scholarly journals Study on the Effect of Different Extraction Methods in Four Pharmacopoeia on the Content and Structural Transformation of Ginsenoside and the Optimization of Extraction Process

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Sun ◽  
Hua Jiang ◽  
Pingya Li ◽  
Lei Xu ◽  
Yaling Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Content Determination ◽  
Q Exactive

Abstract Background: In recent years, ginseng products are widely used in various fields. More and more people pay attention to the extraction methods and quality evaluation of ginseng. At present, China, the United States, Europe, Japan and Korea have the quality standards and content determination methods of ginseng. However, due to the different treatment methods adopted before the determination of ginseng samples, the content limits of the index components, such as ginsenoside Rb1, Rg1 and Re are also different. There have been literature analyzed the similarities and differences of ginseng content detection methods in pharmacopoeias of different countries, but the comparison of the effects of different methods on ginsenoside content and structural transformation has not been reported.Methods: In this paper, ginsenosides in ginseng were extracted according to four national Pharmacopoeia, and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS and HPLC-UV. Finally, a simple and feasible extraction method was optimized by response surface method. Results: Twelve kinds of ginsenosides in ginseng were quantitatively analyzed by using the methods of four national pharmacopoeia. Among them, the contents of Rg1, Re and Rd were high, and they were the highest by using unheated J/KP (Japan/Korea Pharmacopoeia) method. Ten kinds of ginsenosides were determined by heated CP (China Pharmacopoeia), USP (the United States Pharmacopoeia) and EP (European Pharmacopoeia) method, and seven kinds of ginsenosides were determined by unheated J/KP method. In the following UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS study, 34, 36, 21 and 19 ginsenosides were identified by CP, USP, EP and J/KP method, respectively. In the optimization of ginsenoside extraction process, an efficient extraction method was selected from the solvent, extraction time, solid-liquid ratio and other factors. In conclusion, through the qualitative and quantitative comparison of CP, USP and EP samples after heating, it can be seen that ginsenoside heating will increase the content of rare saponins, and the heating time is directly proportional to the content of rare saponins. Conclusion: The pretreatment method has a significant effect on the content determination of ginseng. The analysis of the preparation method and process optimization of the four Pharmacopoeia can provide important reference for the revision of ginseng standard.

scholarly journals Integrated Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Using an Optimised Dual Extraction Process to Study Human Brain Cancer Cells and Tissues

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Alison Woodward ◽  
Alina Pandele ◽  
Salah Abdelrazig ◽  
Catherine A. Ortori ◽  
Iqbal Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Serum Starvation ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Metabolic Genes ◽  
Dual Extraction

The integration of untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics from the same population of cells or tissue enhances the confidence in the identified metabolic pathways and understanding of the enzyme–metabolite relationship. Here, we optimised a simultaneous extraction method of metabolites/lipids and RNA from ependymoma cells (BXD-1425). Relative to established RNA (mirVana kit) or metabolite (sequential solvent addition and shaking) single extraction methods, four dual-extraction techniques were evaluated and compared (methanol:water:chloroform ratios): cryomill/mirVana (1:1:2); cryomill-wash/Econospin (5:1:2); rotation/phenol-chloroform (9:10:1); Sequential/mirVana (1:1:3). All methods extracted the same metabolites, yet rotation/phenol-chloroform did not extract lipids. Cryomill/mirVana and sequential/mirVana recovered the highest amounts of RNA, at 70 and 68% of that recovered with mirVana kit alone. sequential/mirVana, involving RNA extraction from the interphase of our established sequential solvent addition and shaking metabolomics-lipidomics extraction method, was the most efficient approach overall. Sequential/mirVana was applied to study a) the biological effect caused by acute serum starvation in BXD-1425 cells and b) primary ependymoma tumour tissue. We found (a) 64 differentially abundant metabolites and 28 differentially expressed metabolic genes, discovering four gene-metabolite interactions, and (b) all metabolites and 62% lipids were above the limit of detection, and RNA yield was sufficient for transcriptomics, in just 10 mg of tissue.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE CAMERAL CHECKS PROCESS IN RUSSIA BASED ON FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darya Sergeevna Kareva ◽  
◽  
Sevinj Mahmud kyzy Ismailova ◽  
Elena Evgenievna Dozhdva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
Correct Determination

The article substantiates the need to reform cameral tax control in Russia based on the experience of the United States. The necessity of introducing into the procedure of cameral control the mechanism of requesting all documents confirming the correct determination of tax obligations is determined. The aim of improving the process of desk audits of control is that the new procedure for conducting audits will reduce the likelihood of tax violations.

scholarly journals The Theory of Wetting, and the Determination of the Wetting Power of Dipping and Spraying Fluids containing a Soap Basis

1915 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Cooper ◽  
W. H. Nuttall
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
The United States ◽  
Active Constituent ◽  
Wetting Power ◽  
The Government

The dipping of sheep and cattle, as a means of eradicating ‘scab,’ lice, ticks, etc., and the diseases which it is now known the latter may transmit, has met with such success, that compulsory dipping is now in vogue in most pastoral countries. Where compulsory dipping obtains, there must of necessity be some system of the standardisation of dips. In Queensland and South Africa, the respective Governments issue official formulae from which the stockbreeder can prepare his own dipping fluid. Only such proprietary dips, as are duly recognised by the Government, may be employed. In the United States, the regulations for the sale of proprietary dips are still more stringent. The quantity of active substance, usually sodium arsenite, nicotine or cresylic acid, is defined within very narrow limits. Further, no proprietary dip is now recognised, unless the manufacturer can furnish a ‘Field Tester,’ by means of which the stockbreeder can himself determine, in a simple and fairly trustworthy manner, the percentage of active constituent in his bath.

scholarly journals A dominant contribution to light absorption by methanol-insoluble brown carbon produced in the combustion of biomass fuels typically consumed in wildland fires in the United States

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khairallah Atwi ◽  
Charles Perrie ◽  
Zezhen Cheng ◽  
Omar El Hajj ◽  
Rawad Saleh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Wildland Fires ◽  
Dominant Contribution ◽  
Biomass Fuels ◽  
Absorption Properties ◽  
Brown Carbon

The light-absorption properties of brown carbon (BrC) are often estimated using offline, solvent-extraction methods. However, recent studies have found evidence of insoluble species of BrC which are unaccounted for in...

scholarly journals The Future of Turkey - United States Relations

Jurnal ICMES ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-196
Author(s):  
Firmanda Taufiq
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Future ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Role Of The Government

Throughout 2018, relations between Turkey and the United States seemed to deteriorate. The leaders of the two countries issued sharp diplomatic statements and the US even imposed economic sanctions on Turkey. This article aims to analyze how the future of relations between Turkey and the United States. Cooperation between the two has a long historical side after the Cold War. Relations between the two countries are based on various interests, both economic, political, military and security interests. The theory used in this study is the theory of national interest. The US has great interests in the Middle East and Turkey is the front-line ally in achieving those interests. However, there are many US foreign policies that ignore the Turkish concern and create tensions between the two countries. On the contrary, Turkey also has considerable economic interests, but the role of the government elite (in this case, President Erdogan) has a significant influence in the determination of Turkish foreign policy. The findings of this study, although it will go through complex challenges and processes, the US and Turkey will continue to maintain their relations.

scholarly journals Ideological foundations of modern political and legal institutional architectonics in Western Europe and the USA

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
N.N. Ravochkin ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Management Institutions

The author examines the ideological foundations of political and legal institutional architectonics in Western Europe and the United States and presents its structure. Close attention is paid to the role of social ideas and the development of these issues in modern scientific directions. The author clarifies the principles of synthesis of ideal and institutional and shows three ways of ideological determination of political and legal institutional settings. The mutually conditioned nature of functioning of the system of ideological frameworks and management institutions is substantiated.

1. An Ad Hoc Navy

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Craig L. Symonds
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The United States ◽  
Revolutionary War ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
Supply Line

‘An ad hoc navy: the Revolutionary War (1775–1783)’ describes the Patriots’ response to the British Royal Navy strongholds in Boston and New York and the role of armed vessels during the Revolutionary War. It begins with George Washington’s attempts to threaten the British supply line using boats. The Continental Navy was founded on October 13, 1775, but the new program could hardly challenge the Royal Navy. With the exception of John Paul Jones, the Continental Navy proved mostly disappointing. The United States won its independence largely because the determination of the Patriot forces outlasted the British willingness to fight—and to pay for—a war three thousand miles away.

scholarly journals Comparison of Babcock and Ether Extraction Methods for Determination of Fat Content of Cream: Collaborative Study

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 907-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna M Lynch ◽  
David M Barbano ◽  
J Richard Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Ether Extraction ◽  
Aoac Official ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aoac Official Method

Abstract A modified Mojonnier ether extraction method for determination of the fat content of cream was developed based on the method for milk (AOAC Official Method 989.05). The cream Babcock method (AOAC Official Method 920.111 B-C) was modified to harmonize with the milk Babcock method (AOAC Official Method 989.04) and to clarify procedural details. Using the AOAC collaborative study format, 10 laboratories tested 9 pairs of blind duplicate heat-treated cream samples with a fat range of 30-45% using both methods. The statistical performance (invalid and outlier data removed) was as follows: mean % fat = 37.932, sr = 0.125, sR = 0.151, RSDr = 0.330, RSDR = 0.398, r = 0.354, and R = 0.427 for the ether extraction method. For the Babcock method, mean % fat = 38.209, sr = 0.209, SR = 0.272, RSDr = 0.548, RSDR = 0.712, r = 0.592, and R = 0.769. Average test results for fat from the Babcock method were 0.277% (absolute fat) greater than for the Mojonnier ether extraction method. The difference between methods, as a percentage of the average fat content of the samples, was 0.73%. This agrees with differences observed between the 2 methods for milk when 10 to 17 laboratories tested 7 milk samples in blind duplicate at bimonthly intervals over a 4-year period (average difference 0.029% fat, 0.78% as a percentage of average fat content). The Mojonnier ether extraction and Babcock methods for fat in cream have been adopted by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. The new Babcock method replaced the AOAC Official Method 920.111 B-C.

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