Juvenile fibromyalgia: A call for diagnostic refinement, a case report
Abstract BackgroundFibromyalgia is a clinical syndrome consisting of widespread musculoskeletal tenderness and various somatic complaints including nonrestorative sleep, mood disorders such as anxiety or depression, abdominal pain, and/or headaches. There is a great deal of heterogeneity in its expression which leads to difficulty in identifying predisposing factors. A singular review of patients in an academic pediatric pain clinic reveal immune system dysfunction, mood disorders, infection, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, and hypermobility are premorbid conditions. It is unclear if these premorbid conditions confer a distinct fibromyalgia clinical phenotype that can provide insight into targeted therapies. Current diagnostic measures for fibromyalgia do not allow for this level of discrimination and are not validated in children.Case Presentation20 children who demonstrated widespread musculoskeletal pain, tenderness to pressure on exam and multiple somatic complaints were diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Average time from start of pain to diagnosis is 2 years. Over half the patients have psychopathology, a third have an immune system dysfunction related to autoimmunity or an infectious exposure, a third with orthostatic intolerance or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, a quarter relating to hypermobility, and a quarter of the cohort with dysmenorrhea were pre or comorbid conditions. Effective therapeutic regimens among patients varied widely from responding to medical monotherapy to multimodal treatment. Trigger point injections worsened pain in one fibromyalgia patient but decreased pain in another. Patients with comorbid autoimmunity report appreciating a difference between a flare in their arthritis as opposed to a flare in their fibromyalgia. Such varying responses within the same clinical syndrome suggest distinct phenotypes within fibromyalgia which is difficult to distinguish using our current diagnostic tools.ConclusionThere is a need for clear diagnostic criteria for both the recognition of juvenile fibromyalgia and tools to distinguish phenotypes within fibromyalgia. Currently, the recognition of clinical symptoms renders it an often-overlooked neuropathic pain condition. This case series suggest there are different phenotypes within fibromyalgia. Some patients respond remarkably to serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors alone whereas others require multidisciplinary therapy. A diagnostic tool refined to capture these nuances can facilitate targeted treatment recommendations.