The linear regression equation for pressurised metered-dose inhaler: Using canister weight to predict balance actuation in asthma inhaler

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gobi Hariyanayagam Gunasekaran ◽  
Syazwan Faiz b. Kamal Al Arif ◽  
Shargunan Selvanthan Gunasekaran ◽  
Sera Selvanthan Sundram Gunasekaran
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Dose Inhaler ◽  
Linear Regression Equation ◽  
Metered Dose Inhalers ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Metered Dose ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Best Fit

Abstract INTRODUCTION Pressurised metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) are not equipped with dose counters hence the balance actuation in a canister could not be determined. Each actuation expels a considerable amount of active ingredients and excipients from a canister, thus the balance actuation remaining in a pMDI based on canister weight could be evaluated using a linear regression equation.METHODOLOGY New pMDIs of 5 active ingredients [salbutamol (GSK) 200 actuation, budesonide (Glenmark) 300 actuation, ipratropium/fenoterol (Boehringer) 200 actuation, fluticasone (GSK/innovator) 120 actuation, fluticasone (Cipla/generic) 120 actuation, and beclometasone (Ivax) 200 actuation] was weighted . using a laboratory scale (Sartorius R200D; 0.01g accuracy). Two of each pMDI were weighed after each actuation, with a 30-second inter-puff interval, and the mean weight was recorded. To minimise variability in measurements, weighing was limited to one operator. The canister was considered empty when there were no changes in weight after repeated actuation. The prediction equation (one for each pMDI) was the line of best fit through data points on the scatter plot of the number of actuations versus weight.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There was low variability between pMDIs weights (SD: 0.03g-0.08g)] of the same active ingredients indicating manufacturing uniformity among canisters. Prediction equations were generated for each type of active ingredients, where the general equation is: Actuation remaining = Constant + β*pMDI weight.CONCLUSION This study produced a prediction equation that can be used to estimate remaining actuation in a pMDI based on its weight. Weighing medication canister could be used to measure actuation remaining in pMDIs, as well as patients’ adherence to pMDIs.

scholarly journals Comparing weight method and float method for pressurised metered dose inhaler as dose counting method.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gobi Hariyanayagam Gunasekaran ◽  
Syazwan Faiz b. Kamal Al Arif ◽  
Shargunan Selvanthan Gunasekaran ◽  
Sera Selvanthan Sundram Gunasekaran
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Dose Inhaler ◽  
Linear Regression Equation ◽  
Counting Method ◽  
Metered Dose Inhalers ◽  
Float Method ◽  
Pharmacy Department ◽  
Metered Dose ◽  
Weight Method ◽  
Pressurised Metered Dose Inhaler

Abstract INTRODUCTION Pressurised metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) are not equipped with dose counters, so estimating the actuation remaining is difficult. We compared weight method and float method in estimating the actuation remaining in discarded pMDIs.METHODOLOGY Used non-metered pMDIs were collected from Pharmacy department Hospital Seri Manjung from June to Dec 2018. Each of the returned canister was evaluated using float and weight method to predict the balance actuation in the canister. For the float test, the canister was placed in a container of water. Based on its position in the water, the pMDI was categorised as 1=empty, 2=¼ full, 3=½ full, 4=¾ full, or 5=full. For the weight method, canisters were weighed, and actuation remaining were calculated using a linear regression equation where the general equation is: Actuation remaining = Constant + β*pMDI weight, and further categorised as above. The percentage of empty pMDIs between the two methods were compared.RESULTS A total of 4517 pMDIs were returned to the pharmacy, of which 2131 (47%) were salbutamol, 1149 (25%) budesonide, 685 (15%) ipratropium/fenoterol, 340 (8%) innovator fluticasone, 182 (4%) generic fluticasone, and 30 (1%) beclomethasone. Overall, the float method classified 75% pMDIs as empty, compared to 71% by the weight method. The percentage of empty salbutamol, generic fluticasone, and beclomethasone pMDIs were similar between both methods. A higher percentage of budesonide pMDIs were classified as empty by the float method compared to the weight method (62% vs 37%). For ipratropium/fenoterol pMDIs, the float method did not identify any empty canisters, but 82% were classified as empty by the weight method. CONCLUSION This study produced a prediction equation that can be used to estimate remaining actuation in a pMDI based on its weight. There were differences in the identification of empty pMDIs between the float test and the weight method, which varied by drug. The weight method may be a convenience method to be used to measure actuation remaining in pMDIs returned to the pharmacy, as well as patients’ adherence to pMDIs.

An Aspen Bark Factor Equation for Michigan

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
Gary W. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Linear Regression Equation ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Relative Errors ◽  
Factor Equation

Abstract A multiple linear regression equation was developed to predict bark factor for aspen in Michigan as a function of tree height. Bark factors for bigtooth aspen were, in general, somewhat larger than bark factors for trembling aspen. Even though equations were developed for both species, the differences between the two equations were small, and not statistically significant, and a pooled equation based on both species is recommended. The pooled prediction equation yielded average relative errors from - 2.3 to 0.87% and - 1.02 to 3.83% at all tree heights for bigtooth and trembling aspen, respectively. For more accurate predictions of bark factor, the separate prediction equations for bigtooth and trembling aspen should be used. The new equations can be used to more accurately estimate tree and log wood volumes than when using a constant bark factor determined at breast height, which, in general, leads to underestimates of wood volumes. North. J. Appl. For 8(1):12-15.

scholarly journals Relationship between Cognitive Style and Habits of Mind

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Hayatun Nufus ◽  
Rezi Ariawan
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Significance Test ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Habits Of Mind ◽  
Linear Regression Equation ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Relationship

This research is a correlational study that examines the relationship between cognitive style and habits of mind. The research subjects involved 4th semester students in the Department of Mathematics Education at the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training of UIN Suska Riau which consisted of students with heterogeneous academic abilities. Cognitive style data was collected using the GEFT question instrument with test techniques. Habits of mind data were collected using a questionnaire instrument with a questionnaire distribution technique. The data analysis technique begins with the Pearson Product Moment correlation test which is continued with the significance test and the calculation of the magnitude of the relationship that occurs using the coefficient of determination. Because the data is positively correlated, it continues with determining the linear regression equation. The results showed that there was a significant weak correlation between cognitive style and habits of mind with a relationship score of 6% and a linear regression equation y '= 36.35 + 0.31 x.

Coronal Suture Pathology and Synostotic Progression in Rabbits with Congenital Craniosynostosis

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark P. Mooney ◽  
Timothy D. Smith ◽  
Annie M. Burrows ◽  
Herbert L. Langdon ◽  
Cynthia E. Stone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Inbred Strain ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Histologic Examination ◽  
Coronal Suture ◽  
Linear Regression Equation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Tension ◽  
Single Focus

The purpose of the present study was to describe coronal suture pathology and cross sectional synostotic progression in an inbred strain of rabbits with congenital craniosynostosis. Calvaria from 102 perinatal rabbits (39 unaffected; 63 bilateral or unilateral synostosis) were collected at fetal days 21 (n = 12), 25 (n = 20), 27 (n = 22), 30 (term) (n = 32), and 3 days post-term (n = 16) for gross morphologic and histologic examination. Synostotic foci, the extent of relative bony bridging, and suture morphology were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. Of the 204 coronal sutures examined, 91 sutures were synostosed, and 113 were patent. All synostosed sutures showed similar foci by day 25, which originated as bony bridges in the middle of each suture on the ectocortic surface. Bony bridging width increased significantly (p < .001) from day 25 through 3 days post-term, and was best described by a linear regression equation. Osteogenic front areas of synostosed sutures were up to 2.5 times greater than patent sutures in term fetuses. Findings demonstrate that coronal suture synostosis in the congenital rabbit model (1) begins early during suture morphogenesis (before 25 days of gestation); (2) consistently radiates from a single focus corresponding to a normal interdigitating region (i.e., a high-tension environment); (3) varies in onset and rate as evidenced by low R2 value between age and extent of bony bridging; and (4) is the result of early hyperostosis of the osteogenic fronts and sutural agenesis. A number of possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.

Preliminary Study on Prediction Model of Forming Tubular Bulge Height for a Thick-Plate

2011 ◽  
Vol 314-316 ◽  
pp. 763-766
Author(s):  
Dan Liu ◽  
Xiao Ting Xiao ◽  
Yi Juan Liao ◽  
Zheng Rong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Thick Plate ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Linear Regression Equation ◽  
Forward Extrusion ◽  
Inner Diameter ◽  
Bulge Height

To form the thick-plate with the tubular bulge, the backward and forward extrusion and punch process is proposed. The thickness of sheet metal, the inner diameter of tubular bulge, the diameter of punch-die, the forward extrusion depth and other process parameters are set by orthogonal regression design method and these groups of values are used respectively to simulate the combined extruding and punching process by the plastic analysis software DEFORM3D. And then, the linear regression equation is obtained between the bulge height and process parameters. The results indicate that the main factors affecting the bulge height are the thickness of sheet metal and diameter of punch-die within a certain range. However, the inner diameter of tubular bulge and the forward extrusion depth have a little contribute to bulge height. Also, the reliability of linear regression equation is not fine and the prediction model of tubular bulge needs to a more in-depth study.

Incisor growth in twins during the seventh and eighth months of foetal life

1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice V. Stack
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Linear Regression Equation ◽  
Central Incisor ◽  
Dental Tissue ◽  
Lower Upper ◽  
Incisor Growth ◽  
Foetal Life ◽  
Similar Development

SUMMARYWeights of mineralized dental tissue have been determined in incisors dissected from ten pairs of twins failing to survive beyond 7-8 months' gestation. Logarithms of weights were compared as ratios (lower/upper) with data from foetuses of similar development. Intra-twin differences were thus shown to be significantly less than inter-twin differences when comparing central incisors. Lateral incisors were too variable to allow this demonstration. The linear regression equation combining logarithms of lower and upper central incisor weights was suitable for estimating foetal age to within one week of the recorded age.

Experiment of Artificial Floating Island Displacement Pile Fixation

2012 ◽  
Vol 220-223 ◽  
pp. 1670-1674
Author(s):  
Fang Li Su ◽  
Sheng Yu Shi ◽  
Hai Fu Li ◽  
Tie Liang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Maximum Force ◽  
Linear Regression Equation ◽  
Floating Island ◽  
The Impact

For providing refer to the experimental data of artificial floating island in river north, this study will get stability characteristics of artificial floating islands displacement pile fixation on simulating the impact of different flow rate of water. Analysising physical stress of artificial floating island displacement pile fixation and simulation, result shows that the sum of floating island of buoyancy and the maximum force of two fiber rope in the vertical direction should be greater than the maximum gravity of the floating island plants and ensure the maximum force of the two fiber rope in the horizontal direction must be greater than the flow momentum, the quality of floating island can be increased for improving stability. Depend on the different flow of water and linear regression equation, the distance between the floating island should be arranged reasonably.

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