scholarly journals Community Water Supply Project in Ikuru Town, Andoni, Rivers State: Performance and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ijeoma Immaculata Nwajuaku ◽  
Njideka Ophelia Ezetoha ◽  
N.G. Ezeokoye
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Water Project ◽  
Community Water ◽  
Governmental Institutions

Abstract The paper aims at evaluating the performances and challenges of a community water supply project in Ikulu town. At the outset of 2021, as the decade of action to deliver the sustainable development goals (SDG) by 2030 gets underway, Ikuru Town is not on track to achieve Goals 6 (clean water and sanitation). Assessment of the Ikuru water supply project involved two ways. visitation to the treatment plant to observe the condition of the facility and use of the unstructured interview. Water samples were collected after treatment from the user point. Sampling was repeated three times on three different days. Physicochemical and microbial qualities of water samples were analyzed, using the standard for examination of water and wastewater by APHA. Results showed that total coliform bacteria were present in the water sample. Iron concentration was above the WHO limit. The concentration of manganese was above the recommended level and Iron bacteria were also present after treatment. In conclusion, the water is not potable and palatable due to its objectionable taste and orange brown colour. Therefore, there is needs for drastic treatment of Ikulu community water project at the point source using shock chlorination as a recommended method to improve its performance level. Moreover, supportive intervention is required from governmental institutions to overcome the challenges of this water project for sustainability.

scholarly journals Research solutions technical - water technology to reduce the water loss for water supply system of Hochiminh city

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Tuan Anh Vo
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Pipe System ◽  
Pipe Line

The HCMC water supply system have built from the French Colonial period, and developed without planning and systematic study during the war time. In the beginning, this system used for the small town Saigon- Gia Dinh. Today, the capacity of water supply system is 1,85 million m3/day and will increase up to 2,5 million in next few year and up to 4-5 million m3/day according with the HCMC water supply system planning approved by Government. The climate change issues, salt water lever increase, polution... affect directly into the raw water resource of the existing and future water treatment plant. Beside that, the big size water supply transmission pipe line and the distribution water supply system of 06 hydrolique zone in HCMC damaged according with time : bad quality and No- update information of pipe system… It bring the real water loss level in HCMC so high up to 40% - 50% .The acceptable technologies & techniques solution to find the leak, optimal management for the water supply system to reduce the water loss is extremely essential, to support the clean water resources for the sustainable development of the HCM City.

scholarly journals Application of model fitting technique to enhance bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) measurement for drinking water supply monitoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjin Xue ◽  
Christopher W. K. Chow ◽  
John van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Bacterial Regrowth

Abstract The bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) method was utilised to indirectly measure the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) as an indicator for the assessment of the microbial regrowth potential in drinking water distribution systems. A model using various microbial growth parameters was developed in order to standardise the experimental interpretation for BRP measurement. This study used 82 experimental BRP data sets of water samples collected from the water treatment plant to locations (customer taps) in the distribution system. The data were used to model the BRP process (growth curve) by a data fitting procedure and to obtain a best-fitted equation. Statistical assessments and model validation for evaluating the equation obtained by fitting these 82 sets of data were conducted, and the results show average R2 values were 0.987 for treated water samples (collected at the plant prior to chlorination) and 0.983 for tap water (collected at the customer taps). The F values obtained from the F-test are all exceeded their corresponding F critical values, and the results from the t-test also showed a good outcome. These results indicate this model would be successfully applied in modelling BRP in drinking water supply systems.

scholarly journals Spectroscopic Determination of Water Salinity in Brackish Surface Water in Nandoni Dam, at Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lebea Nthunya ◽  
Sebabatso Maifadi ◽  
Bhekie Mamba ◽  
Arne Verliefde ◽  
Sabelo Mhlanga
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Vhembe District ◽  
Dissolved Salts

The problem of limited water supply in the Vhembe District (Limpopo Province, South Africa) is exacerbated by a preponderance of dissolved salts, which cause disagreeable taste and odour in the water as reported by the communities using this water for drinking. The water treatment plant that supplies the treated water to the communities in the District sources this raw water from the Nandoni Dam at the Luvuvhu river catchment. There are no scientific studies that have been reported in the literature that focused on determining the levels of water salinity from various water sources in the municipalities of the District. Water samples from various sites across the Nandoni Dam, a primary source of domestic water supply in the region, were collected through each season over a period of twelve months in order to ascertain the concentrations of dissolved salts in the dam. Onsite analyses of the water samples were conducted using the YSI ProDSS multimeter, while the laboratory water analyses were conducted using the spectroquant and atomic absorption spectrometers. Although salinity tests seem to indicate that the water sampled across most of the Nandoni Dam is brackish during all seasons of the year with the highest being 750 mg/L, water samples from the dam mid-outlet and the treatment plant are slightly below the World Health Organization (WHO) brackish water bracket of 500 mg/L with unfavourable taste for drinking. Results from this study indicate that the water sourced from the Nandoni Dam is not suitable for human consumption and therefore requires integrated water resource management, as well as robust and cost-effective water desalination treatment.

scholarly journals Spectroscopic Determination of Water Salinity in Brackish Surface Water in Nandoni Dam, at Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa  

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lebea N. Nthunya ◽  
Sebabatso Maifadi ◽  
Bhekie B. Mamba ◽  
Arne R. Verliefde ◽  
Sabelo D. Mhlanga
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Vhembe District ◽  
Dissolved Salts

The problem of limited water supply in the Vhembe District (Limpopo Province, South Africa) is exacerbated by a preponderance of dissolved salts, which cause disagreeable taste and odour in the water as reported by the communities using this water for drinking. The water treatment plant that supplies the treated water to the communities in the District sources this raw water from the Nandoni Dam at the Livhuvu river catchment. However, there are no scientific studies that have been reported in the literature which focused on determining the levels of water salinity from various water sources in the municipalities of the District. Water samples from various sites across the Nandoni Dam, a primary source of domestic water supply in the region, were collected during all the seasons basis over a period of twelve months in order to ascertain the concentrations of dissolved salts in the dam. Onsite analyses of the water samples were conducted using the YSI ProDSS multimeter, while the laboratory water analyses were conducted using the spectroquant and atomic absorption spectrometers. Although salinity tests seem to indicate that the water sampled across most of the Nandoni Dam is brackish during all seasons of the year with the highest being 750 mg/L, water samples from the dam mid-outlet and the treatment plant are slightly below the WHO brackish water bracket of 500 mg/L with unfavourable taste for drinking. Results from this study indicate that the water sourced from the Nandoni Dam is not suitable for human consumption and therefore requires integrated water resource management, as well as robust and cost-effective water desalination treatment.

scholarly journals Bacteriological quality of water in private wells and boreholes in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Adi Agyo ◽  
Raph Agbo Ofukwu ◽  
Anthony Ekle J. Okoh ◽  
Charity A. Agada
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
World Health ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Private Wells

Aim: This study aimed at examined the presence of coliform bacteria in private wells and boreholes (BH) in peri-urban areas of Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, using the approaches of most probable number (MPN) index and coliform count. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred and sixty-eight water samples were randomly collected during a 1-year period from non-cased wells, burn brick cased wells (BBW), concrete cased wells, and BH in four locations; A, B, C, and D during the wet and dry seasons. One liter of water was obtained from each well at every visit to the four sites, and eight water samples were collected from each visit. The samples were analyzed using multiple tube fermentation methods and pour plate techniques to determine the MPN of coliform/100 ml of water, reading from the MPN statistics table. Results: One-way analysis of variance statistics was applied using Duncan's new multiple range test to separate the means where there was a significant difference. The result revealed that the MPN index and total coliform counts in all the wells in the locations were above the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit for potable water. The highest MPN index of 54.807 was recorded in Location A and followed by 42.679 in Location B. The MPN index in Locations C and D was 36.740 and 30.943, respectively. There was significantly (p=0.000) higher total coliform count in the wet season (41.48±7.09) than in the dry season (38.33±2.83). Conclusion: This study shows the presence of coliform bacteria isolates in all the wells and BH that exceeded the WHO permissible limits for drinking water. The water from these sources is unsafe for drinking except after dosing with appropriate germicides. Sensitization of the population on the actions they can take to make the water safe for domestic use is suggested.

scholarly journals Household stored water quality in an intermittent water supply network in Panama

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-308
Author(s):  
Carlos I. Gonzalez ◽  
John Erickson ◽  
Karina A. Chavarría ◽  
Kara L. Nelson ◽  
Amador Goodridge
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Total Coliform Bacteria

Abstract Safe water storage is critical to preserve water quality, especially when intermittent piped drinking water supply creates a need for household storage. This study characterized household storage practices and stored water quality in 94 households (N = 94) among four peri-urban neighborhoods in Arraiján, Panama with varying degrees of supply intermittency. We found that 18 (19.1%) households stored drinking water in unsafe containers. Forty-four (47%) samples of household stored drinking water had residual chlorine levels <0.2 mg/L. While 33 (35.1%) samples were positive for total coliform bacteria, only 23 (24.4%) had >10 most probable number (MPN)/100 mL total coliform bacteria. Eight (44%) samples were positive for Escherichia coli, whereas only one (1.3%) sample from the safe containers was positive. Twenty-nine (30.9%) samples had >500 MPN/mL heterotrophic plate count bacteria. These findings suggest that longer supply interruptions were associated with longer storage times and lower chlorine residual, which were associated with higher concentrations of indicator bacteria. This is one of the first studies in the Central-American region to show an association between the lack of turnover (replacement with fresh water) and greater contamination during household water storage. Thus, when drinking water supply is not completely continuous and household storage is required, decreasing the time between supply periods can facilitate safer water storage. Public awareness and education are also recommended to increase hygiene practices during water collection and storage.

CONSUMPTION OF RAW WATER – THE HEALTH RISKS RELATED TO THE PRESENCE OF HEAVY METALS AND „ESCHERICHIA COLI“

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Grujović ◽  
◽  
Katarina Mladenović ◽  
Zoran Simić ◽  
Simona Đuretanović
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Mountain Stream ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Colorimetric Test

This research aimed to investigate the quality of drinking water from the rural area of village Pajsijević (Šumadija, central Serbia). The water is consumed as raw since it is not purified or chlorinated before consumption. The water was collected at three sampling points – in the spring of Kotlenik Mountain stream (W1 sample), in the local reservoir (W2 sample), and from the tap (W3 sample). Also, the sediment samples (soil and sand) were analyzed, too. The health risks related to the presence and concentration of some major and trace elements (Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Zn) and N, NO, NN3, NH4, P, P2O5, and PO4 were evaluated. Additionally, the presence and the number of total coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli (as an indicator of fecal contamination) were evaluated. The concentrations of analyzed major and trace elements in all water samples were below those at which toxic effects may occur. The exception was the concentrations of Fe (2.02 – 2012 mg/L), which were higher than is allowed. The origin of Fe in water is from sediment (soil and sand), which also showed high content of Fe (3006.0 mg/g and 2229.9 mg/g, respectively). The results of the Colorimetric test indicated the presence of coliform bacteria as well as the presence of E. coli in all water samples. Further research needs to include characterization of isolated coliform bacteria and serological investigation of E. coli strains in order to evaluate the risks of consumption related to waterborne illness.

BACTERIOLOGICAL CONDITION OF WATER SUPPLIES IN DAIRY PLANTS1

1957 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 196-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Plant Use ◽  
Dairy Plant ◽  
The Individual

Samples of water supplies used in 14 butter and 12 cottage plants were examined for total, coliform, lipolytic, proteolytic and psychrophilic bacterial populations. Most of the water samples were free from coliform bacteria but contained psychrophylic, proteolytic and lipolytic organisms indicating that the coliform test alone does not afford sufficient information about the microbiological condition of water supplies intended for dairy plant use. Water samples taken at or near the source where the water entered the plant usually contained fewer bacteria than samples taken at the churn door or cheese vat, suggesting contamination of the water lines within the individual plants.

scholarly journals Metallic and Microbial Contaminants in Drinking Water of Cankiri, Turkey

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 608-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emrah Caylak ◽  
Mustafa Tokar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Bacterial Indicator ◽  
Sewage Contamination ◽  
Microbial Contaminants

Safe and good quality drinking water is very important for human health. Water provides some heavy metals, such as As, B, Cd, Cn, Cr, Cu, F, Cl, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, and Sn. These are undesirable substances dangerous to human health and cause chronic diseases and various cancers. Coliform bacteria are a commonly used bacterial indicator of sanitary quality of water.E. coli, total coliform and enterococci have been used as indicators of possible sewage contamination might pose a health risk. In this study, water samples were taken from thirty different waterworks in Cankiri, Turkey and metallic and microbial contaminants were investigated. In the drinking tap water samples have been found at concentrations exceeding the Turkish regulations (As and free Cl) and the WHO guidelines (As and B). Our results also indicate that significant microbiological contaminations were found above the guidelines for drinking waters given by the WHO, because of the fact that in the distribution of water is not appropriate.

scholarly journals Study of Physico-chemical and Biological Characteristics of the Water of River Ganga at Patna, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
KUMARI SATYA ◽  
CHANDRAVIR NARAYAN
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Indian Central ◽  
River Ganga ◽  
The City

River Ganga arises on the southern slopes of the Indian central Himalayan region beginning the Gangotri glacier. The river covers catchment area of 8, 61,404 km2 and its total length in the state Bihar stretch is 475 km. This study was carried out at Patna in the river Ganga at two sampling sites, viz., Digha Ghat (upstream) and Gai Ghat (downstream). The objective of the study was to observe the eminence of water of Ganga at Patna. The results that indicate that the river reaches near the city of Patna (upstream at Digha Ghat) are less polluted with pH 7.75, DO 7.42 mg/l, BOD 2.48 mg/l and COD 15.12 mg/l, while when the river leaves city after travelling 18 km (downstream at Gai Ghat), concentration of all pollutants increases significantly (pH 6.28, DO 6.22 mg/l, BOD 2 mg/l and COD 23 mg/l). The concentration of coliform bacteria (total coliform ranges from 5000 to 6000 MPN/100ml and faecal coliform ranges from 2200 MPN/100ml and 3000 MPN/100ml at both the sites) was recorded at higher level than the upper limit of the permissible level. This increment may be due to domestic and sewage discharge from the city. The municipality of Patna has sewage treatment plant capacity of about 109 MLD but whereas the city generates approximately 250 MLD sewage/township discharge. For the maintenance of pristine quality of water of the river Ganga, the sewage need be treated before discharge

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