scholarly journals Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Following A Paired Associative Stimulation Protocol Based On A Videogame Potentiates Cortical Plasticity And Motor Behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arantzazu San Agustín ◽  
Guillermo Asín-Prieto ◽  
Juan C Moreno ◽  
Antonio Oliviero ◽  
José L Pons
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Sham Group ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Abductor Pollicis Brevis ◽  
Paired Associative Stimulation ◽  
Dynamic Task ◽  
Time Accuracy

Abstract BackgroundTranscranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) can induce synaptic plasticity potentiation following a paired associative stimulation (PAS) protocol, synchronizing a TMS single pulse with a movement task, named movement-related cortical stimulation (MRCS). However, MRCS plasticity induction and performance potentiation has been related exclusively to single movement tasks.MethodIn order to unveil the changes in motor learning produced by the MRCS protocol in complex movements, associated to Activities of Daily Living (ADL), we induced PAS changes in synchronization with a movement-related dynamic task by performing a customized videogame. We measured the task performance as well as nervous system excitability neuromodulation in 22 healthy subjects, analyzing Reaction Time (RT) and the peak-to-peak amplitude of the Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) respectively. The MEPs were recorded in the main task executor muscle, Abductor Pollicis Brevis (APB), and a secondary muscle, Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM), before, right after, and 30 minutes after the intervention, in a real against sham group experimental parallel design. ResultsPAS application in synchronization with a complex task resulted in a motor performance potentiation effect, inducing shorter RTs when compared to the sham group. Moreover, it triggered long-term corticospinal plasticity mechanisms reflected in a MEP amplitude depression for the APB muscle at the higher intensity of recruitment curve and an enhancement of the corticospinal excitability of ADM muscle at around threshold intensity. RTs and ADM MEP amplitudes correlated positively in around threshold and high intensity assessments.ConclusionsWe conclude that the proposed PAS protocol facilitated the learning of time-accuracy movement in complex movement tasks, even if fatigue could be affecting the executor muscle excitability, and enhanced potentiation towards a passive muscle. This phenomenon can be very useful to develop neurorehabilitation strategies with complex movements (more similar to ADLs) and to avoid maladaptive plasticity related likely to fatigue.

scholarly journals Corticospinal Plasticity in Bilateral Primary Motor Cortices Induced by Paired Associative Stimulation to the Dominant Hemisphere Does Not Differ between Young and Older Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daina S. E. Dickins ◽  
Marc R. Kamke ◽  
Martin V. Sale
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Dominant Hemisphere ◽  
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation ◽  
Abductor Pollicis Brevis ◽  
Paired Associative Stimulation ◽  
Target Hand ◽  
Expected Increase

Older adults have been shown to exhibit a reduction in the lateralization of neural activity. Although neuroplasticity induced by noninvasive brain stimulation has been reported to be attenuated in the targeted motor cortex of older adults, it remains possible that the plasticity effects may instead manifest in a more distributed (bilateral) network. Furthermore, attention, which modulates neuroplasticity in young adults, may influence these effects. To address these questions, plasticity was induced in young (19–32 years) and older (65–78 years) adults using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paired with peripheral nerve stimulation. The plasticity effects induced by this paired associative stimulation (PAS) protocol in the targeted and nontargeted hemispheres were probed using TMS-induced motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle of each hand. PAS-induced effects were highly variable across individuals, with only half of the participants in each group demonstrating the expected increase in MEP amplitude. Contrary to predictions, however, PAS-induced corticospinal plasticity manifests predominately in the targeted hemisphere for both young and older adults. Attention to the target hand did not enhance corticospinal plasticity. The results suggest that plasticity does not manifest differently across bilateral corticospinal pathways between young and older adults.

scholarly journals Disrupted Central Inhibition after Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Motor Cortex in Schizophrenia with Long-Term Antipsychotic Treatment

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aulikki Ahlgrén-Rimpiläinen ◽  
Hannu Lauerma ◽  
Seppo Kähkönen ◽  
Ilpo Rimpiläinen
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Stimulation Of

Aims. Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder associated with mental and motor disturbances. We aimed to investigate motor control, especially central silent period (CSP) in subjects with schizophrenia (n=11) on long-term antipsychotic treatment compared to healthy controls (n=9). Methods. Latency and duration of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and CSPs were measured with the help of single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and intramuscular electrodes. After stimulation of the dominant and nondominant motor cortex of abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle areas, respective responses were measured on the contralateral side. Results. MEPs did not differ significantly between the groups. Multiple CSPs were found predominantly in subjects with schizophrenia, which showed a higher number of CSPs in the dominant ADM and the longest summarized duration of CSPs in the nondominant ADM (P<0.05) compared to controls. Conclusions. There were multiple CSPs predominantly in the upper extremities and in the dominant body side in subjects with schizophrenia. Behind multiple CSPs may lie an impaired regulation of excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter systems in central motor pathways. Further research is needed to clarify the role of the intramuscular recording methods and the effect of antipsychotics on the results.

scholarly journals Alertness fluctuations during task performance modulate cortical evoked responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valdas Noreika ◽  
Marc R. Kamke ◽  
Andrés Canales-Johnson ◽  
Srivas Chennu ◽  
Tristan A. Bekinschtein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Neural Recording ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Spontaneous Fluctuations

ABSTRACTTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been widely used in human cognitive neuroscience to examine the causal role of distinct cortical areas in perceptual, cognitive and motor functions. However, it is widely acknowledged that the effects of focal cortical stimulation on behaviour can vary substantially between participants and even from trial to trial within individuals. Here we asked whether spontaneous fluctuations in alertness can account for the variability in behavioural and neurophysiological responses to TMS. We combined single-pulse TMS with neural recording via electroencephalography (EEG) to quantify changes in motor and cortical reactivity with fluctuating levels of alertness defined objectively on the basis of ongoing brain activity. We observed rapid, non-linear changes in TMS-evoked neural responses – specifically, motor evoked potentials and TMS-evoked cortical potentials – as EEG activity indicated decreasing levels of alertness, even while participants remained awake and responsive in the behavioural task.IMPACT STATEMENTA substantial proportion of inter-trial variability in neurophysiological responses to TMS is due to spontaneous fluctuations in alertness, which should be controlled for during experimental and clinical applications of TMS.

scholarly journals Transcranial static magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex can facilitate the contralateral cortical excitability in human

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuyuki Takamatsu ◽  
Satoko Koganemaru ◽  
Tatsunori Watanabe ◽  
Sumiya Shibata ◽  
Yoshihiro Yukawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
The Right

AbstractTranscranial static magnetic stimulation (tSMS) has been focused as a new non-invasive brain stimulation, which can suppress the human cortical excitability just below the magnet. However, the non-regional effects of tSMS via brain network have been rarely studied so far. We investigated whether tSMS over the left primary motor cortex (M1) can facilitate the right M1 in healthy subjects, based on the hypothesis that the functional suppression of M1 can cause the paradoxical functional facilitation of the contralateral M1 via the reduction of interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) between the bilateral M1. This study was double-blind crossover trial. We measured the corticospinal excitability in both M1 and IHI from the left to right M1 by recording motor evoked potentials from first dorsal interosseous muscles using single-pulse and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation before and after the tSMS intervention for 30 min. We found that the corticospinal excitability of the left M1 decreased, while that of the right M1 increased after tSMS. Moreover, the evaluation of IHI revealed the reduced inhibition from the left to the right M1. Our findings provide new insights on the mechanistic understanding of neuromodulatory effects of tSMS in human.

Role of Sustained Excitability of the Leg Motor Cortex After Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Associative Plasticity

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 657-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
François D. Roy ◽  
Jonathan A. Norton ◽  
Monica A. Gorassini
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Common Peroneal Nerve ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Sensory Inputs

Changes in the strength of corticospinal projections to muscles in the upper and lower limbs are induced in conscious humans after paired associative stimulation (PAS) to the motor cortex. We tested whether an intervention of PAS consisting of 90 low-frequency (0.1-Hz) stimuli to the common peroneal nerve combined with suprathreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) produces specific changes to the motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in lower leg muscles if the afferent volley from peripheral stimulation is timed to arrive at the motor cortex after TMS-induced firing of corticospinal neurons. Unlike PAS in the hand, MEP facilitation in the leg was produced when sensory inputs were estimated to arrive at the motor cortex over a range of 15 to 90 ms after cortical stimulation. We examined whether this broad range of facilitation occurred as a result of prolonged subthreshold excitability of the motor cortex after a single pulse of suprathreshold TMS so that coincident excitation from sensory inputs arriving many milliseconds after TMS can occur. We found that significant facilitation of MEP responses (>200%) occurred when the motor cortex was conditioned with suprathreshold TMS tens of milliseconds earlier. Likewise, it was possible to induce strong MEP facilitation (85% at 60 min) when afferent inputs were directly paired with subthreshold TMS. We argue that in the leg motor cortex, facilitation of MEP responses from PAS occurred over a large range of interstimulus intervals as a result of the paired activation of sensory inputs with sustained, subthreshold activity of cortical neurons that follow a pulse of suprathreshold TMS.

scholarly journals Corticospinal excitability is enhanced after visuomotor adaptation and depends on learning rather than performance or error

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 1097-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid F. Bagce ◽  
Soha Saleh ◽  
Sergei V. Adamovich ◽  
John W. Krakauer ◽  
Eugene Tunik
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Visuomotor Adaptation ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Visuomotor Learning ◽  
Hand Muscles

We used adaptation to high and low gains in a virtual reality setup of the hand to test competing hypotheses about the excitability changes that accompany motor learning. Excitability was assayed through changes in amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in relevant hand muscles elicited with single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). One hypothesis is that MEPs will either increase or decrease, directly reflecting the effect of low or high gain on motor output. The alternative hypothesis is that MEP changes are not sign dependent but rather serve as a marker of visuomotor learning, independent of performance or visual-to-motor mismatch (i.e., error). Subjects were required to make flexion movements of a virtual forefinger to visual targets. A gain of 1 meant that the excursions of their real finger and virtual finger matched. A gain of 0.25 (“low gain”) indicated a 75% reduction in visual versus real finger displacement, a gain of 1.75 (“high gain”) the opposite. MEP increases (>40%) were noted in the tonically activated task-relevant agonist muscle for both high- and low-gain perturbations after adaptation reached asymptote with kinematics matched to veridical levels. Conversely, only small changes in excitability occurred in a control task of pseudorandom gains that required adjustments to large errors but in which learning could not accumulate. We conclude that changes in corticospinal excitability are related to learning rather than performance or error.

The Effect of Etomidate on Motor Evoked Potentials Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Monkey

Neurosurgery ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 936-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramsis F. Ghaly ◽  
James L. Stone ◽  
Walter J. Levy ◽  
Peter Roccaforte ◽  
Edward B. Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Total Dose ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
Abductor Hallucis ◽  
Abductor Pollicis Brevis ◽  
Hypnotic Agent ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Etomidate (ET) is a known hypnotic agent in neuroanesthesia. This study was designed to examine the reliability of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) after transcranial magnetic stimulation in monkeys anesthetized intravenously with ET. The ET regimen was as follows: an initial dose (0.5 mg/kg) followed by 13 doses (0.2 mg/kg every 6-12 min; mean, 8.0 ± 1.3 min). The total dose administered was 3.1 mg/kg. The magnetic coil was placed over the MEP scalp stimulation region. Evoked electromyographic responses were recorded from the contralateral abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and abductor hallucis (AH) muscles of the fore- and hindlimbs, respectively. Reproducible MEP responses were consistently recorded while the animal was under total ET anesthesia. The coil demography was altered and the MEP scalp topography was moderately reduced by ET injections. Significant threshold elevation was noted after a total dose of 1.7 mg/kg for APB responses and 0.5 mg/kg for AH responses (P &lt; 0.05). Marked prolongation of latency was observed after a dose of 0.5 mg/kg for APB MEPs and 2.5 mg/kg for AH MEPs (P &lt; 0.05). MEP amplitude responses showed marked variability. Repeated doses of ET produced a mean threshold rise of 14 to 28% for the APB and 19 to 29% for the AH. The mean latency delay was 5 to 11% for the APB and 0.5 to 8% for the AH, while the mean amplitude depression was 24 to 59% for the APB and 15 to 50% for the AH. Apparent seizure activity or abnormalities in behavior and feeding were not noted over a 1-year period. We conclude that monitoring of MEPs induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation under ET anesthesia is feasible. Clear MEP responses can be maintained under ET anesthesia. ET caused alterations in MEPs induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation, and awareness of such changes is important. Further investigation in humans is recommended.

Effect of specific trapezius exercises vs. coordination training on corticomotor control of neck muscles

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
B. Rittig-Rasmussen ◽  
H. Kasch ◽  
A. Fuglsang-Frederiksen ◽  
T.S. Jensen ◽  
P. Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Trapezius Muscle ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Specific Training ◽  
Abductor Pollicis Brevis ◽  
Coordination Training ◽  
Over Time

AbstractObjectiveTo test the effect of different neck training methods on motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the trapezius muscle. We hypothesized that training of the trapezius muscle would significantly increase MEPs, indicating facilitation of the corticomotor pathways. Additional experiments investigated the influence of muscle strength, muscle fatigue, and correlations between MEP amplitudes and behavioral aspects of motor learning.MethodsTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to elicit MEPs from the trapezius muscle and the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle in 60 healthy subjects in three conditions: (1) specific trapezius training, (2) coordination training of the neck, and (3) no training.ResultsSpecific training yielded an increase in MEPs 1 h (p = 0.001) and 7 days (p = 0.001) after training compared with baseline; no significant changes were seen after coordination training or no training. MEPs from the APB muscle did not change over time in any of the conditions. Muscle strength increased by 8% after specific training, but no subjective or objective measures of fatigue were observed.ConclusionsThe results showed that only specific training significantly increased trapezius MEPs for up to 7 days, indicating facilitation of the corticomotor pathways. These findings may help improve the future clinical management of neck pain.

scholarly journals Changes in corticospinal excitability associated with motor learning by observing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather R. McGregor ◽  
Michael Vesia ◽  
Cricia Rinchon ◽  
Robert Chen ◽  
Paul L. Gribble
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Abductor Pollicis Brevis ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Hand Muscles ◽  
Before And After

AbstractWhile many of our motor skills are acquired through physical practice, we can also learn how to make movements by observing others. For example, individuals can learn how to reach in novel dynamical environments (‘force fields’, FF) by observing the movements of a tutor. Previous neurophysiology and neuroimaging studies in humans suggest a role for the motor system in motor learning by observing. Here we tested the role of primary motor cortex (M1) in motor learning by observing. We used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to elicit motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in right hand muscles at rest. MEPs were elicited before and after participants observed either a video adapting her reaches to a FF or a control video showing a tutor performing reaches in an unlearnable FF. We predicted that observing motor learning would increase M1 excitability to a greater extent than observing movements that did not involve learning. We found that observing FF learning increased MEP amplitudes recorded from right first dorsal interosseous (FDI) and right abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscles. There were no changes in MEP amplitudes for control participants who observed a tutor performing reaches in an unlearnable, randomly varying FF. The observed MEP changes can thus be specifically linked to observing motor learning. These results are consistent with the idea that observing motor learning produces functional changes in M1, or corticospinal networks or both.

scholarly journals Changes in Corticospinal Circuits During Premovement Facilitation in Physiological Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Cirillo ◽  
Ilaria Antonella Di Vico ◽  
Mehran Emadi Andani ◽  
Francesca Morgante ◽  
Giovanna Sepe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Movement Onset ◽  
Abductor Pollicis Brevis ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Abductor Digiti Minimi ◽  
Task Irrelevant

Changes in corticospinal excitability have been well documented in the preparatory period before movement, however, their mechanisms and physiological role have not been entirely elucidated. We aimed to investigate the functional changes of excitatory corticospinal circuits during a reaction time (RT) motor task (thumb abduction) in healthy subjects (HS). 26 HS received single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1). After a visual go signal, we calculated RT and delivered TMS at three intervals (50, 100, and 150 ms) within RT and before movement onset, recording motor evoked potentials (MEP) from the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and the task-irrelevant abductor digiti minimi (ADM). We found that TMS increased MEPAPB amplitude when delivered at 150, 100, and 50 ms before movement onset, demonstrating the occurrence of premovement facilitation (PMF). MEP increase was greater at the shorter interval (MEP50) and restricted to APB (no significant effects were detected recording from ADM). We also reported time-dependent changes of the RT and a TMS side-dependent effect on MEP amplitude (greater on the dominant side). In conclusion, we here report changes of RT and side-dependent, selective and facilitatory effects on the MEPAPB amplitude when TMS is delivered before movement onset (PMF), supporting the role of excitatory corticospinal mechanisms at the basis of the selective PMF of the target muscle during the RT protocol.

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