scholarly journals The Effect of Health Financing Reforms on incidence and management of childhood infections in Ghana: A matching difference in differences impact evaluation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Nene Odjidja ◽  
Manika Saha ◽  
Charles Kwanin
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Health Reforms ◽  
Childhood Infections ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Linear Probability ◽  
The Impact

Abstract IntroductionIn 2003, Ghana abolished direct out of pockets payments and implemented health financing reforms including the national health insurance scheme in 2004. Treatment of childhood infections is a key component of services covered under this scheme, yet, outcomes on incidence and treatment of these infections after introducing these reforms have not been covered in evaluation studies. Combining propensity score matching and difference in differences technique, this study fills this gap by assessing the impact on the reforms on the two most dominant childhood infections; fever (malaria) and diarrhoea. Methods Nigeria was considered as a control country and using four data points (pre and post reforms periods) from the demographic health surveys, we calculate the probability of treatment based on background covariates. Those treated in Ghana were matched with appropriate controls using kernel matching technique and quality of matching was assessed. A linear probability model which comprises of pre and post health reforms in Ghana and Nigeria was conducted to determine the net impact of child outcomes under study. All analysis were conducted in STATA (psmatch2, psgraph and pstest) and statistical significance was considered when p-value ≤ 0.05. ResultsAfter matching, it was determined that health reforms significantly increased general medical care for children with diarrhoea (25 percentage points) and also for those receiving care specifically in government managed facilities (14 percentage points). Furthermore, there was marginal net impact on access to medical care for children with fever (40 percentage points) and care in government facilities (24 percentage points). Access to antimalarial was also positively impacted after the introduction of these reforms (5 percentage points). Conclusions Introduction of health reforms in Ghana showed marginal effect on some aspects of incidence and treatment of childhood infections. This denotes that introducing health financing reforms can have marginal impact on child health outcomes.

Missed Shots at the Free-Throw Line

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattie Toma
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
National Basketball Association ◽  
Choking Under Pressure ◽  
Professional Basketball ◽  
Free Throw ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Male College ◽  
The Impact

Choking under pressure represents a phenomenon in which individuals faced with a high-pressure situation do not perform as well as would be expected were they performing under normal conditions. In this article, I identify determinants that predict a basketball player’s susceptibility to choking under pressure. Identification of these determinants adds to our understanding of players’ psychology at pivotal points in the game. My analysis draws on play-by-play data from ESPN.com that feature over 2 million free-throw attempts in women’s and men’s college and professional basketball games from the 2002-2013 seasons. Using regression analysis, I explore the impact of both gender and level of professionalism on performance in high-pressure situations. I find that in the final 30 seconds of a tight game, Women’s National Basketball Association and National Basketball Association players are 5.81 and 3.11 percentage points, respectively, less likely to make a free throw, while female and male college players are 2.25 and 2.09 percentage points, respectively, less likely to make a free throw, though statistical significance cannot be established among National Collegiate Athletic Association women. The discrepancy in choking between college and professional players is pronounced when comparing male college players who do and do not make it to the professional level; the free-throw performance of those destined to go pro falls 6 percentage points more in high-pressure situations. Finally, I find that women and men do not differ significantly in their propensity to choke.

scholarly journals The Impact of Changes in Direct Care Staffing Policies and Outcomes for Assisted Living Residents With Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 716-717
Author(s):  
Kali Thomas ◽  
Portia Cornell ◽  
Wenhan Zhang ◽  
Paula Carder ◽  
Lindsey Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Living ◽  
Staff Training ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Direct Care ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Staffing Levels ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Linear Probability ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We identified a cohort of 410,413 Medicare beneficiaries residing in 10,623 large (25+bed) assisted living (AL) communities between 2007 and 2017. We conducted linear probability models with a difference-in-difference framework to examine the association between hospitalization and changes in regulations pertaining to staff training (model 1) and staffing levels (model 2), adjusting for time trends, resident characteristics, and state-license fixed effects. During this 11-year period, six states changed their staff training requirements and two states introduced/increased direct care staffing levels. A change in regulations related to staffing levels was associated with a reduction in the probability of hospitalization during the month of -0.0056 percentage points (95%CI=-0.008,-0.003). A change in regulations related to staff training was associated with a reduction in the probability of hospitalization during the month of -0.0035 percentage points (95%CI=-0.006,-0.002). The policy effects represent clinically important differences of approximately 21% in the mean monthly hospitalization rate. Part of a symposium sponsored by Assisted Living Interest Group.

scholarly journals Magnitude, pattern and correlates of multimorbidity among patients attending chronic outpatient medical care in Bahir Dar, northwest Ethiopia: the application of latent class analysis model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fantu Abebe Eyowas ◽  
Marguerite Schneider ◽  
Shitaye Alemu ◽  
Sanghamitra Pati ◽  
Fentie Ambaw Getahun
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Bahir Dar ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the magnitude, pattern and associated factors of multimorbidity in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.MethodsA multi-centered facility based study was conducted among 1440 participants aged 40+ years attending chronic outpatient medical care. Two complimentary methods (interview and review of medical records) were employed to collect the data on socio-demographic, behavioral and disease related characteristics. The data were analyzed by STATA V.16 and R Software V.4.1.0. We run descriptive statistics and fitted logistic regression and latent class analyses (LCA) models to determine associated factors and patterns of multimorbidity. Statistical significance was considered at p-value ≤0.05.ResultsThe magnitude of individual chronic conditions ranged from 1.4% to 37.9%, and multimorbidity was identified in 54.8% (95% CI=52.2%-57.4%) of the sample. The likelihood of developing multimorbidity was higher among participants aged from 45-54 years (AOR: 1.5, 95%CI= 1.1, 2.1), 55-64 years (AOR: 2.5, 95%CI=1.7, 3.5) and 65 years or more (AOR: 2.4, 95%CI=1.7, 3.5), among individuals classified as overweight (AOR: 1.6, 95%CI=1.2, 2.1) or obese (AOR: 1.9, 95%CI=1.3, 3.0) and among those individuals who believe in external locus of control (AOR: 1.8, 95%CI=1.3, 2.5). Four patterns of multimorbidity were identified, the cardiovascular category being the largest class (50.2%), followed by the metabolic group (32.6%). Advanced age, overweight and obesity predicted latent class membership, adjusting for relevant confounding factors.ConclusionThe magnitude of multimorbidity in this study was high. The most frequently diagnosed chronic conditions shaped the patterns of multimorbidity. Advanced age, overweight and obesity were the factors profoundly associated with multimorbidity. Health service organization and provision in the study area need to be oriented by the realities in disease burden and pattern of multimorbidity. Further research is required to better understand the impact of multimorbidity on individuals wellbeing, survival and health service delivery.

scholarly journals Moral Rights Laws and Income Disparity Between Artists in High and Low GDP States

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Avanesov ◽  
Robert Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
T Test ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

The United States' laissez-faire approach to moral rights legislation has left many academics questioning the impact that these laws have on artists' welfare. In using artists' income as one component of measuring overall well-being, states with additional statewide moral rights legislation have been shown to contribute to more significant artist losses, in contrast to states with only federal legislation. At the same time, moral rights laws have been shown to have no impact on artists' choice of residency, leaving some artists possibly disadvantaged regarding their choice of residency. Utilizing a difference in differences framework, this paper explores the impact of moral rights legislation on artists' weekly incomes between moral rights states of varying outputs of GDP. Although results suggested that artists would lose approximately $0.18 per one billion dollar increase in GDP at the statewide level, after conducting an additional t-test, these findings were shown to have no statistical significance. Several limitations, most prominently a lack of data availability in the pre-law values required for the difference in differences framework, may have contributed to these findings. These indeterminate results leave the question of whether some artists remain economically disadvantaged as a result of moral rights legislation uncertain.  

scholarly journals Pandemics and protectionism: evidence from the “Spanish” flu

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Boberg-Fazlic ◽  
Markus Lampe ◽  
Maja Uhre Pedersen ◽  
Paul Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
World War ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Macroeconomic Impact ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

AbstractThe impact of COVID-19 on recent tendencies towards international isolationism has been much speculated on but remains to be seen. We suggest that valuable evidence can be gleaned from the “Spanish” flu of 1918–20. It is well-known that the world fell into a protectionist spiral following the First World War, but scholars have almost exclusively ignored the impact of the pandemic. We employ a difference-in-differences strategy and find that the flu had a significant impact on trade policy, independent of the war. In our preferred specification, a one standard deviation increase in excess deaths during the outbreak implied 0.022 percentage points higher tariffs subsequently, corresponding to an increase of one third of a standard deviation in tariffs. Health policy should aim to avoid the experience of the interwar period and consider the international macroeconomic impact of measures (not) taken.

scholarly journals Pattern of Obstetric Clinic Attendance, Deliveries and Neonatal Outcome at a Tertiary Hospital during and after a Free Medical Care Programme

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
P. A. Awoyesuku ◽  
D. A. MacPepple ◽  
B. O. Altraide ◽  
D. H. John ◽  
N. J. Kwosah
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Neonatal Outcome ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Clinic Attendance ◽  
Care Programme ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Background: Policies and programs aimed at giving access to healthcare free of charge for some segments of the population are increasingly being put in place by low and middle-income countries. The impact of such policies has so far been rather mixed. Objective: This study sought to determine the pattern of obstetrics clinic attendance, deliveries and neonatal outcome during and after a Free Medical Care (FMC) Programme. Was there any significant difference during and after the FMC programme?  Methodology: This was a retrospective population-based study involving the three years of a free medical care programme (2012-2014) and the three years after the programme (2015-2017). Data on antenatal/postnatal clinic attendance, method of deliveries and neonatal outcome were retrieved from the hospital records. The Epi-Info 7 statistical software was used for analysis and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Mean antenatal attendance was 20763.67±6085.71 and 14269.00±1932.71 during and after the programme respectively, but this difference was not significant (P = 0.143). The mean postnatal attendance of 1457.7±447.69 during and 1025.7±193.52 after was not significant (P=0.200). There was more total number of deliveries during (8596) than after (5989) but this was not significant (P=0.171). There were more operative deliveries during (51.9%) than after (39.3%) and this was significant (P=0.0001). The CS rate was 43.1% with previous CS and CPD both responsible for over 40%. Livebirths were 8,272 (58.8%) during and 5,796 (41.2%) after, which was significant (P=0.0001). There was significant difference (P=0.006) in the macerated stillborn (MSB) rate during (44.2%) and after (55.8%). The stillborn rate was 66.9 during and 98.2 after the programme. Conclusion: There were more clinic attendance and deliveries during the programme, but it was not statistically significant. There was however statistically significant increase in operative delivery, total births and livebirths, and reduced MSB rate during the programme.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccination Mandates and Vaccine Uptake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Karaivanov ◽  
Dongwoo Kim ◽  
Shih En Lu ◽  
Hitoshi Shigeoka
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Approach Time

Abstract We evaluate the impact of government mandated proof of vaccination requirements for access to public venues and non-essential businesses on COVID-19 vaccine uptake. We find that the announcement of a mandate is associated with a rapid and significant surge in new vaccinations (more than 60% increase in weekly first doses) using the variation in the timing of these measures across Canadian provinces in a difference-in-differences approach. Time-series analysis for each province and for France, Italy and Germany corroborates this finding, and we estimate cumulative gains of up to 5 percentage points in provincial vaccination rates and 790,000 or more first doses for Canada as a whole as of October 31, 2021 (5 to 13 weeks after the provincial mandate announcements). We also find large vaccination gains in France (3 to 5 mln first doses), Italy (around 6 mln) and Germany (around 3.5 mln) 11 to 16 weeks after the proof of vaccination mandate announcements.JEL codes: I18, I12, C23

Job Security Rule Changes and Employee Organizational Commitment

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunkang Hur ◽  
James L. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Homeland Security ◽  
Job Security ◽  
Federal Employees ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Department Of Homeland Security ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Rule Changes ◽  
Security Rule ◽  
The Impact

This study assesses the impact of different job security rules on federal employees’ organizational commitment by looking at the effects of changes in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) precipitated by MaxHR, introduced to DHS in 2005. The 2005 job security rule changes, as part of the “reformed” personnel system of the new DHS, reduced employee job security, which in turn weakened organizational commitment. The study found subsequent repeal of the job security rules in 2007 boosted organizational commitment among DHS workers by as much as 10 percentage points. Taken together, the results of difference-in-differences (DID) analysis for the new job security rules in the period 2005-2006 and subsequent repeal of the job security rules in the period 2007-2010 suggest that employees’ commitment to DHS was more favorable after the repeal of the job security rules than prior to the 2005 reforms.

scholarly journals The impact of a Solar Market Garden programme on dietary diversity, women’s nutritional status and micronutrient levels in Kalalé district of northern Benin

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 2670-2681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halimatou Alaofè ◽  
Jennifer Burney ◽  
Rosamond Naylor ◽  
Douglas Taren
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health Programmes

AbstractObjective:To examine the impacts of a Solar Market Garden 1-year solar-powered drip irrigation (SMG) programme in Kalalé district of northern Benin on mothers’ nutritional status and micronutrient levels.Design:Using a quasi-experimental design, sixteen villages were assigned to four groups: (i) SMG women’s groups (WG); (ii) comparison WG; (iii) SMG non-WG (NWG); and (iv) comparison NWG. Difference-in-differences (DID) estimates were used to assess impacts on mothers’ food consumption, diversity, BMI, prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt; 18·5 kg/m2) and anaemia, and deficiencies of iron (ID) and vitamin A (VAD).Setting:Kalalé district, northern Benin.Participants:Non-pregnant mothers aged 15–49 years (n 1737).Results:The SMG programme significantly increased mothers’ intake of vegetables (DID = 25·31 percentage points (pp); P &lt; 0·01), dietary diversity (DID = 0·74; P &lt; 0·01) and marginally increased their intake of flesh foods (DID = 10·14 pp; P &lt; 0·1). Mean BMI was significantly increased among SMG WG compared with the other three groups (DID = 0·44 kg/m2; P &lt; 0·05). The SMG programme also significantly decreased the prevalence of anaemia (DID = 12·86 pp; P &lt; 0·01) but no impacts were found for the prevalence of underweight, ID and VAD.Conclusions:Improving mothers’ dietary intake and anaemia prevalence supports the need to integrate gender-based agriculture to improve nutritional status. However, it may take more than a year, and additional nutrition and health programmes, to impact the prevalence of maternal underweight, ID and VAD.

scholarly journals AGE, EDUCATION AND CONSUMPTION OF MEDICAL CARE: EVIDENCE FROM MALAYSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-121
Author(s):  
Yong Kang Cheah ◽  
Azira ABDUL ADZIS ◽  
Juhaida ABU BAKAR ◽  
Chor Foon TANG ◽  
Hock Kuang LIM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Improve Population Health ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

The present study examines age and education determinants of consumption of medical care using Malaysian data. The present study offers a better understanding of the effects of age and education on medical care and assists policy makers in developing more effective intervention measures to improve population health. A nationally representative data with a large sample size (n = 14838) was used for analyses. Several important findings are noteworthy. First, age and education are positively associated with consumption of medical care. Second, the impact of education on medical care varies across age. Third, there is no diminishing marginal effect of education on medical care. Findings of the present study suggest that age and education play an important role in determining consumption of medical care. When designing policies to improve population health, consideration should be given to the effects of age and education factors on consumption of medical care. It is important for policy makers to understand which age group and education level of people are more or less likely to use medical care.

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