Foliar Penetration and Phytotoxicity of Paraquat as Influenced by Peanut Cultivar1

Abstract Field studies were conducted over a three year period to examine the sensitivity of four peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars (Florunner, Sunrunner, Southern runner, and NC 7) to foliar applications of paraquat (1, 1′-dimethyl-4, 4′-bipyridinium ion). Treatments included an untreated control and four herbicide treatments: paraquat applied alone at 0.14 and 0.28 kg/ha, or tank mixed with alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2, 6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] at 4.40 kg/ha. Weeds were hand-removed so that only herbicidal treatments were variables. Paraquat phytotoxicity did not differ between cultivars. No cultivar evaluated was abnormally sensitive nor tolerant to any paraquat-containing treatment. Laboratory studies utilizing radio labelled paraquat revealed that foliar absorption and translocation of paraquat did not vary between peanut cultivars. Yield differences were attributed to differences in yield potential between cultivars.

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Genotypic Differences in Current Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars in Phenology and Stability of These Traits under Different Irrigation Scheduling Methods

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/ps08-023.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 110-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D. L. Rowland ◽

J. P. Beasley ◽

W. H. Faircloth

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Growth Period ◽

Irrigation Scheduling ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Reproductive Phenology ◽

Genotypic Differences ◽

Canopy Architecture ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Scheduling Method ◽

Peanut Cultivars

Abstract Understanding differences among peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars in growth and phenology and the interactions with environment (G X E interactions) for these traits allows predictions for yield potential or performance in variable environments. Despite the importance of this information, very little quantitative data exists on the differences in aboveground growth, canopy architecture, and reproductive phenology for currently grown peanut cultivars. This study quantified differences in these traits among eight peanut cultivars and explored whether irrigation scheduling method (a factor of environment) affected the development in these traits through the season in 2004 and 2005. As expected, year to year variability in environmental conditions (most likely timing of rainfall events during the growing season) significantly affected growth habit across cultivars. However, the irrigation scheduling method, despite differences in total water applied among methods during the season, had no effect on any of the measured traits. This result is likely due to the fact that all methods were adequately supplying crop water demand. Genetic variability in all of the measured growth and phonological traits was strong despite the expectation that cultivars were genetically similar. Further, the lack of significant interactions between year and cultivar for most of the plant growth and reproductive characteristics also indicated a strong genetic component to these traits. One overall trend noted was that late-maturing cultivars had, on average, higher maximum values of LAI, stem mass, and leaf mass measured in the late growth period. Differences in isotopic composition were also strong among cultivars; the cultivars Georgia-02C and Tifrunner had significantly higher isotopic levels (and thus water-use efficiency) than Georgia-01R, Georgia Green, and AP3 across years. Aside from the obvious relationships between pod number and weight, the strongest predictors of reproductive output were late-season traits including leaf weight and LAI. This study successfully documented variability among peanut cultivars in many important traits linked to overall production.

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Influence of Flumioxazin Rate and Herbicide Combinations on Weed Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/pnut.29.1.0005 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 24-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

T. L. Grey ◽

D. C. Bridges ◽

E. F. Eastin ◽

G. E. MacDonald

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Field Studies ◽

Late Season ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Small Flower

Abstract Field studies were conducted during 1997 and 1998 at three different locations in Georgia to determine peanut and weed response to pendimethalin at 1.1 kg ai/ha applied preplantincorporated (PPI) followed by flumioxazin at 71, 87, and 105 g ai/ha applied preemergence (PRE). Other residual treatments combinations with pendimethalin PPI included flumioxazin mixed with metolachlor or dimethenamid PRE, diclosulam PRE, norflurazon PRE, and imazapic applied postemergence (POST). Herbicide combinations that included flumioxazin controlled Florida beggarweed, tropic croton, and small flower morningglory at least 78% or greater. Late season Florida beggarweed control was 90% or greater with pendimethalin PPI plus flumioxazin at 87 to 105 g/ha applied PRE. Pendimethalin plus flumioxazin did not control sicklepod or yellow nutsedge. Smallflower morningglory control with all herbicide treatments was 90% or greater. Entireleaf morningglory control (when used in combination with pendimethalin PPI) increased from 80% with flumioxazin at 105 g/ha to 90% for flumioxazin in combination with metolachlor. Yields were similar for flumioxazin, norflurazon, imazapic, and diclosulam treated peanut.

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Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.) Control in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-22-2-8 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 114-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. V. Altom ◽

R. B. Westerman ◽

D. S. Murray

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Butanoic Acid ◽

Late Season ◽

Nitrobenzoic Acid ◽

Pod Yield ◽

Eclipta Prostrata ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Sequential Treatments

Abstract Field experiments were conducted from 1991 to 1993 to evaluate eclipta, Eclipta prostrata L., control and peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., response to herbicide treatments. Fomesafen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoro-methyl)phenoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzamide} applied at cracking was the only preemergence-applied herbicide which provided season-long control (>84%). Herbicides applied postemergence were more effective when the eclipta was less than 5 cm in height. The most consistent early postemergence treatments were bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazm-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], and bentazon + acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} + 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichloro-phenoxy)butanoic acid]. Various other early postemergence followed by late postemergence sequential treatments also were equally effective. Minor peanut injury was observed at the early season rating from several herbicides; however, all injury had disappeared by the late season rating. Eclipta control did not consistently improve peanut pod yield.

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Response of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) and Imidazolinone-Resistant Corn (Zea mays) to AC 263,222

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00046078 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 484-488 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

John W. Wilcut ◽

John S. Richburg ◽

F. Robert Walls

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Weed Control ◽

Untreated Control ◽

Field Studies ◽

Sorghum Halepense ◽

Corn Yield ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Ac 263,222 ◽

Large Crabgrass

Field studies were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to evaluate AC 263,222 applied postemergence (POST) alone and as a mixture with atrazine or bentazon for weed control in imidazolinone-resistant corn. Nicosulfuron alone and nicosulfuron plus atrazine were also evaluated. Herbicide treatments were applied following surface-banded applications of two insecticides, carbofuran or terbufos at planting. Crop sensitivity to POST herbicides, corn yield, and weed control was not affected by insecticide treatments. AC 263,222 at 36 and 72 g ai/ha controlled rhizomatous johnsongrass 88 and 99%, respectively, which was equivalent to nicosulfuron applied alone or with atrazine. AC 263,222 at 72 g/ha controlled large crabgrass 99% and redroot pigweed 100%, and this level of control exceeded that obtained with nicosulfuron alone. AC 263,222 at 72 g/ha controlled sicklepod and morningglory species 99 and 98%, respectively. Nicosulfuron alone or with atrazine controlled these two species less than AC 263,222 at 72 g/ha. Addition of bentazon or atrazine to AC 263,222 did not improve control of any species compared with the higher rate of AC 263,222 at 72 g/ha applied alone. Corn yield increased over the untreated control when POST herbicide(s) were applied, but there were no differences in yield among herbicide treatments.

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Control of Bur Gherkins (Cucumis anguria) in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) with Herbicides1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-8-1-17 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 66-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. A. Buchanan ◽

E. W. Hauser ◽

R. M. Patterson

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Naphthylphthalamic Acid ◽

Herbicide Programs ◽

Cotyledonary Stage ◽

Treatment Sequences

Abstract Experiments were conducted from 1975 to 1977 to determine the efficacy of herbicides for control of bur gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Most bur gherkins seed planted in the field germinated in the upper 2.5 cm of soil, although some seed germinated from 7 cm. In greenhouse and field experiments, preplant-incorporated applications of vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) substantially reduced the green weight of bur gherkin plants and also improved the efficacy of several cracking and postemergence herbicidal treatments. Postemergence treatment sequences were much more effective when they were begun while bur gherkins were in the cotyledonary stage of development rather than the 3- to 5-leaf stage. Preplanting application and incorporation of vernolate + benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine), followed by a cracking application of alachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] + naptalam (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid) + dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol), followed by dinoseb controlled bur gherkins. Some of the most intensive herbicide programs reduced the yield of peanuts in some experiments. Bur gherkin plants that survived the herbicide treatments produced substantial quantities of fruit and seed.

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Effects of photoperiod on reproductive development of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in a cool subtropical environment. I. Field studies

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9911133 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 42 (7) ◽

pp. 1133 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

MJ Bell ◽

G Harch

Keyword(s):

Treatment Period ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Reproductive Development ◽

Field Studies ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Climatic Data ◽

Subsequent Paper ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Subtropical Environment

The effects of photoperiod on reproductive development and yield of two Virginia, one Spanish and one Valencia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar were investigated in the field at Kingaroy, Australia. The objective was to assess the importance of photoperiod as a limitation to post-flowering reproductive development in a cool subtropical environment. A total of five experimental sowings were made between the 1986/87 and 1988/89 growing seasons. Treatments consisted of either natural photoperiods (ranging from 11 to 14 h, depending on sowing date and growth stage) or long (16 h) photoperiods during a range of phenological stages, both pre- and post-flowering. Long photoperiods were achieved by using low intensity light from incandescent bulbs with equal extension periods in both morning and evening. Different sowing dates and seasons were used to produce a range of natural photoperiods, radiation and temperature regimes, while shadecloth was used to alter incident irradiance during the 1988/89 experiments. Photoperiod responses were significant in only one experiment (S2, 1986/87), and were due to effects of treatment during the immediate post-flowering period. Numbers of flowers, pegs and pods were reduced under long photoperiods in cv. Robut 33-1, and to a lesser extent, in cv. White Spanish. The Virginia cv. Uf 781 14-5 was unaffected. The effects of long photoperiods during this 30 day post-flowering treatment were not expressed until after the treatment period. Effects were relatively small and reproductive (pod) yields at maturity were not significantly reduced. The lack of strong photoperiod responses in the reportedly sensitive Valencia cv. NC17090 and the occurrence of the strongest response in the relatively insensitive cv. Robut 33-1 were unexpected. Analysis of climatic data from these experiments, and others reported in the literature, suggested interactions between photoperiod and temperature, with photoperiod effects being only significant at higher temperatures, i.e. in our studies, when mean daily temperature during the treatment period was 26-0�C. This finding is of considerable significance in assessing the importance of photoperiod sensitivity for cultivar adaptation to long day/subtropical environments. A subsequent paper in this series examines photoperiod x temperature interactions more closely under controlled environment conditions.

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Peanut Peg Strength and Associated Pod Yield and Loss by Cultivar

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/ps17-1.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 77-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. B. Sorensen ◽

R.C. Nuti ◽

C.C. Holbrook ◽

C.Y. Chen

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Late Season ◽

Pod Yield ◽

Harvest Dates ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Peanut Cultivars ◽

Stems And Leaves

ABSTRACT Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) peg strength and associated pod yield and digging loss were documented for nine cultivars and two breeding genotypes across three harvest dates (early, mid, and late season) at two Southwest Georgia locations during 2010 and 2011. Cultivars selected were Georgia Green, Georgia Greener, Georgia-02C, Georgia-06G, Georgia-07W, Georgia-09B, Georgia-10T, Florida-07, Tifguard, and advanced breeding lines EXP27-1516 and TifGP-2. Prior to digging, a minimum of three peanut plants from each plot were selected and excess stems and leaves were removed with scissors leaving individual peanut pegs and pods with about 5-cm of stem. Each peanut pod was placed in a “U” shaped metal bracket attached to an electronic force gauge and the stem was pulled manually until the pod detached. After digging and combining, a tractor-mounted scavenger machine was used to collect pods remaining in the soil. Peg strength was greater at Dawson (6.14 N) compared to Tifton (5.28 N) in 2010 but were similar in 2011 (4.51 and 4.39 N, respectively). Dawson had consistently higher yields (5326 kg/ha) and lower pod loss (562 kg/ha) compared with Tifton (3803 kg/ha and 936 kg/ha, respectively). Peanut cultivars with greater peg strength across locations were Georgia-06G, Florida-07, and Georiga-02C. Cultivar Georiga-06G showed the greatest yield across locations and years. Other cultivars may have had stronger peg strength, greater pod yield, or lower pod loss but none were more consistent than these three cultivars across years, locations, and harvest dates.

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Effect of Cultivars and Field Traffic on the Fruiting Patterns of Virgina Type Peanuts1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-8-2-6 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 103-105

Author(s):

R. Walton Mozingo

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Intermediate Type ◽

Growth Type ◽

New Production ◽

Similar Position ◽

Probability Field ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Peanut Cultivars ◽

Production Practices ◽

Growth Habits

Abstract Knowledge of the fruiting patterns of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) is useful in determining the most feasible band widths for pesticides and other amendments, designing new peanut equipment and adapting new production practices for specific cultivars. The fruiting patterns and the effect of field traffic on these patterns were determined on five large-seeded Virginia type peanut cultivars with variant growth habits. Cultivars differed in fruiting patterns with the bunch growth type having a significantly higher percentage of their pods near the taproot than the runner types. The bunch types, NC 17 and NC-FLA 14 had 73.5 and 66.5% of their total fruit within a 13-cm wide section centered over the taproot whereas, the runners, VA 72R and Florigiant, and the intermediate type, NC 5, had 42.8, 45.5 and 45.3%, respectively, in a similar position. At the 0.05 level of probability, field traffic had no significant effect on the fruit distribution of the bunch cultivars, but NC 5, VA 72R and Florigiant (at 0.10 level) produced significantly less fruit on the side of the row subjected to field traffic during the fruiting season.

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Evaluation of Improved Valencia Peanut Varieties for Production in Haiti

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/ps18-13.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

A.M. Fulmer ◽

T.B. Brenneman ◽

R.C. Kemerait ◽

R. Macajoux ◽

D.A. Carroll ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Leaf Spot ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Average Increase ◽

Cercosporidium Personatum ◽

Central Plateau ◽

Late Leaf Spot ◽

Puccinia Arachidis ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Plot Design

ABSTRACT Late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personatum) and peanut rust (Puccinia arachidis) are the most important diseases of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Haiti. Traditional Haitian peanut varieties are not only susceptible to these diseases but are also typically grown without benefit of a fungicide program. Five trials were conducted from 2015 to 2017 to evaluate the performance of six Valencia varieties in Quartier-Morin, Haiti (with an additional trial in 2017 at the Central Plateau) with respect to yield, resistance to rust and leaf spot diseases, and response to a fungicide program. A split-plot design with four or six replications was used in these studies. In each, “variety” was the whole plot and presence or absence of a fungicide program was the subplot. Valencia market types 309 Red, 309 Tan, M2, M3, SGV0801 and a local landrace were compared with and without Muscle ADV (tebuconazole + chlorothalonil, Sipcam) (2.3 L/ha) applied at 45, 60 and 75 days after planting (DAP). Final disease ratings (late leaf spot and peanut rust) were assessed approximately 94 DAP and plots were harvested the day following. In all trials, 309 Tan variety had the least amount of leaf spot and rust, but resulted in the lowest yield in four out of five trials, averaging 1727 kg/ha across fungicide treatments. M3, M2 and 309 Red were generally the numerically highest-yielding varieties, averaging 2906, 2864 and 2541 kg/ha across fungicide treatments, respectively, but were not statistically higher than the local Haitian Valencia, averaging 2374 kg/ha. Three fungicide applications during the season significantly increased yields in most trials for all varieties except 309 Tan. The highest and lowest average increase in yield from fungicide was for 309 Red (1126 kg/ha) and 309 Tan (103 kg/ha), respectively. The results from this study conducted over 2 years and 4 seasons document that while resistance to late leaf spot and rust is available in Valencia varieties, yield potential is not directly associated with that resistance. Also, use of fungicide improves yield potential in more susceptible varieties.

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Tropic Croton (Croton glandulosus) Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x0003387x ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 795-798 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

John W. Wilcut

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Field Studies ◽

Common Ragweed ◽

Application Timing ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Net Returns ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

The Common

Field studies in 1988 and 1989 evaluated POST herbicides alone and in tank-mixtures for tropic croton control in peanut. Acifluorfen + 2,4-DB, acifluorfen + bentazon, acifluorfen + bentazon + 2,4-DB controlled > 90% of tropic croton when applied at 2 or 4 wk after crop emergence. Paraquat + bentazon controlled 55% at 2 wk and 24% at 4 wk after crop emergence. Imazethapyr and imazethapyr + 2,4-DB controlled < 24% tropic croton at either 2 or 4 wk after crop emergence. Acifluorfen + 2,4-DB, acifluorfen + bentazon, and acifluorfen + bentazon + 2,4-DB controlled at least 90% of the common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and morningglory species. Greatest yields and net returns were obtained with acifluorfen + bentazon + 2,4-DB applied 2 wk after crop emergence. Yields were higher with acifluorfen + bentazon + 2,4-DB and imazethapyr applied at 2 wk after crop emergence than at 4 wk after crop emergence. All other herbicide treatments provided equivalent yields among application timings. Only acifluorfen + 2,4-DB provided equivalent net returns at either application timing. All other herbicide treatments provided lower net returns with applications made at 4 wk than at 2 wk after crop emergence.

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