scholarly journals Specificity distinction

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 85-101
Author(s):  
Donka F. Farkas
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Semantic Type ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Rich Variety ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Way

This paper is concerned with semantic noun phrase typology, focusing on the question of how to draw fine-grained distinctions necessary for an accurate account of natural language phenomena. In the extensive literature on this topic, the most commonly encountered parameters of classification concern the semantic type of the denotation of the noun phrase, the familiarity or novelty of its referent, the quantificational/nonquantificational distinction (connected to the weak/strong dichotomy), as well as, more recently, the question of whether the noun phrase is choice-functional or not (see Reinhart 1997, Winter 1997, Kratzer 1998, Matthewson 1999). In the discussion that follows I will attempt to make the following general points: (i) phenomena involving the behavior of noun phrases both within and across languages point to the need of establishing further distinctions that are too fine-grained to be caught in the net of these typologies; (ii) some of the relevant distinctions can be captured in terms of conditions on assignment functions; (iii) distribution and scopal peculiarities of noun phrases may result from constraints they impose on the way variables they introduce are to be assigned values. Section 2 reviews the typology of definite noun phrases introduced in Farkas 2000 and the way it provides support for the general points above. Section 3 examines some of the problems raised by recognizing the rich variety of 'indefinite' noun phrases found in natural language and by attempting to capture their distribution and interpretation. Common to the typologies discussed in the two sections is the issue of marking different types of variation in the interpretation of a noun phrase. In the light of this discussion, specificity turns out to be an epiphenomenon connected to a family of distinctions that are marked differently in different languages.  

What kind of Scandinavian? On interrogative noun phrases across North Germanic

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øystein Alexander Vangsnes
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Central Objective ◽  
Interesting Pattern ◽  
Dp Structure ◽  
Different Types

A central objective of this paper is to show how much variation there is across Scandinavian with respect to the morphosyntactic form of interrogative noun phrases. The present paper focuses on three main types of such DPs: (i) phrases involving a cognate of English which, (ii) phrases involving the same element as manner ‘how’ (which is morphologically complex and distinct from degree ‘how’), and (iii) phrases involving ‘what’ with or without an overt kind noun. With respect to all of these different types of noun-phrase-internal wh-expressions an interesting pattern seems to emerge: there are reasons to hold that adnominal wh-expressions start out as modifiers, yielding kind-querying noun phrases, and then develop into determiners, yielding token-querying noun phrases. Although further investigations will have to determine whether such a developmental path (or cycle) is quite general in nature, it can be made perfect sense of with reference to grammaticalization triggered by wh-movement which operates on a DP-structure that distinguishes modification from determination in such a way that the locus of determination is higher than modification.

scholarly journals Novice programmer’s misconception of programming reflected on problem-solving plans

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyungbin Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Mental Models ◽  
Strategic Knowledge ◽  
Introductory Programming ◽  
Instructional Supports ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Conditional Statements ◽  
Novice Students ◽  
The Way

Understanding the misconception of students is critical in that it identifies the reasons of errors students make and allows instructors to design instructions accordingly. This study investigated the mental models of programming concepts held by pre-service teachers who were novice in programming. In an introductory programming course, students were asked to solve problems that could be solved by utilizing conditional statements. They developed solution plans pseudo-code including a simplified natural language, symbols, diagrams, and so on. Sixteen solution plans of three different types of problems were analyzed. As a result, the students’ egocentric and insufficient programming concepts were identified in terms of the misuse of variables, redundancy of codes, and weak strategic knowledge. The results revealed that the students had difficulty designing solution plans that could be executed by computers. They needed instructional supports to master how to express their solution plans in the way computers run. Problem driven instructional designs for novice students were discussed.

scholarly journals User-as-Graph: User Modeling with Heterogeneous Graph Pooling for News Recommendation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuhan Wu ◽  
Fangzhao Wu ◽  
Yongfeng Huang ◽  
Xing Xie
Keyword(s):  
User Modeling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
User Interest ◽  
Graph Topology ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
User Behaviors ◽  
Different Types ◽  
As Graph ◽  
The Rich ◽  
News Recommendation

Accurate user modeling is critical for news recommendation. Existing news recommendation methods usually model users' interest from their behaviors via sequential or attentive models. However, they cannot model the rich relatedness between user behaviors, which can provide useful contexts of these behaviors for user interest modeling. In this paper, we propose a novel user modeling approach for news recommendation, which models each user as a personalized heterogeneous graph built from user behaviors to better capture the fine-grained behavior relatedness. In addition, in order to learn user interest embedding from the personalized heterogeneous graph, we propose a novel heterogeneous graph pooling method, which can summarize both node features and graph topology, and be aware of the varied characteristics of different types of nodes. Experiments on large-scale benchmark dataset show the proposed methods can effectively improve the performance of user modeling for news recommendation.

Multi-Modal Word Synset Induction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Thomason ◽  
Raymond J. Mooney
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Word Sense ◽  
Word Sense Induction ◽  
Multiple Meanings ◽  
The Senses ◽  
Polysemous Words ◽  
Word Senses

A word in natural language can be polysemous, having multiple meanings, as well as synonymous, meaning the same thing as other words. Word sense induction attempts to find the senses of polysemous words. Synonymy detection attempts to find when two words are interchangeable. We combine these tasks, first inducing word senses and then detecting similar senses to form word-sense synonym sets (synsets) in an unsupervised fashion. Given pairs of images and text with noun phrase labels, we perform synset induction to produce collections of underlying concepts described by one or more noun phrases. We find that considering multi-modal features from both visual and textual context yields better induced synsets than using either context alone. Human evaluations show that our unsupervised, multi-modally induced synsets are comparable in quality to annotation-assisted ImageNet synsets, achieving about 84% of ImageNet synsets' approval.

scholarly journals An Analysis of a Noun Phrase in Ichindali

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 906
Author(s):  
Neema Jangstony Kibona
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Ethnic Community ◽  
Accusative Case ◽  
The North ◽  
Dative Case ◽  
The Way

Ichindali is one of the Ethnic Community Languages spoken by an increasing population of the Ndali people in Mbeya region. The Ndali people live in southern Tanzania, Mbeya Region. Ileje District has 124,451 speakers in 2012. Ileje is bordered to the North by Mbeya rural and Rungwe district, to the East by Kyela district. Ndali people live in an area which crosses the Tanzania Malawi border. This paper investigates the way noun phrases are formed in Ichindali and the order of their formation (constituents) in this particular language. Therefore the main objectives of this paper were: i. To find out the Criteria for categorizing noun phrase elements in Ichindali. ii. To examine the various kinds of dependents in Ichindali noun phrase. In arriving at these objectives, the writer posed the following questions as a guide: i. What are the criteria relevant in categorizing the dependents of the noun in Ichindali? ii. What kinds of dependents form a noun phrase in Ichindali? A conclusion has been drawn from this work is that, the structure of a noun phrase in Ichindali is N-Det-Mod. An NP can function as a subject, direct or primary objects which is normally expressed in the accusative case, indirect or secondary object in dative case as well as an object of preposition.

Welcome to Postnormal Times

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-46
Author(s):  
Ziauddin Sardar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
New Age ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Control And Management ◽  
The Way

All that was ‘normal’ has now evaporated; we have entered postnormal times, the in-between period where old orthodoxies are dying, new ones have not yet emerged, and nothing really makes sense. To have any notion of a viable future, we must grasp the significance of this period of transition which is characterised by three c's: complexity, chaos and contradictions. These forces propel and sustain postnormal times leading to uncertainty and different types of ignorance that make decision-making problematic and increase risks to individuals, society and the planet. Postnormal times demands, this paper argues, that we abandon the ideas of ‘control and management’, and rethink the cherished notions of progress, modernisation and efficiency. The way forward must be based on virtues of humility, modesty and accountability, the indispensible requirement of living with uncertainty, complexity and ignorance. We will have to imagine ourselves out of postnormal times and into a new age of normalcy—with an ethical compass and a broad spectrum of imaginations from the rich diversity of human cultures.

Natural language query handling using extended knowledge provider system

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Prasenjit Mukherjee ◽  
Atanu Chattopadhyay ◽  
Baisakhi Chakraborty ◽  
Debashis Nandi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Query Processing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Query Language ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Structure Query Language ◽  
Knowledge Database ◽  
Natural Language Query

Extraction of knowledge data from knowledge database using natural language query is a difficult task. Different types of natural language processing (NLP) techniques have been developed to handle this knowledge data extraction task. This paper proposes an automated query-response model termed Extended Automated Knowledge Provider System (EAKPS) that can manage various types of natural language queries from user. The EAKPS uses combination based technique and it can handle assertive, interrogative, imperative, compound and complex type query sentences. The algorithm of EAKPS generates structure query language (SQL) for each natural language query to extract knowledge data from the knowledge database resident within the EAKPS. Extraction of noun or noun phrases is another issue in natural language query processing. Most of the times, determiner, preposition and conjunction are prefixed to a noun or noun phrase and it is difficult to identify the noun/noun phrase with prefix during query processing. The proposed system is able to identify these prefixes and extract exact noun or noun phrases from natural language queries without any manual intervention.

Samian Ware and Society in Roman Britain and Beyond

Britannia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 167-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Willis
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Roman Britain ◽  
Special Position ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
The Way

AbstractSamian ware being widely present, of striking quality, and highly useful to the archaeologist has a special position within Roman studies. This article brings a large body of samian ware data together to explore the nature of its incidence at settlements and in graves. The examination shows how the nature of samian ware distribution is highly structured between different types of site and between different consumers. This is shown to be so in the case of both Britain and the other Western provinces. The findings raise issues around the use of samian ware in society and point the way to harnessing the rich potential of samian as a source of information as understanding of its utility for the archaeologist expands.

scholarly journals Case Markers in Mongolian: A Means for Encoding Null Constituents in Noun Phrase and Relative Clause

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Tseden Otgonsuren
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Early Observation ◽  
Head Noun ◽  
Case Marker ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
Case Markers

This paper focuses on the capacity of the case markers in the Mongolian language, as a relative element, to generate any finite noun phrase or relative clause based on their syntactic function or relationship. In Mongolian, there are two different approaches to generate noun phrases: parataxis and hypotaxis. According to my early observation, if the noun phrase generated through the parataxis, is the complement of the postpositional phrase, the head word of the relevant noun phrase can be truncated. In other words, since this head noun is governed by case marker in its null form to generate the postpositional phrase, the head noun can be encoded.  The second approach generates two different types of noun phrases in their structures: free structured and non-free structured noun phrases. Of them, the free structured noun phrase allows any syntactic transformations in their internal structure based on the senses of the case markers which denote a relation. That is to say, the null constituents in this type of noun phrases can be encoded to generate an extended alternative of the noun phrase and a relative clause.    

PRINCIPAL PROBLEMS OF NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING SYSTEMS

2018 ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
O. Hyryn
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Syntactic Ambiguity ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
The Way

The article deals with natural language processing, namely that of an English sentence. The article describes the problems, which might arise during the process and which are connected with graphic, semantic, and syntactic ambiguity. The article provides the description of how the problems had been solved before the automatic syntactic analysis was applied and the way, such analysis methods could be helpful in developing new analysis algorithms. The analysis focuses on the issues, blocking the basis for the natural language processing — parsing — the process of sentence analysis according to their structure, content and meaning, which aims to analyze the grammatical structure of the sentence, the division of sentences into constituent components and defining links between them.

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