accounts for approximately 90% of diabetic patients. Natural polysaccharides have been widely used for diabetes management. Changes in gut microbiota can also be used for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. In this review, the effects of different natural polysaccharides on gut microbiota, as well as the relationship between diabetes and the gut microbiome are summarized. The intestine is the primary location in which natural polysaccharides exert their biological activities, and plays an important role in maintaining healthy bodily functions. Polysaccharides change the composition of the gut microbiota, which inhibits pathogen invasion and promotes beneficial bacterial growth. In addition, the gut microbiota degrade polysaccharides and produce metabolites to further modify the intestinal environment. Interestingly, the metabolites (short chain fatty acids and other bioactive components) have been shown to improve gut health, control glycemia, lower lipids, reduce insulin resistance, and alleviate inflammation. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms by which soluble polysaccharides improve T2D through regulating the gut microbiota to provide a future reference for the management of T2D and its associated complications.

scholarly journals Cerebral vs. Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Sok Kim ◽  
Björn J. P. van der Ster ◽  
Patrice Brassard ◽  
Niels H. Secher ◽  
Johannes J. van Lieshout
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Cerebral Oxygenation ◽  
Central Fatigue ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

The human brain is constantly active and even small limitations to cerebral blood flow (CBF) may be critical for preserving oxygen and substrate supply, e.g., during exercise and hypoxia. Exhaustive exercise evokes a competition for the supply of oxygenated blood between the brain and the working muscles, and inability to increase cardiac output sufficiently during exercise may jeopardize cerebral perfusion of relevance for diabetic patients. The challenge in diabetes care is to optimize metabolic control to slow progression of vascular disease, but likely because of a limited ability to increase cardiac output, these patients perceive aerobic exercise to be more strenuous than healthy subjects and that limits the possibility to apply physical activity as a preventive lifestyle intervention. In this review, we consider the effects of functional activation by exercise on the brain and how it contributes to understanding the control of CBF with the limited exercise tolerance experienced by type 2 diabetic patients. Whether a decline in cerebral oxygenation and thereby reduced neural drive to working muscles plays a role for “central” fatigue during exhaustive exercise is addressed in relation to brain’s attenuated vascular response to exercise in type 2 diabetic subjects.

scholarly journals Association between Diabetes Complications and the Triglyceride-Glucose Index in Hospitalized Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ying Pan ◽  
Shao Zhong ◽  
Kaixin Zhou ◽  
Zijian Tian ◽  
Fei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Diabetes Complications ◽  
Microvascular Complications ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Poor Glycemic Control ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Tyg Index ◽  
Logistic Regressions

Background. Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a convenient indicator of insulin resistance. It has been shown to be associated with macrovascular and microvascular complications in nonhospitalized diabetic patients. However, whether TyG index is a risk factor of diabetes vascular complications in hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients is unclear. We sought to explore the association between TyG index and the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in a large Chinese cohort of hospitalized patients. Method. A total of 4,721 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who were hospitalized in the Department of Endocrinology, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University were enrolled between January 2015 and November 2020. TyG index was calculated as ln fasting   triglycerides   mg / dL × fasting   glucose   mg / dL / 2 . Measures of macrovascular complications included brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) and ankle-brachial index (ABI), whilst urine microalbumin (MAU), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR) were evaluated for microvascular complications. Logistic regressions were used to examine the association between TyG index and diabetes complications. Results. In univariate logistic regressions, higher TyG index was significantly ( p < 0.002 ) associated with increased odds of MAU ( OR = 1.39 , 95% CI: [1.22~1.59]) and ABI ( OR = 1.31 , 95% CI: [1.10-1.57]) but not CKD, DR, or ba-PWV. After controlling for confounders such as age, sex, and body mass index (BMI), TyG index remained strongly ( p < 0.002 ) associated with MAU and ABI. These associations were more pronounced ( p < 0.001 ) in patients with poor glycemic control or in the elderly. Conclusion. Hospitalized patients with an elevated TyG index were at a higher risk of lower limb vascular stenosis and nephric microvascular damage. Close monitoring of TyG index in patients with younger age or poor glycemic control could potentially reduce the burden of diabetes complications and prevent readmission.

scholarly journals Diabetes Complications and Associated Factors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Cotonou

2014 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 311-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Djrolo ◽  
Noël M. Paraïso ◽  
Oumou Diarra ◽  
Michel Makoutode
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Diabetes Complications ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic
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