scholarly journals TOLERANCE OF ORNAMENTAL GRASSES TO POSTEMERGENCE GRASS HERBICIDES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1104g-1104
Author(s):  
Joanna Hubbard ◽  
Ted Whitwell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Ornamental Grasses ◽  
Grass Weed

Ornamental grasses are popular landscape plants and often encounter turf encroachment or other grass weed problems. Several postemergence grass herbicides are available for use in turf and ornamentals and herbicide tolerance information is needed for ornamental grass species. Fifteen ornamental grasses including species from the genera Calamagrostis, Cortaderia, Eragrostis, Erianthus, Miscanthus, Sorghastrum, Spartina, Panicum and Pennisetum were field planted in Clemson, SC in May 1989 and Festuca species in November, 1989. Herbicide treatments were fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-P and sethoxydim at 0.4 kg a.i.·ha-1 applied 4 weeks after planting and an untreated control. Height and injury evaluations were taken at weekly intervals and plants were harvested 10 weeks after treatment. Fenoxaprop-ethyl treated Calamagrostis and Festuca species treated with all herbicides were the only treatments that were the same as untreated controls in terms of % injury, height and dry weight. Three ornamental Calamagrostis species were evaluated in a greenhouse study to determine the level of tolerance to fenoxaprop-ethyl at 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 kg a.i.·ha-1. No visual injury symptoms were seen on any treatments as compared to untreated controls but growth rates of the youngest leaves did vary among species shortly after treatment.

scholarly journals TOLERANCE OF ORNAMENTAL GRASSES TO POSTEMERGENCE GRASS HERBICIDES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1104G-1104
Author(s):  
Joanna Hubbard ◽  
Ted Whitwell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Ornamental Grasses ◽  
Grass Weed

Ornamental grasses are popular landscape plants and often encounter turf encroachment or other grass weed problems. Several postemergence grass herbicides are available for use in turf and ornamentals and herbicide tolerance information is needed for ornamental grass species. Fifteen ornamental grasses including species from the genera Calamagrostis, Cortaderia, Eragrostis, Erianthus, Miscanthus, Sorghastrum, Spartina, Panicum and Pennisetum were field planted in Clemson, SC in May 1989 and Festuca species in November, 1989. Herbicide treatments were fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-P and sethoxydim at 0.4 kg a.i.·ha-1 applied 4 weeks after planting and an untreated control. Height and injury evaluations were taken at weekly intervals and plants were harvested 10 weeks after treatment. Fenoxaprop-ethyl treated Calamagrostis and Festuca species treated with all herbicides were the only treatments that were the same as untreated controls in terms of % injury, height and dry weight. Three ornamental Calamagrostis species were evaluated in a greenhouse study to determine the level of tolerance to fenoxaprop-ethyl at 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 kg a.i.·ha-1. No visual injury symptoms were seen on any treatments as compared to untreated controls but growth rates of the youngest leaves did vary among species shortly after treatment.

scholarly journals Herbicide Combinations for Control of Prostrate Spurge in Container-Grown Landscape Plant

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter ◽  
Norman C. Glaze
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Landscape Plant ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Juniperus Chinensis ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Effect On Growth

Abstract Studies were conducted in 1989 and 1990 to evaluate combinations of herbicides for control of prostrate spurge (Euphorbia humistrata Engelm. ex. Gray) in container-grown landscape plants. In 1989, the combination of Ronstar 2G [oxadiazon (2.24 kg/ha) (2.0 lb/A)] with Surflan 40 AS [oryzalin (2.24 kg/ha) (2.0 lb/A] or Barricade 65 WG [prodiamine (2.24 kg/ha) (2.0 lb/A)] resulted in 95% or better control of prostrate spurge. Combinations of Ronstar 2G [oxadiazon (2.24 kg/ha) (2.0 lb/A)] and Pennant 5G [metalochlor (4.48 kg/ha) (4.0 lb/A] or Rout 3G [oxyfluorfen (2.24 kg/ha) (2.0 lb/A) plus oryzalin (1.12 kg/ha) (1.0 lb/A)] controlled more than 80% of the weeds after 12 weeks in 1989. Some herbicide treatments containing oryzalin and pendimethalin reduced the root grade of Rhododendron cv. ‘Stewartsonian’ and Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Helleri’ in 1990. Herbicide treatments in the 1990 study had no effect on growth parameters of Juniperus chinensis L. ‘Pfitzeriana Glauca’. Rout (oxyfluorfen plus oryzalin) was the only herbicide in the 1990 study which reduced the number of prostrate spurge plants per pot in all three landscape species after 10 weeks. Dry weight of prostrate spurge was reduced approximately 3.6 × when Rout was used on ‘Stewartsonian’ azalea. Improved prostrate spurge control due to certain herbicide combinations did not result in increased foliar growth indices of the species used in this study. Dinitroanaline herbicides should be tested further for crop phytotoxicity and potential prostrate spurge control.

scholarly journals Morphological and Physiological Responses of Ornamental Grasses to Saline Water Irrigation

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Haifeng Xing ◽  
Julie Hershkowitz ◽  
Asmita Paudel ◽  
Youping Sun ◽  
Ji Jhong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saline Water ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Salt Damage ◽  
Saline Water Irrigation ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Acorus Gramineus ◽  
Ornamental Grasses

Reclaimed water provides a reliable and economical alternative source of irrigation water for landscape use but may have elevated levels of salts that are detrimental to sensitive landscape plants. Landscape professionals must use salt-tolerant plants in regions where reclaimed water is used. Ornamental grasses are commonly used as landscape plants in the Intermountain West of the United States due to low maintenance input, drought tolerance, and unique texture. Six ornamental grass species, including Acorus gramineus (Japanese rush), Andropogon ternarius (silver bluestem), Calamagrostis ×acutiflora (feather reed grass), Carex morrowii (Japanese sedge), Festuca glauca (blue fescue), and Sporobolus heterolepis (prairie dropseed), were evaluated for salinity tolerance. Plants were irrigated every 4 days with a fertilizer solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m–1 (control) or with a saline solution at an EC of 5.0 dS·m–1 (EC 5) or 10.0 dS·m–1 (EC 10). At 47 days, most species in EC 5 exhibited good visual quality with averaged visual scores greater than 4.6 (0 = dead, 5 = excellent). In EC 10, most A. gramineus plants died, but C. ×acutiflora, F. glauca, and S. heterolepis had no foliar salt damage. At 95 days, C. ×acutiflora, F. glauca, and S. heterolepis in EC 5 had good visual quality with averaged visual scores greater than 4.5. Acorus gramineus, A. ternarius, and C. morrowii showed foliar salt damage with averaged visual scores of 2.7, 3.2, and 3.4, respectively. In EC 10, A. gramineus died, and other grass species exhibited moderate to severe foliar salt damage, except C. ×acutiflora, which retained good visual quality. Plant height, leaf area, number of tillers, shoot dry weight, and/or gas exchange parameters also decreased depending on plant species, salinity level, and the duration of exposure to salinity stress. In conclusion, A. gramineus was the most salt-sensitive species, whereas C. ×acutiflora was the most salt-tolerant species. Festuca glauca and S. heterolepis were more tolerant to salinity than A. ternarius and C. morrowii. Calamagrostis ×acutiflora, F. glauca, and S. heterolepis appear to be more suitable for landscapes in which reclaimed water is used for irrigation. Plant responses to saline water irrigation in this research could also be applied to landscapes in salt-prone areas and coastal regions with saltwater intrusion into aquifers and landscapes affected by maritime salt spray.

scholarly journals (103) Screening Landscape Plants for Their Ability to Accumulate Nitrogen and Phosphorus

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1049B-1049
Author(s):  
Robert F. Polomski ◽  
Milton D. Taylor ◽  
Sarah A. White ◽  
Ted Whitwell ◽  
Stephen J. Klaine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pistia Stratiotes ◽  
Myriophyllum Aquaticum ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Impact Surface ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
P Content ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Net Export

Commercial nurseries use large amounts of water and nutrients during production cycles. Runoff contaminated with N and P can adversely impact surface and groundwater quality. A 3-year monitoring study of nutrient mitigation by a constructed wetland at a container nursery found nitrogen removal was highly efficient. However, orthophosphate-P removal was highly variable. Partial removal occurred during some months, but net export also occurred. P levels in wetland discharge—between 0.84 and 2.75 ppm—were well above the generally accepted level for preventing downstream eutrophication. Therefore, identifying landscape plants that remediate nutrients, especially P, could be useful in improving constructed wetlands. A 2003 greenhouse study screened commercially available landscape plants for their phytoremediation potential. Among the 17 taxa and 19 cultivars examined were woody shrubs, e.g., Cornusamomum, Myricacerifera`Emperor', and Salix integra `Hakura Nishiki'; herbaceous semiaquatics, e.g., Canna(two cultivars), Colocasia esculenta `Illustris', Rhyncospora colorata, Iris`Full Eclipse', Pontederia cordata `Singapore Pink', and Thalia geniculata `Red Stem'; and floating aquatics, e.g., Myriophyllum aquaticum, Eichhornia crassipes, and Pistia stratiotes. Plants were grown in pea gravel media and kept saturated with one of five concentrations of Hoagland's. Herbaceous and woody plants were harvested after 8 and 13 weeks, respectively. Experiments were replicated twice for each cultivar. The nutrient uptake efficiency was determined for each taxon from the total amount of N and P applied and the biomass dry weight and N and P content.

Above and below-ground competition between Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum) and meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii): A greenhouse study

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Walker ◽  
J. R. King
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Kura Clover ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Shoot Competition ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Meadow Bromegrass

Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum) is a perennial legume that shows potential for use in pasture mixtures in western Canada. Previous studies have shown that early growth of kura clover is reduced when grown in mixtures with grass species. A greenhouse study examined the relative importance of above- and below-ground competition on growth and development of kura clover when grown with a grass species. Kura clover plants were grown in pots with meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii) and barriers were put in place to remove all competition, shoot competition, root competition, or to allow full competition. After 12 wk, plants were harvested. Height, leaf area, leaf number, leaf dry weight, and root/crown dry weight were measured. Kura clover leaf number and leaf area were greatest when roots did not interact with meadow bromegrass roots. Vegetative biomass of kura clover doubled when there was no root competition. Shoot competition did not alter leaf number, leaf area, or leaf biomass. Successful establishment of kura clover is dependent on the reduction of root competition during the seedling phase. Measures taken to minimize the below-ground interaction should positively affect the yield potential of both species. Key words: Kura clover, meadow bromegrass, shoot competition, root competition

Foliar Penetration and Phytotoxicity of Paraquat as Influenced by Peanut Cultivar1

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wehtje ◽  
J. W. Wilcut ◽  
J. A. McGuire ◽  
T. V. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Peanut Cultivars

Abstract Field studies were conducted over a three year period to examine the sensitivity of four peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars (Florunner, Sunrunner, Southern runner, and NC 7) to foliar applications of paraquat (1, 1′-dimethyl-4, 4′-bipyridinium ion). Treatments included an untreated control and four herbicide treatments: paraquat applied alone at 0.14 and 0.28 kg/ha, or tank mixed with alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2, 6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] at 4.40 kg/ha. Weeds were hand-removed so that only herbicidal treatments were variables. Paraquat phytotoxicity did not differ between cultivars. No cultivar evaluated was abnormally sensitive nor tolerant to any paraquat-containing treatment. Laboratory studies utilizing radio labelled paraquat revealed that foliar absorption and translocation of paraquat did not vary between peanut cultivars. Yield differences were attributed to differences in yield potential between cultivars.

scholarly journals Fuel manipulation with herbicide treatments to reduce fire hazard in young pine (Pinus elliottii × P. caribaea) plantations in south-east Queensland, Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Lewis ◽  
Joanne De Faveri
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Prescribed Burns ◽  
Standing Biomass ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

Wildfire represents a major risk to pine plantations. This risk is particularly great for young plantations (generally less than 10 m in height) where prescribed fire cannot be used to manipulate fuel biomass, and where flammable grasses are abundant in the understorey. We report results from a replicated field experiment designed to determine the effects of two rates of glyphosate (450 g L–1) application, two extents of application (inter-row only and inter-row and row) with applications being applied once or twice, on understorey fine fuel biomass, fuel structure and composition in south-east Queensland, Australia. Two herbicide applications (~9 months apart) were more effective than a once-off treatment for reducing standing biomass, grass continuity, grass height, percentage grass dry weight and the density of shrubs. In addition, the 6-L ha–1 rate of application was more effective than the 3-L ha–1 rate of application in periodically reducing grass continuity and shrub density in the inter-rows and in reducing standing biomass in the tree rows, and application in the inter-rows and rows significantly reduced shrub density relative to the inter-row-only application. Herbicide treatment in the inter-rows and rows is likely to be useful for managing fuels before prescribed fire in young pine plantations because such treatment minimised tree scorch height during prescribed burns. Further, herbicide treatments had no adverse effects on plantation trees, and in some cases tree growth was enhanced by treatments. However, the effectiveness of herbicide treatments in reducing the risk of tree damage or mortality under wildfire conditions remains untested.

Comparison of Aminocyclopyrachlor to Common Herbicides for Kudzu (Pueraria montana) Management

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Minogue ◽  
Stephen F. Enloe ◽  
Anna Osiecka ◽  
Dwight K. Lauer
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Groundwater Pollution ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Metsulfuron Methyl ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Pueraria Montana

AbstractKudzu is an invasive perennial climbing vine characterized by fast growth rates and tolerance to control measures. Repeated applications with high rates of 2,4-D plus picloram provide effective kudzu control, but picloram use is not permitted in certain states due to groundwater pollution concerns. Studies were conducted in Alabama and Florida to compare kudzu control with aminocyclopyrachlor, a new herbicide, to control provided by aminopyralid, clopyralid, metsulfuron methyl, and picloram plus 2,4-D, which are common treatments for kudzu management. Two annual applications of the same herbicide treatment were evaluated for effects on kudzu cover, kudzu volume index, and cover of other vegetation. Aminocyclopyrachlor at 140 to 280 g ae ha−1 (2 to 4 oz ae ac−1) was as effective as the standard 4.48 kg ae ha−1 (4 lb ae ac−1) 2,4-D amine plus 1.2 kg ae ha−1 picloram for kudzu control. There were no differences in kudzu control among the three rates of aminocyclopyrachlor tested. Colonization by graminoids, forbs, and Rubus spp. at 2 yr was greatest for herbicides providing the best kudzu control: aminocyclopyrachlor, and 2,4-D plus picloram. Herbicide treatments were more effective in controlling kudzu at the Alabama location, but repeated annual applications for 2 yr did not completely eliminate kudzu with any treatment at either site.

scholarly journals The Growth and Composition of Wool III. Variations in the Sulphur Content of Wool

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 671 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Reis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Different Levels

The sulphur content of wool was measured during experiments in which the nutritive status of sheep was altered by changes in the amount or composition of the diet. Three experiments were carried out, involving 13 sheep and five diets given at different levels of feeding. Wool grown on delineated areas was collected and its clean dry weight and sulphur content were determined. Wool growth rates varied between 0�3 and 1� 8 mg clean dry wool/cm2/day.

The effect of barley yellow dwarf virus on early plant growth in ryegrass (Lolium spp.)

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Eagling ◽  
RJ Sward ◽  
GM Halloran
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

Measurements were made on the effect of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection on the early growth of four commercial cultivars of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) under two different temperatures (24�C and 16�C). At 24'C, BYDV infection was associated with reduced root dry weight (30-40%) in all cultivars; the effect of infection on shoot dry weight and leaf area was variable. At 16�C, the effect of BYDV infection was variable, being associated with increases in root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and leaf area in one cultivar (Grasslands Ariki) and decreases in another (Victorian). In two other cultivars, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and leaf area were not significantly affected (P>0.05) by infection with BYDV.At 24�C, the reductions in root dry weight associated with BYDV infection were not concomitant with reductions in the root relative growth rates. Up to at least 28 days after inoculation (46-50 days after germination) reductions in root dry weight were associated with both aphid-feeding damage and virus infection. Experiments with the cultivar Victorian, showed that shoot dry weight was not significantly affected (P>0.05) by feeding with viruliferous (BYDV) or non-viruliferous aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi L.). At 16�C, changes in root and shoot dry weight were associated with changes in the root and shoot relative growth rates.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document