Household stored water quality in an intermittent water supply network in Panama

Safe water storage is critical to preserve water quality, especially when intermittent piped drinking water supply creates a need for household storage. This study characterized household storage practices and stored water quality in 94 households (N = 94) among four peri-urban neighborhoods in Arraiján, Panama with varying degrees of supply intermittency. We found that 18 (19.1%) households stored drinking water in unsafe containers. Forty-four (47%) samples of household stored drinking water had residual chlorine levels <0.2 mg/L. While 33 (35.1%) samples were positive for total coliform bacteria, only 23 (24.4%) had >10 most probable number (MPN)/100 mL total coliform bacteria. Eight (44%) samples were positive for Escherichia coli, whereas only one (1.3%) sample from the safe containers was positive. Twenty-nine (30.9%) samples had >500 MPN/mL heterotrophic plate count bacteria. These findings suggest that longer supply interruptions were associated with longer storage times and lower chlorine residual, which were associated with higher concentrations of indicator bacteria. This is one of the first studies in the Central-American region to show an association between the lack of turnover (replacement with fresh water) and greater contamination during household water storage. Thus, when drinking water supply is not completely continuous and household storage is required, decreasing the time between supply periods can facilitate safer water storage. Public awareness and education are also recommended to increase hygiene practices during water collection and storage.

Analysis of the geochemical, microbiological state and floral composition of springs in Aktobe, West Kazakhstan and Atyrau regions

The results of hydrochemical and Toxicological examination of 16 springs in Aktobe, 12 springs in West Kazakhstan and three springs in Atyrau regions of Western Kazakhstan are presented. The characteristics of the content of cations and anions, heavy metals in hydrogeochemical samples of spring water, indicators of microbiological research of water (total microbial number, total coliform bacteria, thermotolerant coliform bacteria), factors of bacterial contamination of springs in comparison with sanitary standards and water quality requirements are given. The results of floral studies of springs, a list of rare and protected species of flora of spring complexes listed in the Red Book of Russia and Kazakhstan are presented

Analysis of Water Quality and River Waters Microbology for Manifestation of Food Safety

Banjir Kanal Barat is a river in the Garang watershed, Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia. Its function is as a source of water for the community. The level of pollution in this river is already high. The purpose of this study is to provide advice to governments, communities and related stakeholders to realize integrated river management, and fisheries-based food security is achieved. This research method is: analyzing the water quality of the Banjir Kanal Barat river, and analyzing the amount of faecal and total coliform bacteria content in the Banjir Kanal Barat river, and analyzing how to overcome the decline in the quality of waters of the Banjir Kanal Barat river due to faecal and total coliform bacteria pollution. The results showed that the water quality at the research location was still in the quality standard. The content of coliform dan faecal bacteria at the study site exceeds the quality standard, this is due to the influence of domestic waste from households. The thing that needs to be done is counseling the existence of a clean and healthy life, especially for people who are still throwing domestic waste into the river. The existence of water purification equipment is also very necessary to overcome this problem. Water quality management can be done with policy analysis. Regulations related to water quality management can be analyzed and then given solutions and recommendations related to these rules so that policies can be taken that are sustainable, integrated, and coordinated between various parties in managing river water quality and food security. Keywords: food security, water quality, river, faecal coliform, total coliform

A study in the experimental conditions of pesticide action on microorganisms characterizing sanitary-epidemiological safety of reservoirs

The paper presents experimental data on the pesticides action (molinate (OrdramA), Dinitroortocresolum and chlorophos) at concentrations of 0.01 mg /l to 10 mg/l on sanitary-indicative (TBC, total coliform bacteria, E. coli, E. faecalis), potentially pathogenic ( Ps. aeruginosa) and pathogenic (S. Derby) microflora of the river water. As the test cultures there were used isolated from the reservoir and museum strains of microorganisms. Due to the fact that the rate of decomposition ofpesticides in water increases in direct proportion to the extent of its biological contamination, the experiments were performed with the river water: native and sterilized by autoclaving. There were identified species and strain differences in the microbial response to the action of pesticides. The selectivity of OrdramA action at a concentration of 0.1 to 10 mg/l on Salmonella and of chlorophos at a concentration of 10 mg/l for Salmonella and E. coli is manifested in the stimulation of the reproduction of these bacteria. Dinitroortocresolum in concentrations of 10 mg/l and 1 mg/l gives rise in the reproduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and inhibits the growth of total coliform bacteria and E. coli, in a concentration of 0.1 mg/l the preparation stimulates the viability of all the studied microorganisms. When entering the body of water, pesticides were found to cause changes of biocenosis in the river water and disturb bacterial self-cleaning processes. In conditions of pesticide pollution total coliform bacteria, E. coli and E. faecalis unable to maintain their indicative value and therefore the use of only them for the evaluation of the sanitary-epidemiological status of the water source appears to be insufficient. Due to the fact that the epidemic potential of water is directly dependent on quantitative content ofpathogenic and opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms in it, the reproduction Salmonella and Pseudomonas bacteria is a negative moment from the sanitary and epidemiological point of view.

ANALISIS KUALITAS PERAIRAN BERDASARKAN TOTAL BAKTERI COLIFORM DI SUNGAI PLUMBON, SEMARANG An Analysis of Waters Quality Based on Coliform Bacteria in Plumbon River, Semarang

ABSTRAK Sungai Plumbon merupakan sungai yang berada di daerah Mangkang Kulon, terletak di pemukiman padat penduduk. Terdapat sumber pencemar yang masuk ke dalam perairan diantaranya limbah industri rumahan maupun limbah rumah tangga Kegiatan ini dapat menurunkan kualitas perairan. Salah satu cara untuk mengetahui kualitas perairan adalah berdasarkan total bakteri Coliform. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui total bakteri Coliform, hubungan total bakteri Coliform dengan nitrat serta bahan organik total dan mengetahui beban pencemaran beserta indeks pencemaran di sungai Plumbon, Semarang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret 2019 dilakukan setiap seminggu sekali dalam waktu dua minggu. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian adalah metode observasi. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling pada 3 stasiun dengan 3 titik di setiap stasiunnya. Analisis data yang digunakan meliputi analisis kepadatan bakteri Coliform, analisis kualitas air berdasarkan baku mutu dan indeks pencemaran, analisis beban pencemaran serta analisis korelasi pearson. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kepadatan rata-rata total bakteri Coliform berkisar antara 5.566 – 1.203.333 MPN/100 ml. Keberadaan total bakteri Coliform memiliki hubungan yang lemah dengan nitrat dan bahan organik total di Sungai Plumbon, Semarang. Kepadatan rata-rata total bakteri Coliform dan beban pencemaran bakteri Coliform yang diperoleh pada setiap stasiun tidak memenuhi baku mutu kelas II menurut Peraturan Pemerintah No. 82 tahun 2001, sedangkan status pencemaran di sungai Plumbon dikategorikan sebagai tercemar ringan hingga sedang. ABSTRACT Plumbon River is a river in Mangkang Kulon, It is located in densely populated settlements. There are pollutant resource such as home industry waste and household waste in the water. It can decrease water quality. The waters quality can be predicted with the total number of coliform bacteria. This research was aimed to obtain total Coliform bacteria, find the correlation between total Coliform bacteria with nitrate and organic matter, and pollution load with pollution index in Plumbon River, Semarang. This research was conducted on March 2019 and it was held every week in two weeks. The method used in this research was observation method. The sample of this research was taken purposively in 3 stations with 3 points in every station. The data analysis included the analysis of Coliform bacteria density, the analysis of water quality based on quality standards and waters index, the analysis of pollution load, and the analysis of pearson correlation. The result of this research was showed that average density of total Coliform bacteria in the range between 5.566 - 1.203.333 MPN/100 ml. The existence of total Coliform bacteria has low relation with nitrate and total organic matter in Plumbon River, Semarang. The average density of total Coliform bacteria and bacterial pollution load in every station was not fulfill the quality standards class II. Based on Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001, whereas pollution status of Plumbon River has been categorized as mild to moderate polluted.

Impacts of Intermittent Water Supply on Water Quality in Two Palestinian Refugee Camps

We investigated the quality of treated drinking water in Aida Camp and Alazzah Camp, two Palestinian refugee camps in the West Bank. Water supply in the two camps is intermittent: Water deliveries are first stored in a centrally located community tank before being pumped through distribution networks to users, who then store the water in rooftop tanks. Between March 2016 and June 2017, we examined water quality within the distribution system in the camps, testing 520 samples in Aida Camp and 198 samples in Alazzah Camp for total coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, and residual chlorine. We observed deterioration in water quality in both camps, but the deterioration was more pronounced in Aida Camp where 2.5% of community-tank samples, 5.0% of network samples, and 10% of rooftop-tank samples contained one or more colonies (per 100 mL) of total coliform bacteria. In Alazzah Camp, 3.7% of community-tank samples, 2.5% of network samples, and 5% rooftop-tank samples contained one or more colonies (per 100 mL) of total coliform bacteria. E. coli was detected in two samples from Aida Camp and one sample from Alazzah Camp. In both camps, average residual chlorine concentrations were higher in the community tanks than in rooftop tanks. The main factor influencing water quality deterioration in rooftop tanks in Aida Camp appears to be air temperature. We recommend more systematic water testing in the camps and greater transparency in reporting test results to camp residents.

Assessment of microbial contamination of drinking water with total coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli in the Bitola region

The aim of this paper is to analyze the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and total coliform bacteria (CB) in the drinking water of urban and rural areas of the Bitola region, as indicators for water quality and safety. All water in urban area is chlorinated, while at the same time the water in rural areas is non-chlorinated. The samples were analyzed according to the international standard method of membrane filtration MKC EN ISO 9308-1:2015. In all examined samples of drinking water in urban area, presence of E. coli and CB was not detected as a result of the disinfection of the water. On contrary, in all tested samples of the water from the rural water supply, presence of E. coli and CB was confirmed. Significant increase in coliform bacterial counts probably weather-related was found in the period from April to September. In addition, in the third quarter including July, August, and September, in many measurements, E. coli as an indicator of faecal contamination was identified in drinking water. In accordance with these findings and in order to provide safe drinking water, it is necessary to modernize the water supply for the population in rural areas, to disinfect permanently the drinking water and to apply regular laboratory controls which are a basic pre-condition. Otherwise, inappropriate management of the water systems can cause serious decrease in the quality and safety of the drinking water associated with an increased risk of appearance of the infectious diseases in people and hydric epidemic. Key words: drinking water, Escherichia coli, coliform bacteria, membrane filtration

Early detection of E. coli and total coliform using an automated, colorimetric and fluorometric fiber optics-based device

We report early detection of E. coli and total coliform bacteria using an automated, colorimetric and fluorometric fiber optics-based device.

ANALISIS KELIMPAHAN TOTAL BAKTERI COLIFORM DI PERAIRAN MUARA SUNGAI SAYUNG, MOROSARI, DEMAK (Analysis of Total Abundance of Coliform Bacteria at the Sayung River Estuary, Morosari, Demak)

Perairan Muara Sungai Sayung terletak di wilayah Kabupaten Demak sebelah barat. Perairan ini telah dipengaruhi oleh berbagai aktivitas manusia yang menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan kualitas perairan. Bakteri Coliform merupakan bakteri gram negatif yang berbentuk batang dan tidak membentuk spora. Bakteri ini merupakan bakteri indikator terjadinya pencemaran perairan maupun indikator keberadaan bakteri patogen lainnya. Perhitungan total bakteri Coliform perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui adanya pencemaran limbah organik yang terjadi di Perairan Muara Sungai Sayung, Morosari, Demak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kelimpahan total bakteri Coliform, dan status perairan di Perairan Muara Sungai Sayung, Morosari, Demak. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan dari jumlah total bakteri Coliform dengan bahan organik terlarut dan oksigen terlarut (DO). Pelaksanaan penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Mei 2018. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survei dan teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode random sampling yang dilakukan pada lima stasiun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan rata-rata total bakteri Coliform yang diperoleh berkisar antara 4 x 103 – 550 x 10 3/100ml. Kelimpahan rata-rata total bakteri Coliform yang diperoleh pada setiap stasiun menunjukkan bahwa kandungan total bakteri Coliform telah melebihi baku mutu air menurut Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 51 Tahun 2004. Keberadaan total bakteri Coliform memiliki hubungan yang lemah dengan kandungan bahan organik terlarut, sedangkan keberadaan total bakteri Coliform memiliki hubungan yang cukup dengan oksigen terlarut (DO) di perairan Muara Sungai Sayung Morosari, Demak. Sayung River Estuary is located in the western part of Demak Regency. This estuary has been affected by various human activities which have led to a decline in water quality. Coliform bacteria are a gram-negative bacteria that are rod-shaped and do not form spores. This bacterium is an indicator bacteria of water pollution and an indicator of the presence of other pathogenic bacteria. Total Coliform bacteria calculation needs to be carrid out to find out if there any contamination of organic waste in Sayung River Estuary, Morosari, Demak.. The purpose of this research was to determine total abundance of Coliform bacteria, water quality in Sayung River Estuary, Morosari, Demak and relationship between the total abundance of Coliform bacteria with dissolved organic matter and dissolved oxygen (DO). This research was carried out in May 2018. The method that used in this research were survey method and the sampling technique was random sampling method in five stations. The results showed that the average abundance of total Coliform bacteria obtained ranged between 4 x 103 - 550 x 103 / 100ml. Average abundance of total Coliform bacteria obtained at each station shows that the total content of Coliform bacteria has exceeded the water quality standard according to Minister of Environment Decree number 51 of 2004. The total presence of Coliform bacteria has a weak relationship with the content of dissolved organic matter, while the total number of Coliform bacteria have sufficient relationship with dissolved oxygen (DO) in the Sayung River Estuary,Morosari, Demak.