scholarly journals Cancer Stem Cells: Emerging Key Players in Immune Evasion of Cancers

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Mang Leng Lei ◽  
Terence Kin Wah Lee
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Undifferentiated Cancer

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are subpopulations of undifferentiated cancer cells within the tumor bulk that are responsible for tumor initiation, recurrence and therapeutic resistance. The enhanced ability of CSCs to give rise to new tumors suggests potential roles of these cells in the evasion of immune surveillance. A growing body of evidence has described the interplay between CSCs and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent data have shown the pivotal role of some major immune cells in driving the expansion of CSCs, which concurrently elicit evasion of the detection and destruction of various immune cells through a number of distinct mechanisms. Here, we will discuss the role of immune cells in driving the stemness of cancer cells and provide evidence of how CSCs evade immune surveillance by exerting their effects on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), dendritic cells (DCs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), T-regulatory (Treg) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). The knowledge gained from the interaction between CSCs and various immune cells will provide insight into the mechanisms by which tumors evade immune surveillance. In conclusion, CSC-targeted immunotherapy emerges as a novel immunotherapy strategy against cancer by disrupting the interaction between immune cells and CSCs in the TME.

scholarly journals Dysregulation of Transcription Factor EB Contributes to Cell Proliferation, Metastasis and Stemness in Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ningwei Fu ◽  
Ning Fan ◽  
Wenchao Luo ◽  
Lijia Lv ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Breast Cancer Cells ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Breast Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Proliferation ◽  
Mammosphere Formation

Abstract Purpose: TFEB is a key regulator of autophagy-lysosomal biogenesis pathways, while its dysregulation is highly prevalent in various human cancers, but the specific contribution to breast cancer remains poorly understood. The main purpose of this study is to explore the role of TFEB in breast cancer proliferation, metastasis and maintaining breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) traits, thus uncovering its underlying mechanism.Methods: Bioinformatics, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining were applied to analyze the expression of TFEB in breast cancer. Stable down-regulation TFEB cells were established in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. MTT, clone formation, wound healing, transwell and 3D tumor invasion assays were used to evaluate the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of breast cancer cells. Mammosphere formation, immunocytochemical (ICC) staining were used to detect the effect of down-regulating TFEB on breast cancer stem cells. Results: we demonstrated that higher expression of TFEB was found in breast cancer. TFEB depletion had inhibitory effects on cellular proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Moreover, knockdown TFEB decreased mammosphere formation ability of BCSCs and expression of cancer stem cell markers. Autophagy-lysosomal related proteins were decreased by down regulation of TFEB. Conclusion: we uncovered a critical role of TFEB in breast cancer proliferation and metastasis, and BCSCs self-renewal and stemness. The underlying mechanisms involve in maintaining BCSCs traits, and dysregulating lysosome functions.

scholarly journals Blood and Cancer: Cancer Stem Cells as Origin of Hematopoietic Cells in Solid Tumor Microenvironments

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghmkin Hassan ◽  
Masaharu Seno
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Solid Tumor ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Tumor Microenvironments

The concepts of hematopoiesis and the generation of blood and immune cells from hematopoietic stem cells are some steady concepts in the field of hematology. However, the knowledge of hematopoietic cells arising from solid tumor cancer stem cells is novel. In the solid tumor microenvironment, hematopoietic cells play pivotal roles in tumor growth and progression. Recent studies have reported that solid tumor cancer cells or cancer stem cells could differentiate into hematopoietic cells. Here, we discuss efforts and research that focused on the presence of hematopoietic cells in tumor microenvironments. We also discuss hematopoiesis from solid tumor cancer stem cells and clarify the notion of differentiation of solid tumor cancer stem cells into non-cancer hematopoietic stem cells.

scholarly journals Mitotic quiescence in hepatic cancer stem cells: An incognito mode

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kandasamy Ashokachakkaravarthy ◽  
Biju Pottakkat
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Recurrence Rates

Hepatocellular carcinoma represents one of the most aggressive cancers with high recurrence rates. The high recurrence is a major problem in the management of this disease. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are often regarded as the basis of cancer recurrence. The anti-proliferative therapy kills the proliferating cells but induces mitotic quiescence in CSCs which remain as residual dormant CSCs. Later on, withdrawal of treatment reactivates the residual CSCs from dormancy to produce new cancer cells. The proliferation of these newly formed cancer cells initiates new tumor formation in the liver leading to tumor recurrence. HCC cells evade the immune surveillance via modulating the key immune cells by alpha feto-protein (AFP) secreted from CSCs or hepatic progenitor cells. This AFP mediated immune evasion assists in establishing new tumors by cancer cells in the liver. In this review, we will summarise the CSC mechanisms of recurrence, mitotic quiescence, dormancy and reactivation of CSCs, metastasis and immune evasion of hepatocellular carcinoma.

scholarly journals A new insight into tumor immune-evasion: Crosstalk between cancer stem cells and T regulatory cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Dutta ◽  
Debomita Sengupta ◽  
Swastika Paul ◽  
Sourio Chakraborty ◽  
Tanya Das
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Treg Cell ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Cell Generation ◽  
Naïve T Cells

Cancer development is initiated, sustained, and aggravated by a rare population of cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs). Although CSCs are considered as a promising source of cells to orchestrate the immune system to work in favour of tumor, the detailed mechanisms underlying their immunomodulatory effects remain elusive. Recent reports indicate the contribution of exosomes, secreted from various cells, as mediators of cell-to-cell communication especially within the tumor microenvironment. We aimed at exploring the role of CSC-derived exosomes (CDEs) in reprogramming the host immune system by generating functional T-regulatory (Treg) cells, and at delineating the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that CDEs play a significant role in generating CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + Treg cells from naive T-cells. A search for the underlying mechanism revealed the presence of FoxP3 protein in CDEs which was found to be transferred to the naïve T-cells. Exosomes from FoxP3-ablated CSCs failed to augment immuno-suppressive Treg cell generation confirming the significant role of the transported protein. In order to understand the contribution of CDE-FoxP3 in maintaining a heritably stable population of Treg cell we checked for the binding of CDE-FoxP3 on conserved non-coding sequence 2 (CNS2) region of FoxP3 promoter in T-naïve cells and found CDE-FoxP3 is indeed recruited to the CNS2 region generating stable and functionally suppressive Treg cells. These results raise the possibility that CSCs provide the initial trigger for immunosuppressive Treg cell generation and thus, breaching the deadly-liaison between them might be a promising strategy in breast cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Illuminating the cancer-targeting potential of near-infrared photoimmunotherapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Hisataka Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Distant Metastasis ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Cancer Targeting ◽  
Vascular Cells

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly developed cell-selective cancer therapy with enormous potential for treating cancer in a variety of ways. NIR-PIT not only kills cancer cells, but can also eliminate other unfavourable cells including cancer stem cells and immunosuppressor cells, among others, without damaging favourable cells such as immune cells, vascular cells and tissue stem cells. This technique can efficiently activate anti-tumour host immunity in a way that can even cure untreated distant metastasis.

scholarly journals M2 macrophage microvesicle-inspired nanovehicles improve accessibility to cancer cells and cancer stem cells in tumors

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqi Wang ◽  
Xiang Gong ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Xiaoxuan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Tumor Model ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
M2 Macrophage ◽  
Tumor Tissues ◽  
Effective Cancer Therapy

AbstractCancer cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the major players of cancer malignancy and metastasis, but they are extremely difficult to access. Inspired by the vital role of macrophages and microvesicle-mediated cell–cell communication in tumors, we herein designed M2 macrophage microvesicle-inspired nanovehicle of cabazitaxel (M-CFN) to promote accessibility to cancer cells and CSCs in tumors. In the 4T1 tumor model, M-CFN flexibly permeated the tumor mass, accessed cancer cells and CD90-positive cells, and significantly promoted their entry into CSC fractions in tumors. Moreover, M-CFN treatment profoundly eliminated aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-expressing CSCs in 4T1 and MCF-7 tumors, produced notable depression of tumor growth and caused 93.86% suppression of lung metastasis in 4T1 models. Therefore, the M2 macrophage microvesicle-inspired nanovehicle provides an encouraging strategy to penetrate the tumor tissues and access these insult cells in tumors for effective cancer therapy. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Concise review: The role of cancer-derived exosomes in tumorigenesis and immune cell modulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4158-4169
Author(s):  
Nhi Thao Huynh ◽  
Khuong Duy Pham ◽  
Nhat Chau Truong
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
The Relationship

Exosomes are subcellular entities which were first discovered in the 1980s. Over the past decade, scientists have discovered that they carry components of genetic information that allow for cell-cell communication and cell targeting. Exosomes secreted by cancer cells are termed cancer-derived exosomes (CDEs), and play an important role in tumor formation and progression. Specifically, CDEs mediate the communication between cancer cells, as well as between cancer cells and other cells in the tumor microenvironment, including cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and effector immune cells. Additionally, through the vascular system and body fluids, CDEs can modulate response to drugs, increase angiogenesis, stimulate proliferation, promote invasion and metastasis, and facilitate escape from immune surveillance. This review will discuss the relationship between cancer cells and other cells (particularly immune cells), as mediated through CDEs, as well as the subsequent impact on tumorigenesis and immunomodulation. Understanding the role of CDEs in tumorigenesis and immune cell modulation will help advance their utilization in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer.

Abstract 246: Role of the IL-6-JAK1-STAT3-Oct-4 pathway in the dynamic equilibrium between cancer stem cells and non-stem cancer cells.

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seog-Young Kim ◽  
Jin W. Kang ◽  
Bokyoung Kim ◽  
Young D. Yoo ◽  
Yong T. Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium

Role of Organ Specific Cancer Stem Cells in Organ Specific Cancer Progression

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ali ◽  
Fatima Ali ◽  
Nadia Wajid
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Specific Cancer ◽  
Organ Specific

Since the cancer stem cells (CSC) have been identified in 1997 by Bonnet and Dick, more than 100,000 papers have been published on the CSC. Huge research on cancer stem cells helped the scientists to rethink about the cancer therapeutics as classic way of chemotherapy is ineffective because chemotherapy failed to kill these cells, the only reason of cancer relapse. The cancer theory of stem cells is one of the most trending theory in stem cells and cancer biology focusing on the understanding of biology of cancer cells for an enhanced and improved therapeutic approaches should be applied to cure the cancer. This mini-review is a short overview on the role of organ specific cancer stem cells in the organ specific cancer progression.

scholarly journals CD147 Promotes Cell Small Extracellular Vesicles Release during Colon Cancer Stem Cells Differentiation and Triggers Cellular Changes in Recipient Cells

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella Lucchetti ◽  
Filomena Colella ◽  
Luigi Perelli ◽  
Claudio Ricciardi-Tenore ◽  
Federica Calapà ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Multivesicular Body ◽  
Cellular Changes ◽  
Colon Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells

Cancer cells secrete small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) that are involved in the remodeling of tumor microenvironment (TME) and can promote tumor progression. The role of sEVs and their molecular key players in colon cancer stem cells differentiation are poorly understood. This study aimed to analyze the role and content of sEVs released during the differentiation of colorectal cancer stem cells. Here we show that sEVs secretion during colon cancer stem cells differentiation is partially controlled by CD147, a well-known player involved in colon cancer tumorigenesis. CD147 + sEVs activate a signaling cascade in recipient cells inducing molecular invasive features in colon cancer cells. CD147 knockdown as well as anti-CD147 antibodies impaired sEVs release and downstream effects on recipient cells and blocking multivesicular body maturation prevented sEVs release during the differentiation. Our findings reveal a functional role of CD147 in promoting sEVs release during the differentiation of colon cancer stem cells and in triggering cellular changes in recipient cells.

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