scholarly journals Extrapolating potential crop damage by insect pests based on land use data: examining inter-regional generality in agricultural landscapes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Tabuchi ◽  
Akihiko Takahashi ◽  
Ryuji Uesugi ◽  
Shigeru Okudera ◽  
Hideto Yoshimura
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Original Model ◽  
Landscape Context ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Landscape Factors ◽  
Adjusted Model ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract ContextInter-regional relationships between landscape factors and biological responses under natural conditions are important but difficult to predict because of the differences in each landscape context and local environment. ObjectivesTo examine the inter-regional variability in relation to landscape factors and the biological response of an insect pest, we extrapolated a damage prediction model (‘the original model’) for rice using land-use data. We hypothesized that the original model would be applicable to new regions, but the predictive accuracy would be reduced. We predicted that adjusting the parameter coefficients would improve model performance (‘the adjusted model’). MethodsA field experiment was conducted in two regions that had a similar landscape context with the original region, in different years for each region, for four years in total. The proportion of rice damage and surrounding land-use within a 300-m radius was investigated. ResultsWhen ‘the original model’ was assigned to combined data from the original and extrapolated regions, the relationship between observed and predicted values was statistically significant, suggesting that there was an inter-regional common relationship. The relationship was not statistically significant if the model was applied only to the new regions. The adjusted model improved by 14% compared with the original model.ConclusionsThese results imply that in this pest–crop system, a common inter-regional biological response to arthropods is likely because of landscape factors, although local environmental factors must be considered. Application of such relationships is needed to identify or prevent pest hazards by offering region-wide management options.

scholarly journals Extrapolating potential crop damage by insect pests based on land use data: examining inter-regional generality in agricultural landscapes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Tabuchi ◽  
Akihiko Takahashi ◽  
Ryuji Uesugi ◽  
Shigeru Okudera ◽  
Hideto Yoshimura
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Original Model ◽  
Landscape Context ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Landscape Factors ◽  
Adjusted Model ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract ContextInter-regional relationships between landscape factors and biological responses under natural conditions are important but difficult to predict because of the differences in each landscape context and local environment. ObjectivesTo examine the inter-regional variability in relation to landscape factors and the biological response of an insect pest, we extrapolated a damage prediction model (‘the original model’) for rice using land-use data. We hypothesized that the original model would be applicable to new regions, but the predictive accuracy would be reduced. We predicted that adjusting the parameter coefficients would improve model performance (‘the adjusted model’). MethodsA field experiment was conducted in two regions that had a similar landscape context with the original region, in different years for each region, for four years in total. The proportion of rice damage and surrounding land-use within a 300-m radius was investigated. ResultsWhen ‘the original model’ was assigned to combined data from the original and extrapolated regions, the relationship between observed and predicted values was statistically significant, suggesting that there was an inter-regional common relationship. The relationship was not statistically significant if the model was applied only to the new regions. The adjusted model improved by 14% compared with the original model.ConclusionsThese results imply that in this pest–crop system, a common inter-regional biological response to arthropods is likely because of landscape factors, although local environmental factors must be considered. Application of such relationships is needed to identify or prevent pest hazards by offering region-wide management options.

scholarly journals Relationship between initial peritoneal dialysis modality and risk of peritonitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maiko Kokubu ◽  
Masaru Matsui ◽  
Takayuki Uemura ◽  
Katsuhiko Morimoto ◽  
Masahiro Eriguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Propensity Scores ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Connection Type ◽  
Adjusted Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nara Prefecture

Abstract Peritonitis is a critical complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Investigators have reported the risk of peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) versus automated peritoneal dialysis (APD), but the available evidence is predominantly based on observational studies which failed to report on the connection type. Our understanding of the relationship between peritonitis risk and PD modality thus remained insufficient. We studied 285 participants who began PD treatment between 1997 and 2014 at three hospitals in Nara Prefecture in Japan. We matched 106 APD patients with 106 CAPD patients based on their propensity scores. The primary outcome was time to first episode of peritonitis within 3 years after PD commencement. In total, PD peritonitis occurred in 64 patients during the study period. Patients initiated on APD had a lower risk of peritonitis than did those initiated on CAPD in both the unadjusted and adjusted models. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the primary endpoint were 0.30 (0.17–0.53) in the fully adjusted model including connection type. In the matched cohort, APD patients had a significantly lower risk of peritonitis than did CAPD patients (log-rank: p < 0.001, HR 0.32, 95% CI 0.16–0.59). The weighting-adjusted analysis of the inverse probability of treatment yielded a similar result (HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.18–0.67). In conclusion, patients initiated on APD at PD commencement had a reduced risk of peritonitis compared with those initiated on CAPD, suggesting APD may be preferable for prevention of peritonitis among PD patients.

scholarly journals Insights Into the Correspondence Between Land Use Pattern and Spatial Distribution of Rail Transit Services

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongqi Wang ◽  
Qi Han ◽  
Bauke de Vries ◽  
Li Dai
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Operations Management ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Rail Transit ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Transit Services ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe identification of the relationship between land use and transport lays the foundation for integrated land use and transport planning and management. This work aims to investigate how rail transit is linked to land use. The research on the relationship between land use and rail-based transport is dominated by the impacts of rail projects on land use, without an in-depth understanding of the reverse. However, it is important to note that issues of operation management rather than new constructions deserve greater attention for regions with established rail networks. Given that there is a correspondence between land use patterns and spatial distribution of heavy railway transit (HRT) services at such regions, the study area (i.e., the Netherlands) is partitioned by the Voronoi diagram of HRT stations and the causal relationship between land use and HRT services is examined by structural equation modeling (SEM). The case study of Helmond (a Dutch city) shows the potential of the SEM model for discussing the rail station selection problem in a multiple transit station region (MTSR). Furthermore, in this study, the node place model is adapted with the derivatives of the SEM model (i.e., the latent variable scores for rail service levels and land use characteristics), which are assigned as node and place indexes respectively, to analyze and differentiate the integration of land use and HRT services at the regional level. The answer to whether and how land use affects rail transit services from this study strengthens the scientific basis for rail transit operations management. The SEM model and the modified node place model are complementary to be used as analytical and decision-making tools for rail transit-oriented regional development.

scholarly journals Toward a Dualistic Growth? Population Increase and Land-Use Change in Rome, Italy

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 749
Author(s):  
Leonardo Bianchini ◽  
Gianluca Egidi ◽  
Ahmed Alhuseen ◽  
Adele Sateriano ◽  
Sirio Cividino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Per Capita

The spatial mismatch between population growth and settlement expansion is at the base of current models of urban growth. Empirical evidence is increasingly required to inform planning measures promoting urban containment in the context of a stable (or declining) population. In these regards, per-capita indicators of land-use change can be adopted with the aim at evaluating long-term sustainability of urbanization processes. The present study assesses spatial variations in per-capita indicators of land-use change in Rome, Central Italy, at five years (1949, 1974, 1999, 2008, and 2016) with the final objective of quantifying the mismatch between urban expansion and population growth. Originally specialized in agricultural productions, Rome’s metropolitan area is a paradigmatic example of dispersed urban expansion in the Mediterranean basin. By considering multiple land-use dynamics, per-capita indicators of landscape change delineated three distinctive waves of growth corresponding with urbanization, suburbanization, and a more mixed stage with counter-urbanization and re-urbanization impulses. By reflecting different socioeconomic contexts on a local scale, urban fabric and forests were identified as the ‘winner’ classes, expanding homogeneously over time at the expense of cropland. Agricultural landscapes experienced a more heterogeneous trend with arable land and pastures declining systematically and more fragmented land classes (e.g., vineyards and olive groves) displaying stable (or slightly increasing) trends. The continuous reduction of per-capita surface area of cropland that’s supports a reduced production base, which is now insufficient to satisfy the rising demand for fresh food at the metropolitan scale, indicates the unsustainability of the current development in Rome and more generally in the whole Mediterranean basin, a region specialized traditionally in (proximity) agricultural productions.

scholarly journals Urban access across the globe: an international comparison of different transport modes

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Wu ◽  
Paolo Avner ◽  
Genevieve Boisjoly ◽  
Carlos K. V. Braga ◽  
Ahmed El-Geneidy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Urban Economics ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Compact Development ◽  
Unit Of Measurement ◽  
In Transit ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
American Cities

AbstractAccess (the ease of reaching valued destinations) is underpinned by land use and transport infrastructure. The importance of access in transport, sustainability, and urban economics is increasingly recognized. In particular, access provides a universal unit of measurement to examine cities for the efficiency of transport and land-use systems. This paper examines the relationship between population-weighted access and metropolitan population in global metropolitan areas (cities) using 30-min cumulative access to jobs for 4 different modes of transport; 117 cities from 16 countries and 6 continents are included. Sprawling development with the intensive road network in American cities produces modest automobile access relative to their sizes, but American cities lag behind globally in transit and walking access; Australian and Canadian cities have lower automobile access, but better transit access than American cities; combining compact development with an intensive network produces the highest access in Chinese and European cities for their sizes. Hence density and mobility co-produce better access. This paper finds access to jobs increases with populations sublinearly, so doubling the metropolitan population results in less than double access to jobs. The relationship between population and access characterizes regions, countries, and cities, and significant similarities exist between cities from the same country.

scholarly journals Characteristics and Controlling Factors of the Drought Runoff Coefficient

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1259
Author(s):  
Rei Itsukushima
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Controlling Factors ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Topographical Factors ◽  
The Relationship

Increasing water demand due to population growth, economic development, and changes in rainfall patterns due to climate change are likely to alter the duration and magnitude of droughts. Understanding the relationship between low-flow conditions and controlling factors relative to the magnitude of a drought is important for establishing sustainable water resource management based on changes in future drought risk. This study demonstrates the relationship between low-flow and controlling factors under different severities of drought. I calculated the drought runoff coefficient for six types of occurrence probability, using past observation data of annual total discharge and precipitation in the Japanese archipelago, where multiple climate zones exist. Furthermore, I investigated the pattern of change in the drought runoff coefficient in accordance with the probability of occurrence of drought, and relationships among the coefficient and geological, land use, and topographical factors. The drought runoff coefficient for multiple drought magnitudes exhibited three behaviors, corresponding to the pattern of precipitation. Results from a generalized linear model (GLM) revealed that the controlling factors differed depending on the magnitude of the drought. During high-frequency droughts, the drought runoff coefficient was influenced by geological and vegetation factors, whereas land use and topographical factors influenced the drought runoff coefficient during low-frequency droughts. These differences were caused by differences in runoff, which dominated stream discharge, depending on the magnitude of the drought. Therefore, for effective water resource management, estimation of the volume of drought runoff needs to consider the pattern of precipitation, geology, land use, and topography.

Importance of meteorological and land use parameters for insect diversity in agricultural landscapes

2021 ◽  
pp. 148159
Author(s):  
Jakub Horák ◽  
Patrik Rada ◽  
Ludwig Lettenmaier ◽  
Michal Andreas ◽  
Petr Bogusch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Insect Diversity

scholarly journals Analysis of spatiotemporal changes of agricultural land after the Second World War in Czechia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vít Zelinka ◽  
Johana Zacharová ◽  
Jan Skaloš
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
German Population ◽  
World War ◽  
Landscape Type ◽  
Second World

AbstractThe term Sudetenland refers to large regions of the former Czechoslovakia that had been dominated by Germans. German population was expelled directly after the Second World War, between 1945 and 1947. Almost three million people left large areas in less than two years. This population change led to a break in the relationship between the people and the landscape. The aim of the study is to compare the trajectories of these changes in agricultural landscapes in lower and higher altitudes, both in depopulated areas and areas with preserved populations. This study included ten sites in the region of Northern Bohemia in Czechia (18,000 ha in total). Five of these sites represent depopulated areas, and the other five areas where populations remained preserved. Changes in the landscape were assessed through a bi-temporal analysis of land use change by using aerial photograph data from time hoirzons of 2018 and 1953. Land use changes from the 1950s to the present are corroborated in the studied depopulated and preserved areas mainly by the trajectory of agricultural land to forest. The results prove that both population displacement and landscape type are important factors that affect landscape changes, especially in agricultural landscapes.

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