Priming the Tumor Immune Microenvironment Improves Immune Surveillance of Cancer Stem Cells and Prevents Cancer Recurrence

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunping Luo ◽  
Ralph A. Reisfeld
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Tumor Immune Microenvironment

scholarly journals Mitotic quiescence in hepatic cancer stem cells: An incognito mode

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kandasamy Ashokachakkaravarthy ◽  
Biju Pottakkat
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Recurrence Rates

Hepatocellular carcinoma represents one of the most aggressive cancers with high recurrence rates. The high recurrence is a major problem in the management of this disease. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are often regarded as the basis of cancer recurrence. The anti-proliferative therapy kills the proliferating cells but induces mitotic quiescence in CSCs which remain as residual dormant CSCs. Later on, withdrawal of treatment reactivates the residual CSCs from dormancy to produce new cancer cells. The proliferation of these newly formed cancer cells initiates new tumor formation in the liver leading to tumor recurrence. HCC cells evade the immune surveillance via modulating the key immune cells by alpha feto-protein (AFP) secreted from CSCs or hepatic progenitor cells. This AFP mediated immune evasion assists in establishing new tumors by cancer cells in the liver. In this review, we will summarise the CSC mechanisms of recurrence, mitotic quiescence, dormancy and reactivation of CSCs, metastasis and immune evasion of hepatocellular carcinoma.

scholarly journals Gastric Cancer Stem Cells: Current Insights into the Immune Microenvironment and Therapeutic Targets

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingfeng Fu ◽  
Luke Bu ◽  
Tadahito Yasuda ◽  
Mayu Koiwa ◽  
Takahiko Akiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Chemotherapy Resistance ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Gastric Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
The Relationship

Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are known to be involved in chemotherapy resistance and the development of metastases. Although CSCs harbor self-renewal and tumorigenic abilities, the immune microenvironment surrounding CSCs provides various factors and supports the maintenance of CSC properties. The current review summarizes the accumulating findings regarding the relationship between the immune microenvironment and gastric CSCs (GCSCs), which will support the possibility of developing novel therapeutic strategies for targeting GCSCs.

scholarly journals Long Non-Coding RNAs in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment: Biological Properties and Therapeutic Potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Nan Pi ◽  
Wen-Cai Qi ◽  
Bai-Rong Xia ◽  
Ge Lou ◽  
Wei-Lin Jin
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Tumor Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Immunosuppressive Microenvironment ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

Cancer immunotherapy (CIT) is considered a revolutionary advance in the fight against cancer. The complexity of the immune microenvironment determines the success or failure of CIT. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is an extremely versatile molecule that can interact with RNA, DNA, or proteins to promote or inhibit the expression of protein-coding genes. LncRNAs are expressed in many different types of immune cells and regulate both innate and adaptive immunity. Recent studies have shown that the discovery of lncRNAs provides a novel perspective for studying the regulation of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Tumor cells and the associated microenvironment can change to escape recognition and elimination by the immune system. LncRNA induces the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment through related pathways, thereby controlling the escape of tumors from immune surveillance and promoting the development of metastasis and drug resistance. Using lncRNA as a therapeutic target provides a strategy for studying and improving the efficacy of immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Cancer Stem Cells: Emerging Key Players in Immune Evasion of Cancers

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Mang Leng Lei ◽  
Terence Kin Wah Lee
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Undifferentiated Cancer

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are subpopulations of undifferentiated cancer cells within the tumor bulk that are responsible for tumor initiation, recurrence and therapeutic resistance. The enhanced ability of CSCs to give rise to new tumors suggests potential roles of these cells in the evasion of immune surveillance. A growing body of evidence has described the interplay between CSCs and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent data have shown the pivotal role of some major immune cells in driving the expansion of CSCs, which concurrently elicit evasion of the detection and destruction of various immune cells through a number of distinct mechanisms. Here, we will discuss the role of immune cells in driving the stemness of cancer cells and provide evidence of how CSCs evade immune surveillance by exerting their effects on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), dendritic cells (DCs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), T-regulatory (Treg) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). The knowledge gained from the interaction between CSCs and various immune cells will provide insight into the mechanisms by which tumors evade immune surveillance. In conclusion, CSC-targeted immunotherapy emerges as a novel immunotherapy strategy against cancer by disrupting the interaction between immune cells and CSCs in the TME.

scholarly journals Targeting Cancer Stem Cells—A Renewed Therapeutic Paradigm

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Catherine L Amey ◽  
Antoine E Karnoub ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Residual Disease ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Tumor Initiating Cells ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
After Cancer ◽  
A Minor

Metastasis is often accompanied by radio- and chemotherapeutic resistance to anticancer treatments and is the major cause of death in cancer patients. Better understanding of how cancer cells circumvent therapeutic insults and how disseminated cancer clones generate life-threatening metastases would therefore be paramount to the development of effective therapeutic approaches for clinical management of malignant disease. Mounting reports over the past two decades have provided evidence for the existence of a minor population of highly malignant cells within liquid and solid tumors, which are capable of self-renewing and of regenerating secondary growths with the heterogeneity of the primary tumors from which they derive. These cells, called tumor-initiating cells or cancer stem cells (CSCs) exhibit increased resistance to standard radio- and chemotherapies and appear to have mechanisms that enable them to evade immune surveillance. CSCs are therefore considered to be responsible for systemic residual disease after cancer therapy, as well as for disease relapse. How CSCs develop, the nature of the interactions they establish with their microenvironment, their phenotypic and functional characteristics, as well as their molecular dependencies have all taken center stage in cancer therapy. Indeed, improved understanding of CSC biology is critical to the development of important CSC-based anti-neoplastic approaches that have the potential to radically improve cancer management. Here, we summarize some of the most pertinent elements regarding CSC development and properties, and highlight some of the clinical modalities in current development as anti-CSC therapeutics.

The “Big Five” Phytochemicals Targeting Cancer Stem Cells: Curcumin, EGCG, Sulforaphane, Resveratrol and Genistein

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cord Naujokat ◽  
Dwight L. McKee
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Stat3 Signaling ◽  
Xenograft Mice

: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) constitute a subpopulation of tumor cells that possess self-renewal and tumor initiation capacity, and the ability to give rise to the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor. CSCs exhibit intrinsic mechanisms of resistance to virtually all conventional cancer therapeutics, allowing them to survive current cancer therapies and to initiate tumor recurrence and metastasis. Different pathways and mechanisms that confer resistance and survival of CSCs, including activation of the Wnt/β-catenin, Sonic Hedgehog, Notch, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and STAT3 signaling pathways, expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) and oncogenic microRNAs, and acquisition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), have been identified recently. Certain phytochemicals, in particular curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), sulforaphane, resveratrol and genistein have been shown to interfere with these intrinsic CSC pathways in vitro and in human xenograft mice, leading to elimination of CSCs. Moreover, recent clinical trials have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy of the five phytochemicals, alone or in combination with modern cancer therapeutics, and in various types of cancer. Since current cancer therapies fail to eradicate CSCs, leading to cancer recurrence and progression, targeting of CSCs with phytotochemicals such as curcumin, EGCG, sulforaphane, resveratrol and genistein, combined with each other and/or in combination with conventional cytotoxic drugs and novel cancer therapeutics, may offer a novel therapeutic strategy against cancer.

Are Cancer Stem Cells Responsible for Cancer Recurrence?

2012 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea Grimes ◽  
David A. Margolin ◽  
Li Li
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Recurrence
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