scholarly journals 623 PB 445 ALTERNATIVES TO METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION IN TOMATO PRODUCTION

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 521e-521
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Barbour ◽  
Kathy H. Brock ◽  
B.A. Fortnum ◽  
Dennis R. Decoreau
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Plastic Surface ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Pest control-related problems jeopardize the advancement of our nation's vegetable industry. Because of the adverse effects of many fumigants. the grower is increasingly pressured to utilize sustainable. environmentally sound agricultural practices yet still maintain a marketable, blemish-free product. The effects of wavelength selective mulches and three different fumigants on overall plant development and nematode control were studied in field grown, staked tomatoes. Plots were fumigated with methyl bromide. Telone II, or Telone C17. Within rows, mulch color was established by application of either white or red exterior enamel paint to the black plastic surface of polyethylene mulch. Reflective light from each mulch color was measured using a LiCor 1800 Spectroradiometer. Temperature below the mulch surface was monitored with a datalogger. Prior to the first marketable harvest, plants grown on white mulch produced greater fruit weight and total dry weight than plants grown on black or red mulch. Total marketable yields, however. were not significantly different between the three mulches. Early and marketable yields from fumigated plots did not differ from control treatments. The lack of response due to fumigation may have been due to low initial nematode populations in the field.

scholarly journals METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES IN FRESH MARKET TOMATO PRODUCTION

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 759a-759
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Ray ◽  
Sandra B. Wilson ◽  
Kathy H. Brock ◽  
Bruce A. Fortnum ◽  
Dennis R. Decoteau
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Methyl Bromide Alternatives ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Pest management is of primary importance to the vegetable industry in our nation. In recent years producers have undergone much scrutiny concerning their pest control strategies, which often include the use of chemical pesticides. Due to the detrimental effects of many fumigants, growers are being forced to incorporate more environmentally sound agricultural practices while still producing a healthy, marketable commodity. The effects of three different fumigants and reflective mulches on plant growth and development were studied in field-grown, staked tomatoes. Methyl bromide, Telone II, or Telone C-17 were used in fumigation of plots. The establishment of mulch color was done via applications of exterior enamel paint, white or red in color, to the surface of black polyethylene mulch. With the exception of total marketable yields, no interactions existed between mulch color and fumigant. Red mulch and Telone II treatments resulted in the highest total marketable yield. Telone II application increased early marketable yield. White mulch color increased preharvest yield and black mulch color decreased early marketable yield. Low initial populations of nematodes may be the cause for lack of response due to fumigation.

The effect of plastic mulch and row covers on the growth and physiology of cucumber

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ibarra-Jiménez ◽  
M. R. Quezada-Martín ◽  
M. de la Rosa-Ibarra
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Row Covers ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

To determine the effectiveness of black plastic mulch alone and in combination with row covers, on growth and physiological changes of cucumber plants, 6 treatments were established in a randomised complete block design with 4 replications: bare soil (control); black polyethylene mulch alone (B); B plus a clear cover of perforated polyethylene (BRCP); B plus a white cover of perforated polyethylene (BRWP); B plus an Agribon cover of polypropylene (BRA); and B plus a Kimberly farm row cover (BRK). For the plants grown with mulch or mulch combined with row covers, the dry weight of leaves 50 days after seeding (DAS), and the dry weight of whole plants (at 50 and 110 DAS) were significantly (P<0.05) different from the control. Early yields of treatments B, BRCP, BRWP, BRA and BRK were 2.1, 1.9, 2.6, 1.9 and 2.4 times higher than the control, which yielded 10 t/ha. Total yields were increased by 9.7, 15.4, 19.8, 14.9 and 20 t/ha, over the control which yielded 104 t/ha. Increases in plant dry weight explained the changes in yield. Stomatal conductance may explain in part, the increase in photosynthetic rate, but may not explain yield increase.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF SOIL FUMIGANTS (METHAM SODIUM VS. METHYL BROMIDE) AND PLASTIC MULCH ON YIELD OF TOMATOES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1171b-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Kovach ◽  
James Brown ◽  
Walter Hogue ◽  
Larry Curtis ◽  
William S. Gazaway
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Soil Fumigants ◽  
Metham Sodium

Drip-irrigated tomato (`Sunny') plants were treated with five levels of fumigant in combination with three levels of mulch. Fumigants were metham sodium at two rates, 475 and 950 L/ha, a 67% methyl bromide + 33% chloropicrin formulation (164.5 kg/ha, and a 98% methyl bromide + 2% chloropicrin formulation (329 kg/ha). Mulching levels were 1.25 mil silver on black polyethylene (plastic), blue-black latex mulch sprayed over the plant beds, and no mulch. Plants treated with metham sodium (950 L/ha) had a significantly higher number of marketable fruit than plants treated with no fumigant or the 98% methyl bromide + 2% chloropicrin formulation. Marketable fruit weight was not significantly affected by the five fumigation levels. Plants grown with black plastic mulch had a significantly higher marketable yield than plants grown with no mulch, 58,100 kg/ha vs. 50,800 kg/ha, respectively. The level of mulching did not significantly affect the marketable number of fruit.

scholarly journals Interaction of Supplementary Light and CO2 Enrichment Improves Growth, Photosynthesis, Yield, and Quality of Tomato in Autumn through Spring Greenhouse Production

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonghua Pan ◽  
Juanjuan Ding ◽  
Gege Qin ◽  
Yunlong Wang ◽  
Linjie Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Yield And Quality

During the autumn/spring “off” season, yield and quality of tomatoes are often affected by insufficient CO2 and low light in greenhouse production. Although tomato is one of the most widely cultivated vegetables, few studies have investigated the interactive effects of supplementary light and CO2 enrichment on its growth, photosynthesis, yield, and fruit quality in greenhouse production. This study investigates the effects of supplementary light (200 ± 20 μmol·m–2·s–1) and CO2 enrichment (increases to about 800 μmol·mol–1), independently and in combination, on these parameters in autumn through spring tomato production. Compared with tomatoes grown under ambient CO2 concentrations and no supplementary light (CaLn), supplementary light (CaLs) and supplementary light and CO2 enrichment (CeLs) significantly promoted growth and dry weight accumulation. Meanwhile, CO2 enrichment (CeLn) and CaLs significantly improved photosynthetic pigment contents and net photosynthetic (Pn) rates, whereas CeLs further improved these and also increased water use efficiency (WUE). CeLn, CaLs, and CeLs significantly increased single fruit weight by 16.2%, 28.9%, and 36.6%, and yield per plant by 19.0%, 35.6%, and 60.8%, respectively. The effect of supplementary light on these parameters was superior to that of CO2 enrichment. In addition, CaLs and CeLs improved nutritional quality significantly. Taken together, CeLs promoted the greatest yield, WUE, and fruit quality, suggesting it may be a worthwhile practice for off-season tomato cultivation.

scholarly journals Heirloom Tomato Production in Conventional and Transitional-organic Managed Systems

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1034-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Francis ◽  
C. Robert Stark,
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Conventional Culture ◽  
Cloudy Weather ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Demand for heirloom tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and organically grown produce is increasing. The objective of this research was to compare heirloom tomato production in conventional (CS) and organic-transitional (OS) production systems. Heirloom cultivars Arkansas Traveler–the original, Cherokee Purple, Kentucky Beefsteak, Manulucie, and Persimmon Orange were grown in 2007 and 2008 on a raised bed, microirrigated, black plastic mulch culture in a split-plot design with production system as the main plot. Inorganic fertilizer at 160N–13P–50K kg·ha−1 [NH4NO3, Ca(H2PO4)2, KCl] or poultry litter (PL) at 5600 kg·ha−1 was applied in March and soil-incorporated. Transplanting occurred on 12 Apr. 2007 and 22 Apr. 2008. PL supplied 194N–133P–183K and 145N–83P–171K kg·ha−1 potential in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Overall, there were no system effects on total marketable fruit weight, marketable fruit numbers, average fruit weights, total cull weights, or percent marketable yields. Marketable yields averaged across systems ranged from 8,457 to 13,550 kg·ha−1 in 2007 and 1,224 to 5,974 kg·ha−1 in 2008. Weather-delayed transplanting followed by wet and cloudy weather in April and May and greater incidence of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) were suspected for lower yields in 2008. Petiole sap nitrate-N of whole plot treatments were considered within sufficiency levels for both systems when checked at pre- and early harvest. Soil pH of the CS dropped from 7.2 to 5.6 after two seasons but did not change in the OS. Organic production of heirloom tomatoes using PL yielded equivalently to conventional culture for 2 years after transition from conventional management.

Interaction between leaf pruning and fruiting of pot-grown Valencia orange cuttings

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
DH Maggs ◽  
A McEAlexander
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Full Size ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

The effects of leaf pruning on plants with and without fruit were studied in a 4-month pot trial. Pruning levels were (a) leaves intact, (b) leaves halved, and (c) leaves quartered. Leaves were pruned when they attained full size. Fruiting had no effect on total dry weight increment whereas leaf pruning reduced it. For fruiting trees, however, leaf pruning affected mainly fruit weight, the vegetative increments differing by only 10.7% of their mean. Fruiting had no significant effect on the proportions of leaf, stem, or root but leaf pruning increased the proportion of leaf at the expense of root. The proportion of fruit in the total increment decreased with increasing severity of leaf pruning. The intact defruited plant continued to produce flowers throughout the experiment. The total number of leaves produced was approximately halved by fruiting. The net assimilation rate of intact defruited plants was at least 30% less than that of all other treatments. It is concluded that fruit does not compete successfully for metabolites against a stimulated leaf production.

Effect of Turnip Soil Amendment and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Tuber Densities on Interference in Polyethylene-Mulched Tomato

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Yellow nutsedge is a problematic weed in polyethylene-mulched tomato production. Soil fumigation with methyl bromide is the most effective method of controlling nutsedges, but because of ozone depletion, the phase-out of methyl bromide has complicated nutsedge control in polyethylene-mulched tomato and other vegetable crops. Plants belonging to the Brassicaceae family produce glucosinolates, which upon tissue decomposition generate biocidal isothiocyanates and therefore can be used as a biological alternative for yellow nutsedge control. Field experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2009 to study the influence of soil amendment with ‘Seventop’ turnip cover crop on the interference of yellow nutsedge planted at 0, 50, and 100 tubers m−2in raised-bed polyethylene-mulched tomato production. There was no advantage of soil amendment with Seventop on reducing yellow nutsedge interference in polyethylene-mulched tomato. Regardless of soil amendment, increasing initial tuber density from 50 to 100 tubers m−2increased yellow nutsedge shoot density, shoot dry weight, and tuber production at least 1.7, 1.6, and 1.6 times, respectively. As a result, tomato canopy width, shoot dry weight, and marketable yield decreased with increasing initial tuber densities. However, increased tuber density had minimal impact on tomato height. Relative to weed-free plots, interference of yellow nutsedge at 50 and 100 tubers m−2reduced marketable yield of tomato up to 32 and 49%, respectively. Shading of the middle and lower portion of tomato plants by yellow nutsedge shoots could be the major factor for reducing tomato growth and yield in weedy plots. It is concluded that soil amendment with Seventop turnip is not a viable option for reducing yellow nutsedge interference at 50 and 100 tuber m−2in polyethylene-mulched tomato.

scholarly journals The Effects of Black Plastic Mulch and Weed Control Strategies on Herb Yield

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline A. Ricotta ◽  
John B. Masiunas
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Petroselinum Crispum ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch ◽  
Heavy Infestation ◽  
Potential Use

Black polyethylene mulch and weed control strategies were evaluated for potential use by small acreage herb producers. In both 1988 and 1989, the mulch greatly increased fresh and dry weight yields of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Parsley (Petroselinum crispum Nym.) yield did not respond to the mulch. Preplant application of napropamide provided weed control for 2 weeks, but was subsequently not effective on a heavy infestation of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Hand-hoed and glyphosate-treated plots (both with and without plastic) produced equivalent yields. Chemical names used: N, N -diethyl-2(1-napthalenoxy)-propanamide (napropamide); N- (phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate).

scholarly journals Response of Wheat Cultivars in Different Agricultural Practices Differed by Sowing Date

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-255
Author(s):  
Ramesh Acharya ◽  
Santosh Marahatta ◽  
Lal P Amgain
Keyword(s):  
Winter Season ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Conventional Agriculture ◽  
Crop Establishment ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Total Dry Weight

A field experiment with three wheat varieties at different sowing dates on two crop establishment methods was accomplished to identify the optimum sowing date at AFU Rampur during winter season of 2014/2015. Three wheat varieties namely: Tillotama, Danfe and Vijay sown on three dates: 14th November, 29th November, and 14th December under two crop establishment practices: Conservational and conventional agriculture were evaluated with strip –split plot design in three replications. The field data onyield attributes and yields were collected. Earlier sowing on 14th November gave the highest yield (3427.15 kg ha-1), total dry matter (8154.44 kg ha-1), with longest days to crop maturation (133.11 days). In case of varieties, Vijay gave the highest grain yield (3458.61 kg ha-1) and total dry weight (4456.11 and 8832.42 kg ha-1 respectively) with earliest days to heading and maturity. The straw yield was the highest for 29th November sowing (5821 kg ha-1) and for Danfe variety (5756 kg ha-1). Vijay variety recorded the highest test weight (43.60 g) and highest harvest index (35.89%) even though with the lowest effective tillers per square meter (320.83), it proved to be the most promising variety. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(2): 250-255

scholarly journals Use of Ethephon as a Controlled Abscission Agent on Paprika Pepper

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 853E-853
Author(s):  
James E. Motes ◽  
Brian A. Kahn ◽  
Niels O. Maness
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Phosphonic Acid ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Red Pigment ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Our objective was to increase the percentage of marketable red fruit at harvest time on paprika pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants intended for mechanical harvest by using ethephon [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] to remove late-developing blooms and green fruit. We conducted three experiments on field-grown plants in southwestern Oklahoma. We tested ethephon solutions of 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 μl·liter–1 as a one-time foliar application on various dates. Total dry weight of harvested fruit decreased linearly with ethephon rate in all three studies. Marketable fruit as a percentage of total harvested fruit weight increased linearly with ethephon rate in two studies. There was no consistent effect of ethephon on the intensity of red pigment extracted from dehydrated marketable fruit. With proper timing, as little as 1000 μl ethephon/liter was enough to alter the distribution of total harvested fruit weight toward marketable fruit and away from green fruit. A target spray “window” of the last 10 days in September seemed appropriate for southwestern Oklahoma, and the recommended rate of ethephon was between 2000 and 3000 μl·liter–1.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document