scholarly journals Effect of a Community Based Social Marketing Strategy on the Uptake of Clean Delivery Kits in Peri-Urban Communities of Karachi, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asra Usmani ◽  
Shazia Sultana ◽  
Imran Nisar ◽  
Shehla Zaidi ◽  
Imtiaz Jehan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Social Marketing ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Birth Attendants ◽  
Home Deliveries ◽  
Line Survey

Abstract Background: Neonatal and maternal mortality is high in Pakistan. More than half of all deliveries take place at homes by unskilled birth attendants and unhygienic practices are common. The objective of our study was to determine the effect of a community based strategy of social marketing promoting clean delivery kits on the uptake of clean delivery kits for use in home deliveries in peri-urban communities of Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: Following a baseline survey of women who delivered in previous three months as a reference group, end line survey was conducted of women who delivered post intervention to assess need, use and availability of clean delivery kits. Availability of these kits was ensured at accessible stores in these communities. Quantitative component comprised of the baseline and post intervention surveys while qualitative information was sought from focus group discussions. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze quantitative data and ground theory to analyze qualitative data.Results: 603 women were surveyed in the baseline survey and 568 women in the end-line survey. The proportion of women using CDKs in home deliveries increased from 9.3% in the baseline survey to 23.8% (p=<0.05) after the social marketing intervention in the end-line survey. 40% of women reported non-use of kits due to inability to pay for it. However, focus group discussions revealed that many women thought that the kits should be free or should be included in the amount charged by birth attendants. After adjusting for other variables, age of the woman and education of the husband were found significantly associated with use of clean delivery kits in home deliveries. Conclusions: Social marketing strategy targeting pregnant women and their family members can play a significant role in improving use of clean delivery kits in home deliveries. However, many women expect that the cost of the kit to be included in charges paid to birth attendants. A combined approach targeting both pregnant women as well as traditional birth attendants may improve clean delivery kit use to higher levels and be sustainable in the long-run.

USING LAY COUNSELLORS TO PROMOTE COMMUNITY-BASED VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND HIV TESTING IN RURAL NORTHERN GHANA: A BASELINE SURVEY ON COMMUNITY ACCEPTANCE AND STIGMA

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. BAIDEN ◽  
G. AKANLU ◽  
A. HODGSON ◽  
P. AKWEONGO ◽  
C. DEBPUUR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Voluntary Counselling ◽  
Hiv Aids

SummaryAccess to voluntary counselling and HIV testing (VCT) remains limited in most parts of Ghana with rural populations being the least served. Services remain facility-based and employ the use of an ever-dwindling number of health workers as counsellors. This study assessed approval for the use of lay counsellors to promote community-based voluntary counselling and testing for HIV and the extent of HIV/AIDS-related stigma in the Kassena-Nankana district of rural northern Ghana. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of the tendency to stigmatize people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs). Focus group discussions were held and analytical coding of the data performed. The majority (91·1%) of the 403 respondents indicated a desire to know their HIV status. Most (88·1%) respondents considered locations outside of the health facility as preferred places for VCT. The majority (98·7%) of respondents approved the use of lay counsellors. About a quarter (24%) of respondents believed that it was possible to acquire HIV through sharing a drinking cup with a PLWHA. About half (52·1%) of the respondents considered that a teacher with HIV/AIDS should not be allowed to teach, while 77·2% would not buy vegetables from a PLWHA. Respondents who believed that sharing a drinking cup with a PLWHA could transmit HIV infection (OR 2·50, 95%CI 1·52–4·11) and respondents without formal education (OR 2·94, 95%CI 1·38–6·27) were more likely to stigmatize PLWHAs. In contrast, respondents with knowledge of the availability of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs were less likely to do so (OR 0·40, 95%CI 0·22–0·73). Findings from the thirteen focus group discussions reinforced approval for community-based VCT and lay counsellors but revealed concerns about stigma and confidentiality. In conclusion, community-based VCT and the use of lay counsellors may be acceptable options for promoting access. Interventional studies are required to assess feasibility and cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals Setting the global research agenda for community-based HIV service delivery through the faith sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha T. Ndlovu-Teijema ◽  
Maarten O. Kok ◽  
Sabine L. van Elsland ◽  
Hilleen Smeets ◽  
David Barstow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Faith Leaders ◽  
Global Research

Abstract Background While leading AIDS organizations expect faith and health collaborations to play a crucial role in organizing and scaling up community-based HIV services, it is unclear how this can be realized. Little primary research has been conducted into which strategies for collaboration and service provision are most effective, efficient, scalable and sustainable. Seeking to align research with urgent needs, enhance coordination and increase the likelihood that results are used, this study aimed to set an inclusive global research agenda that reflects priority research questions from key stakeholders at the intersection of HIV healthcare and faith. Methods In order to develop this global research agenda, we drew from document analyses, focus group discussions, interviews with purposively selected key informants from all continents (policy-makers, healthcare providers, faith leaders, academics and HIV activists), an online questionnaire, and expert meetings at several global conferences. We carried out focus group discussions and interviews with faith leaders in South Africa. Other stakeholder focus groups and interviews were carried out online or in person in France, Switzerland, the Netherlands and South Africa, and virtual questionnaires were distributed to stakeholders worldwide. Respondents were purposively sampled. Results We interviewed 53 participants, and 110 stakeholders responded to the online questionnaire. The participants worked in 54 countries, with the majority having research experience (84%), experience with policy processes (73%) and/or experience as a healthcare provider (60%) and identifying as religious (79%). From interviews (N = 53) and questionnaires (N = 110), we identified 10 research themes: addressing sexuality, stigma, supporting specific populations, counselling and disclosure, agenda-setting, mobilizing and organizing funding, evaluating faith-health collaborations, advantage of faith initiatives, gender roles, and education. Respondents emphasized the need for more primary research and prioritized two themes: improving the engagement of faith communities in addressing sexuality and tackling stigma. Conclusions A wide range of respondents participated in developing the research agenda. To align research to the prioritized themes and ensure that results are used, it is essential to further engage key users, funders, researchers and other stakeholders, strengthen the capacity for locally embedded research and research uptake and contextualize priorities to diverse religious traditions, key populations and local circumstances.

scholarly journals Addressing the challenges and relational aspects of index-linked HIV testing for children and adolescents: insights from the B-GAP study in Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chido Dziva Chikwari ◽  
Sarah Bernays ◽  
Stefanie Dringus ◽  
Victoria Simms ◽  
Helen A Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Testing Uptake ◽  
Sexual Contacts

Abstract Introduction Index-linked HIV testing, targeted at sexual contacts or children of individuals with HIV, may improve yield and efficiency. The B-GAP study evaluated index-linked testing approaches in health facility and community-based settings. This paper reports on a qualitative study to understand factors that affect uptake of index-linked HIV testing for children and adolescents. Methods We conducted four focus group discussions (FGDs) with caregivers who had their children tested through B-GAP and one FGD with providers who offered index-linked HIV testing to indexes. We aimed to understand enabling and inhibiting factors in the decision-making process. Translated and transcribed transcripts were read for familiarisation. Following initial coding, analytical memos were written to identify emerging key themes across the data. Results Our findings showed there was inadequate emphasis on paediatric HIV in routine care which had a negative impact on subsequent uptake of testing for children. Once the decision to test had been made, access to facilities was sometimes challenging, and alleviated by community-based testing. A key finding was that HIV testing is not a discrete event but a process that was influenced by relationships with other family members and children themselves. These relationships raised complex issues that could prevent or delay the testing process. Conclusion There is a need to improve messaging on the importance of HIV testing for children and adolescents and to provide support to caregivers and their families in order to improve testing uptake. Addressing access barriers through the provision of community-based testing and implementing a family centred approach can optimize index-linked testing.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Group-Based Resilience Intervention for Typhoon Haiyan Survivors

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma Regina M. Hechanova ◽  
Lynn C. Waelde ◽  
Pia Anna P. Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Coping Skills ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Culturally Adapted ◽  
Disaster Survivors ◽  
Resilience Intervention ◽  
The Impact

This study evaluated the impact of Katatagan, a culturally adapted, group-based, and mindfulness-informed resilience intervention developed for disaster survivors in the Philippines. The intervention aimed to teach six adaptive coping skills: harnessing strengths, managing physical reactions, managing thoughts and emotions, seeking solutions and support, identifying positive activities, and planning for the future. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were conducted with 163 Typhoon Haiyan survivors. Six-month follow-up assessments were obtained for 37 participants. Pre- and post-results showed improvements in participants’ self-efficacy on all six coping skills. The 6-month follow-up revealed significant improvements in four of the six coping skills. Focus group discussions conducted at follow-up revealed that mindfulness, self-care, strengths, and reframing were some of the topics that were most memorable to participants. Among these, participants identified mindfulness as a skill that they continued to use. Participants also shared that they felt stronger because of the intervention and have shared what they learned with others in their communities.

scholarly journals Addressing the challenges and relational aspects of index-linked HIV testing for children and adolescents: insights from the B-GAP study in Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chido Dziva Chikwari ◽  
Sarah Bernays ◽  
Stefanie Dringus ◽  
Victoria Simms ◽  
Helen A. Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Testing Uptake ◽  
Sexual Contacts

Abstract Introduction Index-linked HIV testing, targeted at sexual contacts or children of individuals with HIV, may improve yield and efficiency. The B-GAP study evaluated index-linked testing approaches in health facility and community-based settings. This paper reports on a qualitative study to understand factors that affect uptake of index-linked HIV testing for children and adolescents. Methods We conducted four focus group discussions (FGDs) with caregivers who had their children tested through B-GAP and one FGD with providers who offered index-linked HIV testing to indexes. We aimed to understand enabling and inhibiting factors in the decision-making process. Translated and transcribed transcripts were read for familiarisation. Following initial coding, analytical memos were written to identify emerging key themes across the data. Results Our findings showed there was inadequate emphasis on paediatric HIV in routine care which had a negative impact on subsequent uptake of testing for children. Once the decision to test had been made, access to facilities was sometimes challenging and alleviated by community-based testing. A key finding was that HIV testing is not a discrete event but a process that was influenced by relationships with other family members and children themselves. These relationships raised complex issues that could prevent or delay the testing process. Conclusion There is a need to improve messaging on the importance of HIV testing for children and adolescents and to provide support to caregivers and their families in order to improve testing uptake. Addressing access barriers through the provision of community-based testing and implementing a family-centred approach can optimise index-linked testing.

Identifying Iranian Consumers’ Preferences towards Functional Dairy Products

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Marjan Bazhan ◽  
Naser Kalantari ◽  
Nastaran Keshavarz-Mohammadi ◽  
Hedayat Hosseini ◽  
Hassan Eini-Zinab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Social Marketing ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Dairy Foods ◽  
Purposeful Sampling ◽  
Employed Women ◽  
Promotion Strategies

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong> During the past few decades, production and marketing of functional foods has increased in many countries including Iran. Considering the fact that consumers’ preferences play an important role in the success of marketing a product to increase consumption, this study was conducted in Iran to fill the knowledge gap in this regard.</p><p><strong>METHODS: </strong>The theory of social marketing served as the framework of this study. Qualitative data were collected via eight semi-structured focus group discussions, between May and September 2014. Participants were 65 women (44 housewives and 21 employed women), aged 23–68 years, selected by purposeful sampling technique, considering maximum diversity. All focus group discussions were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Analysis of the qualitative content of the data was conducted using MAXQDA<sup>® </sup>software.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> The findings showed that there were quite diverse preferences among studied women in regards to different aspects of a product and its social marketing strategies. The preferences towards functional dairy were categorized in 4 main groups: (i) characteristics of products including sensory and non-sensory characteristics; (ii) price; (iii) place of the product supply; and (iv) promotion strategies of products categorized in three subgroups of informing and educating, advertising, and recommending.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>This diversity should be considered both in production of dairy foods and their promotion plans. This understanding can contribute to success of interventions to increase consumption of these products among consumers.</p>

Perceptions of and Constraints upon Pregnancy-Related Referrals in Rural Rajasthan, India

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gupta ◽  
H. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Healthcare Staff ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Birth Attendants ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Behavioural Aspects

Mortality associated with complications of pregnancy and childbirth remains disproportionately high in the developing world. This paper reports on a study into the reasons for the poor uptake of referrals to specialist medical units in a group of 276 women in a rural area in the state of Rajasthan, India. Of the 276 cases that were referred, 242 (88%) of the women failed to attend for specialist consultation. In-depth personal interviews were conducted and a series of focus group discussions was held with the women and with their spouses and spouses' mothers. A range of geographic, cultural, socio–economic and medico–administrative factors was identified as influencing decisions to attend referral units. Recommendations for improving uptake include improving facilities at referral units, providing additional training for healthcare staff (covering technical, managerial and behavioural aspects) and in counselling techniques, a better defined role for traditional birth attendants, improved understanding of the mother's needs by her family (particularly the spouse and his mother) and increasing public awareness of the importance of referral. Finally, there is the requirement that women are encouraged to realize and understand their own needs.

scholarly journals The Development Of Election Smart House As A Tool Of Political Education Based On Local Wisdom

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Al Rafni ◽  
Suryanef Suryanef
Keyword(s):  
Lesson Plan ◽  
Political Education ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Model Research ◽  
Smart House ◽  
Election Commission ◽  
Depth Interviews

Election Smart house that established by the General Election Commission in every province is the innovative effort in providing the facility for political education in society. The problem is RPP has not been used optimally by users and still needs to be institutionalized as a tool of political education based on local wisdom. This paper aims to elaborate on the forms of political education activities, especially voter education contained in the RPP, even how the model for the development of RPP as a tool of political education based on local wisdom. The research approach uses a more intensive qualitative approach through focus group discussions/ FGDs and in-depth interviews. While to build the model, Research and Development (R & D) are used. The results of the study show that the political education services contained in the lesson plan need to be developed by standardizing services and supporting facilities that can be a model for political education facilities for the community based on local wisdom.

scholarly journals Community Based Risk Behaviour Study on HIV/AIDS Targeting Women in Nepal - 2007

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
KK Jha ◽  
VS Salhotra ◽  
AP Weerakoon ◽  
L Shrestha ◽  
P Malla
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
High Risk Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Risk Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Hiv Aids

Nepal has progressed from a HIV low prevalence country to one with a concentrated epidemic in certain subgroups of population. It has been documented that girls and women are more vulnerable to HIV infection. However there is little documented evidence on the risk behaviour among women in Nepal. This study was conducted to assess the pattern of risk behaviour for HIV among women in Nepal. Methodology : The main component of the study comprised a community based cross-sectional study, using a multi stage random sampling technique. Data was collected by trained field health workers using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Eight focus group discussions were also conducted to supplement the findings. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 13. Results : A significant number of un married (13.7%) women and 2.2% of married women indulged in high risk sexual behaviour. A significant positive association was observed between sexual risk behaviour of married women and monthly family income less than 5000 Nepali Rs ,age group 25-34y and young age group (15- 34) in unmarried women. Nearly 70% of participatory women have heard about AIDS and have satisfactory level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS. However, significant number of respondents had misconceptions that one could contract HIV through hand shaking, mosquito bites and hugging. Using Condoms during unprotected sexual intercourse in both married and unmarried women were low (19.4% and 6.2% respectively). Findings of Focus Group Discussions revealed there is a strong stigma associated with HIV/AIDS in this rural community in Nepal. Conclusions : One in every seven unmarried woman in Nepal indulged in high risk sexual behaviour, which is much more compared to married women. There is an urgent need for reproductive health education especially among teenagers and for the National HIV/AIDS Control Programme to expand its awareness generation activities. Keywords : HIV/AIDS, women, risk behaviour, Nepal DOI: 10.3126/saarctb.v6i2.3051 SAARC J. Tuber. Lung Dis. HIV/AIDS 2009 VI (2) 1-10

scholarly journals Feasibility study of the secondary level Active School Flag programme: Study Protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwok W Ng ◽  
Fiona McHale ◽  
Karen Cotter ◽  
Donal O’Shea ◽  
Catherine Woods
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
School Context ◽  
Trial Registration ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
School Students ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Clinical Trial Registration ◽  
Whole School

Taking part in regular physical activity (PA) is important for young adolescents to maintain physical, social and mental health. Schools are vibrant settings for health promotion and the complexity of driving a whole-school approach to PA has not been tested in the Irish school context. The feasibility of the pilot programme of the Department of Education and Skills second level Active School Flag (SLASF) is needed. SLASF is a two year process that consists of the Active School Flag (ASF) certificate programme (year 1) and the ASF flag programme (year 2). This protocol paper is specific to the first year certificate process. Three schools around Ireland were recruited as pilot schools to carry out the year-long SLASF programme with 17 planned actions involving the entire school. Students in the transition year programme have a particular role in the promotion of PA in SLASF. Data collection consists of physical measures, accelerometers, survey data and interviews at the beginning and the end of the academic year. The primary focus on the feasibility of the programme is through process evaluation tools and fidelity checks consisting of implementation of the SLASF programme through whole-school surveys, focus group discussions of key stakeholder groups, as well as one-to-one interviews with a member of management at each school and the SLASF coordinator of the school. Secondary outcomes include PA levels and its social cognitive theories based correlates through physical health measures, surveys carried out pre- and post-intervention, as well as focus group discussions of the students. The results of this study are needed to improve the development of the SLASF through a predetermined stopping criteria and inclusion into systems thinking approaches such as the Healthy Ireland Demonstration Project. Trial Registration: https://osf.io/keubz/register/5771ca429ad5a1020de2872e; Registered 24th September 2018; Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03847831.

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