The determinants of forest land prices

The authors discuss the peculiarities of price formation for forest land as a renewable plant natural resource. Forest plots are regarded as a forest resource that can be used in two ways: as a natural object and as a source of wood raw materials. The absolute forest rent for forest areas with standing trees, adjusted for economic, environmental, and social factors, serves as the pricing basis. The authors propose creating differentiated regional price lists for forest plots and methodological approaches to pricing forest plots with different types of forest use to substantiate the forest tax and tax base.

Features of capitalization in the forestry complex

Purpose – тo generalize methodical approaches to the interpretation of the category of capitalization in the forestry complex and to identify sources of funds that can provide an additional financial basis for the capitalization of forest resources. Research methodology. In the context of this work, the method of system analysis and synthesis was used, as well as a comparative method, which allowed to determine the optimal approach to the identified issues. Scientific novelty. The article summarizes the existing interpretations of the concept of capitalization, according to which the main methodological approaches to it are highlighted, in particular, as: the process of attracting and increasing the value of any assets (resources); the process of transformation of factors of production (assets, resources) into capital; performance of the entity. The article forms directions and relevant additional sources of funds for the use of forest resources, which can provide an additional financial basis for the capitalization of forest resources (assets). Conclusions. It is established that today it is impossible to assess forest assets as a source of environmental and social functions, as there is no methodology for calculating their value. It is noted that the only approach to the assessment of forest resources is only the actual cost of part of forestry products, including by- products and in-use use, hunting, harvesting of secondary forest materials and, accordingly, capitalization of only part of rent in real sales prices. period of restoration and formation of forest stands. Key words: capitalization, forestry complex, forestry assets, forest rent, sources of financing.

Technique for the design of forest transport network in terms of multiple use of forest.

Проектирование лесной транспортной сети в условиях многоцелевого использования лесов требует наличия специальной методики, учитывающей особенности данных условий. Предметом исследования является методика проектирования лесной транспортной сети в условиях многоцелевого использования лесов. Цель - раскрытие сущности данной методики и связанных с ней вопросов. Предложенная методика основывается на двух составляющих. Первой составляющей является методика оптимизации размещения лесной транспортной сети. Оптимизация размещения осуществляется на основании оптимальных параметров сети, определяемых по критерию минимума суммарных удельных затрат на осуществление комплекса мероприятий по лесоосвоению. Она заключается в выявлении лесных участков, нуждающихся в транспортном освоении, которое осуществляется с использованием геоинформационных систем методом создания и анализа буферных зон. Приводится описание математической модели оптимизации параметров лесотранспортной сети. Данная модель не учитывает индивидуальных особенностей конкретных лесных участков и не отражает экономической целесообразности их освоения, что требует применение особого метода. Второй составляющей методики проектирования является методика создания экономической модели местности, отражающей пространственное распределение лесной ренты по осваиваемой территории. Приводятся математические зависимости, на основании которых определяются показатели лесной ренты для каждого осваиваемого лесного участка. Экономическая модель местности создается средствами ГИС и отражается в виде тематической карты. Она позволяет учесть индивидуальные условия и определить степень экономической целесообразности освоения лесных участков. Интеграция созданных в ГИС совмещенных буферных зон и экономической модели местности позволяет выявить транспортно неосвоенные лесные участки, нуждающиеся в освоении по экономическим критериям, и соответствующим образом разместить элементы лесотранспортной сети. Предложенная методика позволяет учесть влияние условий многоцелевого использования лесов и осуществить проектирование лесотранспортной сети на основании оптимальных параметров по критерию минимума суммарных удельных затрат и критерию положительной лесной ренты, что повышает эффективность проектирования. The subject of the article is a technique for the development of forest transport network in terms of multiple use of forests. The aim of this work is a demonstration of this method and the questions connected with it. The design of forest transportation network in conditions of multipurpose use of forests requires special techniques that take into account the specific features of these conditions. The proposed method is based on two components. The first component is the method of optimization of forest transport network. Optimization is performed on the basis of optimal parameters of the network, defined by the criterion of minimum total specific costs of implementation of complex of measures on the involvement of forests into economic circulation. It is to identify forest areas in need of transport development, which is carried out with the use of geographic information systems. In this case it is used method of analysis and creation of buffer zones. The article describes the mathematical model of optimization of parameters of transportation network. This model does not take into account the individual characteristics of specific forest areas and does not reflect the economic feasibility of their development, which requires the use of a special method. The second component of the method is the technique of creating economic model of the terrain that reflects the spatial distribution of forest rent on the forest territory. The article presents the mathematical relationships on the basis of which are determined by the indicators of forest rent for each forest land. The model generated in GIS is displayed in the form of thematic maps. It allows to take into account the individual conditions of forest land and determine the degree of economic feasibility of development of forest areas. Integration created in GIS of buffer zones and economic model of the terrain allows to identify the transport of undeveloped forest land and areas requiring transport development. The proposed method allows to take into account the influence of the conditions of multipurpose use of forests. It also allows and to carry out the design of a transportation network based on optimal parameters according to the criterion of minimum total unit cost and the criterion of positive forest rents, which increases the efficiency of the design.

Economic accessibility of forest resources: its determining factors and the accuracy of the estimates

The current low levels of allowable amounts of wood removals (annual allowable cut) are largely predetermined by economic inaccessibility of forest resources. Achievement of the target value of the indicator of the state program of the Russian Federation "Development of Forestry" for 2013-2020 years in terms of forestry is impossible to ensure without the formation of favorable economic conditions for the implementation of logging activities. Economic incentive for development of forest resources is a positive criterion of economic accessibility of forest resources, which is defined by the value or exceeding the value of forest rent standard cost of reproduction, and protection of forests. The affordability of forest resources is affected by the totality of the various factors (resource, logistics, general economic, commercial, institutional) determining the level of prices, costs of production and reproduction of timber forest resources, as well as possible legal restrictions on the development of forests. Based on the results of calculations on cutting area fund of Vilegodsky forest, located in the southeastern part of the Arkhangelsk region, analysis of the impact of such factors as the use of low-quality wood, the level of prices and wages to economic accessibility of forest resources was made. In the absence of processing low-quality wood, proportion of economically inaccessible forests was more than 30 %, at the same time in the organization of pellet production volume of economically inaccessible forests decreased by 44.7 %, while the estimate of economically accessible forest resources increased by 45.3 %. Increase in the price of forest products by 10% leads to a decrease in cost of inaccessible forest resources of Vilegodsky forest for about 50-65 %, reflecting the importance of this factor. The level of wages is also a determining factor for the assessment of the economic accessibility of forest resources. With the growth of the average wage in the lumber from 35 thousand up to 40 thousand rubles per month, assessment of economically accessible forest resources is reduced by more than a third, and the volume and the number of plots of economically accessible forest resources – for more than a quarter.

Simulation of conditions for economic accessibility of forest resources and the information base for evaluation

Improving the system of payments for forest resources, based on an economic assessment of their availa-bility is one of the main directions of development of market relations in forestry. Assessing the economic accessibility of forest resources helps to balance the interests of forest stakeholders and can act an effec-tive tool for forest planning. The criterion of economic accessibility of forest resources is equal or exceeds the value of forest rent of value of the standard cost of reproduction, and protection of forests. Economic accessibility is advisable to determine on the basis of the application of the standard method.

PERANAN SUMBERDAYA HUTAN DALAM PEREKONOMIAN DAN DAMPAK PEMUNGUTAN RENTE HUTAN TERHADAP KELESTARIAN HUTAN DI KABUPATEN GOWA

Kabupaten Gowa has 63.099 ha forest area, consists of 24.226 ha of protected forest, 3.309 ha of conservation forest/recreation forest, and 35.554 ha of production forest. The value of forest resource can be estimated based on use value an non use value. Use value of forest resource in Kabupaten Goewa covers direct economic value wich is obtained from timber product and non timber product. While indirect economic value is obtained from iriigation water, fresh water, agriculture production increase, and forest recreation value and also contribution in labour section. Contribution of agricultural sector in Bruto Regional Domestic Product (Produk Domestik Regional Bruto = PDRB) of Kabupaten Gowa base on the data of 2000 to 2005 is high enough, more than half of PDRB of Kabupaten Gowa which is 52,29 %. However the contribution of subsector of forestry to the economy of Kabupaten Gowa is very small, only 0,17 %. the use of ecpnomy rent for land of rehabilitation in 2005 has been use as much as Rp. 142.384.858,- for 95,50 ha of area. This fund is come from Dana Alokasi Khusus - Dana Reboisasai(DAK-DR)40 % (special allocation fund-reforestration fund 40 %) the part is managed by the region of production. Keywords: Forest rent, forest sustainability References