scholarly journals Wolbachia Endosymbiant Was Not Detected in Field Collected Population of Head and Body Lice From Iran Using Molecular Markers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samira Firooziyan ◽  
Ali Sadaghianifar ◽  
Fereshteh Gahvehchi Khaligh ◽  
Mohammad Ali Oshaghi ◽  
Saber Gholizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Inappropriate Drug ◽  
Recurrent Fever ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Population Genomic ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Body Lice ◽  
Positive Controls

Abstract Objectives Head lice infection can lead to inferiority, depression, insomnia, and lack of education, loss of social status, secondary infections, hair removal, and allergies. Body lice can carry dangerous diseases such as typhus, trench fever, and recurrent fever. Studies on lice control due to pesticides, inappropriate drug use, pesticide risks, and pesticide resistance in the lice population are needed. The study of insect symbiotic microorganisms such as Wolbachia is a new approach to control the vector-borne disease. ResultsThe presence of this bacterium was investigated in head and body lice collected from the Iranian lice population. Genomic DNA was extracted from both lice specimens and PCR assay was performed to the detection of Wolbachia infection by using Wsp, coxA, and gatB primers. All PCR results were negative for Wolbachia in comparison with positive controls. Further studies should be performed using new molecular markers to determine the Wolbachia infection of lice.

New approach for the identification of potentially toxigenic Corynebacterium sp. using a multiplex PCR assay

2021 ◽  
pp. 106198
Author(s):  
Sunarno ◽  
Khariri ◽  
Fauzul Muna ◽  
Kambang Sariadji ◽  
Yuni Rukminiati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽  
Corynebacterium Sp

Solutions and gels containing a sugarcane-derived cystatin (CaneCPI-5) reduce enamel and dentin erosion in vitro

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lethycia Almeida Santos ◽  
Tatiana Martini ◽  
João Victor Frazão Câmara ◽  
Fabiana Navas Reis ◽  
Adriana de Cássia Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Dental Erosion ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Enamel Erosion ◽  
Ph Cycling ◽  
Bovine Enamel ◽  
Dentin Erosion ◽  
Positive Controls

The effect of solutions and gels containing a sugarcane-derived cystatin (CaneCPI-5) on the protection against enamel and dentin erosion in vitro was evaluated. Bovine enamel and dentin specimens were divided into two groups (n=135 and 153/group for enamel and dentin, respectively) that were treated with solutions or chitosan gels containing 0.1 or 0.25 mg/ml CaneCPI-5. The positive controls for solutions and gels were Elmex Erosion Protection™ solution and NaF gel (12,300 ppm F), respectively. Deionized water and chitosan gel served as controls, respectively. The solutions were first applied on the specimens for 1 min and the gels for 4 min. Stimulated saliva was collected from 3 donors and used to form a 2 h acquired pellicle on the specimens. Then, the specimens were submitted to an erosive pH cycling protocol 4 times/day for 7 days (0.1% citric acid pH 2.5/90s, artificial saliva/2h, artificial saliva overnight). The solutions and gels were applied again during pH cycling, 2 times/day for 1 min and 4 min, respectively, after the first and last erosive challenges. Enamel and dentin losses (µm) were assessed by contact profilometry. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey´s test (p <0.05). All the treatments significantly reduced enamel and dentin loss in comparison with controls. Both CaneCPI-5 concentrations had a similar protective effect against enamel erosion, but only the higher concentration was as effective against dentin erosion as the positive control. Regarding the vehicles, only the 0.1 mg/ml gel performed worse than the positive control for dentin. CaneCPI-5 reduced enamel and dentin erosion to a similar extent as the fluoride-containing vehicles. However, dentin requires higher CaneCPI-5 concentrations, in the case of gels. Solutions or gels containing CaneCPI-5 might be a new approach to protect against dental erosion.

scholarly journals Perspectives on the basic reproductive ratio

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M Heffernan ◽  
R.J Smith ◽  
L.M Wahl
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Infectious Period ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Basic Reproductive Ratio ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
True Value ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Vector Borne

The basic reproductive ratio, R 0 , is defined as the expected number of secondary infections arising from a single individual during his or her entire infectious period, in a population of susceptibles. This concept is fundamental to the study of epidemiology and within-host pathogen dynamics. Most importantly, R 0 often serves as a threshold parameter that predicts whether an infection will spread. Related parameters which share this threshold behaviour, however, may or may not give the true value of R 0 . In this paper we give a brief overview of common methods of formulating R 0 and surrogate threshold parameters from deterministic, non-structured models. We also review common means of estimating R 0 from epidemiological data. Finally, we survey the recent use of R 0 in assessing emerging diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza, a number of recent livestock diseases, and vector-borne diseases malaria, dengue and West Nile virus.

scholarly journals Population genomic evidence that human and animal infections in Africa come from the same populations of Dracunculus medinensis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Durrant ◽  
Elizabeth A. Thiele ◽  
Nancy Holroyd ◽  
Stephen R Doyle ◽  
Guillaume Sallé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Population Bottleneck ◽  
Guinea Worm ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Population Genomic ◽  
Eradication Campaign ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractBackgroundGuinea worm – Dracunculus medinensis – was historically one of the major parasites of humans and has been known since antiquity. Now, Guinea worm is on the brink of eradication, as efforts to interrupt transmission have reduced the annual burden of disease from millions of infections per year in the 1980s to only 30 human cases reported globally last year. Despite the enormous success of eradication efforts to date, one complication has arisen. Over the last few years, hundreds of dogs have been found infected with this previously apparently anthroponotic parasite, almost all in Chad. Moreover, the relative numbers of infections in humans and dogs suggests that dogs may be key in maintaining transmission in that country.ResultsIn an effort to shed light on this peculiar epidemiology of Guinea worm in Chad, we have sequenced and compared the genomes of worms from dog, human and other animal infections. Confirming previous work with other molecular markers, we show that all of these worms are D. medinensis, and that the same population of worms are causing both infections, can confirm the suspected transmission between host species and detect signs of a population bottleneck due to the eradication efforts. The diversity of worms in Chad appears to exclude the possibility that there were no, or very few, worms present in the country during a 10-year absence of reported cases.ConclusionsThis work reinforces the importance of adequate surveillance of both human and dog populations in the Guinea worm eradication campaign and suggests that control programs should stay aware of the possible emergence of unusual epidemiology as they approach elimination.

scholarly journals Evaluating the performance of selection scans to detect selective sweeps in domestic dogs

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florencia Schlamp ◽  
Julian van der Made ◽  
Rebecca Stambler ◽  
Lewis Chesebrough ◽  
Adam R Boyko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Population Bottlenecks ◽  
Selective Sweeps ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Genomic Signatures ◽  
Population Genomic ◽  
Dog Domestication ◽  
Soft Selective Sweeps ◽  
Positive Controls

Selective breeding of dogs has resulted in repeated artificial selection on breed-specific morphological phenotypes. A number of quantitative trait loci associated with these phenotypes have been identified in genetic mapping studies. We analyzed the population genomic signatures observed around the causal mutations for 12 of these loci in 25 dog breeds, for which we genotyped 25 individuals in each breed. By measuring the population frequencies of the causal mutations in each breed, we identified those breeds in which specific mutations most likely experienced positive selection. These instances were then used as positive controls for assessing the performance of popular statistics to detect selection from population genomic data. We found that artificial selection during dog domestication has left characteristic signatures in the haplotype and nucleotide polymorphism patterns around selected loci that can be detected in the genotype data from a single population sample. However, the sensitivity and accuracy at which such signatures were detected varied widely between loci, the particular statistic used, and the choice of analysis parameters. We observed examples of both hard and soft selective sweeps and detected strong selective events that removed genetic diversity almost entirely over regions >10 Mbp. Our study demonstrates the power and limitations of selection scans in populations with high levels of linkage disequilibrium due to severe founder effects and recent population bottlenecks.

scholarly journals Development of a Multiplex Droplet Digital PCR Assay for the Detection of Babesia, Bartonella, and Borrelia Species

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1462
Author(s):  
Ricardo Maggi ◽  
Edward B. Breitschwerdt ◽  
Barbara Qurollo ◽  
Jennifer C. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Animal Cell ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Digital Pcr ◽  
Droplet Digital Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Cytauxzoon Felis ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Type Water

We describe the development, optimization, and validation of a multiplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of Babesia, Bartonella, and Borrelia spp. DNA from several sample matrices, including clinical blood samples from animals and humans, vectors, in-vitro infected human and animal cell lines, and tissues obtained from animal models (infected with Bartonella and/or B. burgdorferi). The multiplex ddPCR assay was able to detect 31 Bartonella, 13 Borrelia, and 24 Babesia species, including Theileria equi, T. cervi, and Cytauxzoon felis. No amplification of Treponema or Leptospira spp. was observed. Sensitivity of 0.2–5 genome equivalent DNA copies per microliter was achieved for different members of the Bartonella and Borrelia genus, depending on the species or matrix type (water or spiked blood DNA) tested. The ddPCR assay facilitated the simultaneous detection of co-infections with two and three vector-borne pathogens comprising four different genera (Babesia, Bartonella, Borrelia, and Theileria) from clinical and other sample sources.

scholarly journals Isolation of Specific Clones from Nonarrayed BAC Libraries through Homologous Recombination

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Nefedov ◽  
Lucia Carbone ◽  
Matthew Field ◽  
Jacquie Schein ◽  
Pieter J. de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Homologous Recombination ◽  
Bac Library ◽  
Artificial Chromosome ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
New Approach ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Kanamycin Cassette ◽  
Orangutan Genome ◽  
Bac Libraries

We have developed a new approach to screen bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries by recombination selection. To test this method, we constructed an orangutan BAC library using anE. colistrain (DY380) with temperature inducible homologous recombination (HR) capability. We amplified one library segment, induced HR at42∘C to make it recombination proficient, and prepared electrocompetent cells for transformation with a kanamycin cassette to target sequences in the orangutan genome through terminal recombineering homologies. Kanamycin-resistant colonies were tested for the presence of BACs containing the targeted genes by the use of a PCR-assay to confirm the presence of the kanamycin insertion. The results indicate that this is an effective approach for screening clones. The advantage of recombination screening is that it avoids the high costs associated with the preparation, screening, and archival storage of arrayed BAC libraries. In addition, the screening can be conceivably combined with genetic engineering to create knockout and reporter constructs for functional studies.

scholarly journals Detection and Molecular Characterization of Babesia canis vogeli and Theileria annulata in Free-Ranging Dogs and Ticks from Shahriar County, Tehran Province, Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gholamreza HABIBI ◽  
Alireza IMANI ◽  
Asghar AFSHARI ◽  
Soghra BOZORGI
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Babesia Canis ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Dog Blood ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Bovine Theileriosis ◽  
Free Ranging

Background: We aimed to detect and characterize vector-borne parasites of Babesia and Theileria in dog and ticks by PCR assay. Canine babesiosis is a significant tick-borne disease caused by different Babesia species.  As the infection has not been reported in Shahriar region Tehran, Iran, molecular techniques allowed us to identify tick-borne parasites in asymptomatic dogs. Methods: The number of 40 dog peripheral blood samples and 27 skin attached ticks were analyzed by molecular PCR assay. The specific primers were used for detecting Babesia canis, B. gibsoni and T. annulata. Results: B. c. vogeli was detected in 10 dog blood samples (25%). Additionally, T. annulata infection was identified in 13 dog blood samples (32.5%) and 18 isolated tick DNAs (66.7%). The results of PCR were confirmed by 18S rRNA and Tams1 gene sequence analyzing and have been registered in GenBank under following accession numbers for B. c. vogeli (MH793502) and T. annulata (MK105284). Conclusion: The verification of T. annulata infection in free-ranging dogs and ticks shows dogs might be considered as important natural carriers/reservoirs for T. annulata in enzootic region for bovine theileriosis. The obtained data may be useful for veterinary practitioners and dog owners to aware of Babesia and Theileria infection in dog and tick to establish the effective preventive measures.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the insecticidal activity of the methanol extracts of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) and Albizia lebbeck (Mimosaceae) on larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Modo Marc ◽  
Bakwo Fils Eric Moïse ◽  
Tatsimo Ndendoung Simplice Joël ◽  
Tamesse Joseph Lebel
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Albizia Lebbeck ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Positive Controls

Abstract Background Vector-borne diseases are mostly transmitted by mosquitoes. Therefore, these mosquitoes constitute a socio-economic scourge. Due to the resistance of mosquitoes to synthetic chemical insecticides and the pollution they generate, this study was conducted to assess the larvicidal activity of plant crude extracts on larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Results Bioassays performed on larvae shown that the extract of Calotropis procera at 0.6 mg/mL recorded the highest mortality rate of 100% for L1, L2 and L3. However, the extract of Albizia lebbeck at 0.7 mg/mL recorded the highest mortality rate of 100% for all the four stages of larvae. Negative and positive controls recorded 16% and 100% mortalities, respectively, after 24 h of exposure. The extract of Calotropis procera recorded LC50 values as follows: 0.194, 0.251, 0.258 and 0.284 mg/mL for L1, L2, L3 and L4, respectively. The LC90 of Calotropis procera were: 0.340, 0.433, 0.444 and 0.502 mg/mL for L1, L2, L3 and L4, respectively. In contrast, the extract of Albizia lebbeck recorded the following LC50: 0.238, 0.264, 0.290 and 0.316 mg/mL for L1, L2, L3 and L4, respectively. Also, its LC90 were: 0.456, 0.498, 0.531 and 0.580 mg/mL, respectively, to L1, L2, L3 and L4. Conclusion The larvicidal bioassays performed revealed that these plant extracts have significant larvicidal properties. In the framework of fighting against vector-borne diseases, these two plants constitute alternative products to control mosquitoes.

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