Technique for the design of forest transport network in terms of multiple use of forest.

Author(s):  
И.А. Громов ◽  
Н.А. Тюрин

Проектирование лесной транспортной сети в условиях многоцелевого использования лесов требует наличия специальной методики, учитывающей особенности данных условий. Предметом исследования является методика проектирования лесной транспортной сети в условиях многоцелевого использования лесов. Цель - раскрытие сущности данной методики и связанных с ней вопросов. Предложенная методика основывается на двух составляющих. Первой составляющей является методика оптимизации размещения лесной транспортной сети. Оптимизация размещения осуществляется на основании оптимальных параметров сети, определяемых по критерию минимума суммарных удельных затрат на осуществление комплекса мероприятий по лесоосвоению. Она заключается в выявлении лесных участков, нуждающихся в транспортном освоении, которое осуществляется с использованием геоинформационных систем методом создания и анализа буферных зон. Приводится описание математической модели оптимизации параметров лесотранспортной сети. Данная модель не учитывает индивидуальных особенностей конкретных лесных участков и не отражает экономической целесообразности их освоения, что требует применение особого метода. Второй составляющей методики проектирования является методика создания экономической модели местности, отражающей пространственное распределение лесной ренты по осваиваемой территории. Приводятся математические зависимости, на основании которых определяются показатели лесной ренты для каждого осваиваемого лесного участка. Экономическая модель местности создается средствами ГИС и отражается в виде тематической карты. Она позволяет учесть индивидуальные условия и определить степень экономической целесообразности освоения лесных участков. Интеграция созданных в ГИС совмещенных буферных зон и экономической модели местности позволяет выявить транспортно неосвоенные лесные участки, нуждающиеся в освоении по экономическим критериям, и соответствующим образом разместить элементы лесотранспортной сети. Предложенная методика позволяет учесть влияние условий многоцелевого использования лесов и осуществить проектирование лесотранспортной сети на основании оптимальных параметров по критерию минимума суммарных удельных затрат и критерию положительной лесной ренты, что повышает эффективность проектирования. The subject of the article is a technique for the development of forest transport network in terms of multiple use of forests. The aim of this work is a demonstration of this method and the questions connected with it. The design of forest transportation network in conditions of multipurpose use of forests requires special techniques that take into account the specific features of these conditions. The proposed method is based on two components. The first component is the method of optimization of forest transport network. Optimization is performed on the basis of optimal parameters of the network, defined by the criterion of minimum total specific costs of implementation of complex of measures on the involvement of forests into economic circulation. It is to identify forest areas in need of transport development, which is carried out with the use of geographic information systems. In this case it is used method of analysis and creation of buffer zones. The article describes the mathematical model of optimization of parameters of transportation network. This model does not take into account the individual characteristics of specific forest areas and does not reflect the economic feasibility of their development, which requires the use of a special method. The second component of the method is the technique of creating economic model of the terrain that reflects the spatial distribution of forest rent on the forest territory. The article presents the mathematical relationships on the basis of which are determined by the indicators of forest rent for each forest land. The model generated in GIS is displayed in the form of thematic maps. It allows to take into account the individual conditions of forest land and determine the degree of economic feasibility of development of forest areas. Integration created in GIS of buffer zones and economic model of the terrain allows to identify the transport of undeveloped forest land and areas requiring transport development. The proposed method allows to take into account the influence of the conditions of multipurpose use of forests. It also allows and to carry out the design of a transportation network based on optimal parameters according to the criterion of minimum total unit cost and the criterion of positive forest rents, which increases the efficiency of the design.

Author(s):  
И.А. Громов ◽  
Н.А. Тюрин

При проектировании лесной транспортной сети в условиях многоцелевого, непрерывного и неистощительного лесопользования в рамках модели интенсивного лесного хозяйства, необходимо обладать информацией об экономической целесообразности транспортного освоения участков лесной территории. Для решения данной проблемы возможно создание цифровой модели местности (ЦММ), отражающей распределение чистого дохода (ЧД) от освоения лесов по территории объекта проектирования. Создание ЦММ включает в себя четыре этапа: сбор исходной информации; ГИС-анализ; определение ЧД; создание ЦММ в ГИС. На первом этапе осуществляется сбор данных, необходимых для определения значения ЧД и создания модели в ГИС. На втором этапе осуществляется интеграция данных в ГИС, их обработка и анализ с целью получения показателей для определения ЧД. На третьем этапе осуществляется расчет показателя ЧД для каждой первичной единицы транспортного освоения. На завершающем этапе, на базе вычисленных значений ЧД, в ГИС создается тематическая карта, отражающая уровни ЧД. Использование рассматриваемой методики позволяет сформировать ЦММ, которая наглядным образом отражает экономическую целесообразность транспортного освоения участков леса, что является основой для проектирования размещения элементов лесной транспортной сети. Методика создания ЦММ является составной частью более общей методики проектирования транспортной сети в условиях многоцелевого, непрерывного и неистощительного лесопользования. When designing the forest transport network in terms of multi-purpose, continuous and sustainable forest management in the framework of the model of intensive forest management requires information about the economic feasibility of the transport development in areas of forest land. To solve this problem, it is possible to create digital terrain model (DTM) showing the distribution of net income (NI) the forest areas with the forest transport  network development. The technique of creating DTM includes four stages: collection of baseline information; GIS analysis; determination of the NI; the establishment of the DTM in GIS. The first stage is collecting the data necessary to determine the value NI and create a model in GIS. The second stage involves the integration of data into GIS, their processing and analysis with the aim of obtaining indicators for the determination of NI. In the third stage calculated NI for each primary unit of the transport network development. At the final stage, on the basis of specific values of NI in the GIS generated thematic map reflecting the levels of NI. Using this technique allows to creating DTM which visually reflects the economic feasibility of the transport development forest, what is the basis for the design and layout of the elements of the forest transportation network. The technique of developing ETM is integral part of a more General methodology for the design of the transport network in terms of multi-purpose, continuous and sustainable forest management.


2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM. Martin

The present work analyses the individual growth of Heleobia piscium in natural conditions in coastal drainage channels of the Multiple Use Natural Reserve Isla Martín García, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Isla Martín García is located in the Upper Río de la Plata, to the south of the mouth of the Uruguay river (34° 11' 25" S and 58° 15' 38" W). Monthly collections were made from July 2005 to July 2006 in the eastern part of the island (Arena Beach). The population of H. piscium showed a complex and dynamic structure of sizes during a long period of the annual cycle. Two cohorts could be detected. The Bertalanffy growth equation was: Lt = 6 (1-e -1.85 (t+0.38)) and Lt = 3.9 (1-e -0.19 (t+4.84)) for cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. The pattern of population growth displayed a staggered model, where the greatest growth is observed during the summer. The reproductive period occurred during six months, from the beginning of summer to middle of fall. Based on only one reproductive effort, this pattern is not similar to that of other cogeneric species already studied.


Author(s):  
Orlando Pereira ◽  
Daniel Gonçalves Novo Gomes ◽  
Ana Martins ◽  
Isabel Martins

This chapter discusses the role of education in “humanizing the economy” and emphasizes its contribution to the development of a new socio-economic model that helps to overcome the irregularities present in contemporary society. It proposes the implementation of school practices aimed at the completeness of the individual and in favor of social balance. It also emphasizes the importance of the humanizing process in the attainment of values such as, justice, freedom, solidarity and cooperation, which are structuring values of social cohesion. The primary data focused on the Secondary Education in the Districts of Braga and Viana do Castelo, in the northwest of Portugal. Interviews were conducted with school principals as main actors in the research. In spite of the limitations of the work, the results show that, in Portugal, education is still focused on individualism. It is also noted that assimilation of social aspects and humanization is weak, which inhibits placing the individual at the center of economic concerns and produces negative externalities on economic and social performance including wellbeing.


2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (1281) ◽  
pp. 1702-1739
Author(s):  
M. Janić

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with modelling the performance of an air transport network operated by existing subsonic and the prospective supersonic commercial aircraft. Analytical models of indicators of the infrastructural, technical/technological, operational, economic, environmental, and social performance of the network relevant for the main actors/stakeholders involved are developed. The models are applied to the given long-haul air route network exclusively operated by subsonic and supersonic aircraft according to the specified “what-if” scenarios.The results from application of the models indicate that supersonic flights powered by LH2 (Liquid Hydrogen) could be more feasible than their subsonic counterparts powered by Jet A fuel, in terms of about three times higher technical productivity, 46% smaller size of the required fleet given the frequency of a single flight per day, 20% lower sum of the aircraft/airline operational, air passenger time, and considered external costs, up to two times higher overall social-economic feasibility, and 94% greater savings in contribution to global warming and climate change. These flights could be less feasible in terms of about 70-85% higher aircraft/airline operational costs, 70% and 19% higher fuel consumption and emissions of Green House Gases, respectively, and 6-13% higher noise compared to the specified acceptable levels.


1943 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-178
Author(s):  
A. B. Wheatley

The useful occupation of the total manpower of a nation is the first essential necessity for the general wellbeing of the whole, as well as for the individual. This condition is dependent upon an adequate use of all natural resources, particularly the renewable portion of those resources. Potential forest land comprises a very large area in Southern Ontario in addition to the total area composed of farmers' woodlots. These factors indicate that there is opportunity to make conservation in its broadest aspect, forestry activities in particular, a fulltime occupation for a larges number of inadequately employed people.


The article describes the practical and theoretical aspects of using GIS technologies with respect to urban transport networks, as well as considers the developed generalized algorithm for GIS-processing technology of the urban transportation network parameters. The authors suggest the algorithm of information models of urban transport network elements taking into account the importance of set tasks and the developed method to optimize parameters of the elements of GIS of urban transport network in terms of optimization of urban public transport operation parameters, as well as the structure of the standard information model of the urban transport network element named "Urban public transport route".


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Chengbing Li ◽  
Zhicheng Yang ◽  
Yuan Zhu

This paper explores the invulnerability of urban agglomeration transportation network under the incomplete information attack strategy. This approach employed the site mapping method to construct the urban agglomeration composite transportation network model, and the network is weighted based on the actual passenger flow. Then the nodes are defined according to the overload conditions. In addition, based on the capacity-load model, the cascading failure model of the urban agglomeration passenger transport network is constructed, and the incomplete information attack strategy and network invulnerability measure index are determined. Finally, the case of Hu-Bao-E-Yu urban agglomeration is simulated to quantify the effects of attack strategies with varied information level, node load factors, and capacity weight and distance weight of the residual connected edge. The results reveal that the network crash speed is positively related to the information span of the attacker unless the information span exceeds 0.9 or accuracy exceeds 0.6. When the information span is low, the information accuracy δ has a critical impact on the network crash speed. Moreover, in the presence of attack, high or low values of node load factor are conducive to the improvement of network invulnerability. As a scale-free network, urban agglomeration transportation network shows strong robustness to random attacks and exhibits vulnerability to deliberate attacks. The capacity weight value α and distance weight value β of residual connected edge have different effects on the network invulnerability under different information span strategies.


Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Boland

This chapter examines the extent to which models based on evolutionary economics can provide a worthy alternative to neoclassical equilibrium models. The chapter discusses the difference between Darwinian and non-Darwinian evolutionary economic models. The chapter includes a discussion of Armen Alchian’s 1950 article that he says is erroneously identified as evolutionary economics. The works of evolutionary economists Ulrich Witt, Jack Vromen, Richard Nelson and Sidney are explained and critically examined. The chapter also considers the question of whether evolutionary economics can ever displace equilibrium economics. Some current evolutionary economic model builders have serious doubts. The chapter concludes with some speculations about going beyond the consideration of the individual firm to include sociological aspects of consumer preference.


Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (23) ◽  
pp. 1476
Author(s):  
Rubén Saint-Marc ◽  
José P. Paredes-Sánchez ◽  
Jorge Xiberta-Bernat

Biomass offers opportunities to generate alternative sources of energy. The introduction of energy crops as a source of raw material for power generation is a challenge in Spain. The objective of this work is to know whether in a power plant the use of a natural resource as energy crops for electricity production is technically and economically feasible. In the energy field, a simulation model is performed, depicting the model plant previously defined, whose main input variables are, on one hand, the resource and on the other hand, the configuration of the energy conversion system. Forestry data together with energy plant investment and operation costs will also be input parameters for the economic model. With all the resources and the results of energy research, the appropriate economic model is applied to show the barriers of energy crops for electricity generation. The results show the difficulties in the use of energy crops.


Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett C. Ramirez ◽  
Hongwei Xin ◽  
Patrick G. Halbur ◽  
Donald H. Beermann ◽  
Stephanie L. Hansen ◽  
...  

This commentary is a comprehensive synthesis of ideas generated from a workshop, hosted by Iowa State University, encompassing precision livestock farming (PLF) research and applications for industry–academia. The goal of this workshop was to demonstrate existing institution research and strategically propel further PLF development and industry adoption. Six key thematic areas were identified from participant discussion: sensors and algorithms, implementation, economic feasibility, data, rural and societal impacts, and education and training. These themes were used to focus discussion on identifying the new knowledge needed to drive implementation and examine current and future challenges of implementing PLF. At the convergence of industry and academia sits a unique opportunity to create mutually beneficial relationships that accomplish the individual needs of all parties. Productive PLF is currently hindered by numerous technical and non-technical challenges, but an increasing demand and optimistic outlook may result in rapid producer adoption. To foster harmonious partnerships among industry, academia, and government, a nexus at the intersection of multiple disciplines and basic/applied sciences is needed to thrust future success.


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