scholarly journals 743 PB 073 ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES AMONG THREE SPECIES OF Fragaria

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 539e-539
Author(s):  
Bruce D. Kelley ◽  
J. Scott Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Protein Content ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Soluble Protein

Several anatomical and physiological parameters were measured in 32 genotypes of fragaia, including the cultivated strawberry (frapria × ananassa) and its progenitor speck F. chiloensis and F. virginiana Measurements were made using potted. runner-propagated, &month-old greenhouse-grown plants growing under long day (14/10) conditions. Significant differences in CO2 assimilation rates (leaf area and dry weight bases). leaf chlorophyll content, leaf soluble protein content, and leaf anatomy were found between subspecies of F. virginana as well as among species. Recessed stomata and greater water use efficiency were observed in F. virginana ssp glauca as well as in F. chiloensis genotypes. In addition, it appears that leaf anatomy characteristics, as studied using light microscopy, may he useful in corroborating taxonomic decisions based upon gross morphology in Fragaria.

scholarly journals Integrated Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Sowing Methods on Weed Dynamics and System Productivity of Maize–Cowpea Sequence on Vertisols

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 808
Author(s):  
Hanamant M. Halli ◽  
Sanganabasappa Angadi ◽  
Prabhu Govindasamy ◽  
Raghavendra Madar ◽  
Manjanagouda S. Sannagoudar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
System Productivity ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Soil Moisture Availability ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Weed Dynamics ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Irrigation Levels

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of sowing methods and deficit irrigation on weed dynamics, yield and water-use efficiency (WUE) of the maize–cowpea system during the summer and monsoon seasons, respectively. The field experiment was carried out for two years (2015 and 2016) using a split design with three replicates under irrigated (maize) and rainfed (cowpea) conditions on vertisols of a semi-arid region. Treatments included three sowing methods [i.e., broad bed and furrow (BBF), corrugated furrow (CF) and ridges and furrow (RF)] and four irrigation levels [i.e., irrigation once in 10 days (I10D), irrigation at 40% (I40), at 50% (I50) and at 60% (I60) depletion]. The results indicated that, regardless of weed flora (monocots, dicots and sedges), the RF method produced higher weed density (2.09–2.98 No. m−2) compared to CF (2.00–2.80 No. m−2) and BBF (1.85–2.64 No. m−2) in maize at 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). The RF method with irrigation at I40 and I50 recorded significantly higher weed density, followed by the CF and BBF method. A similar trend was also observed with dry weight of weeds (monocot; 24.19%, dicot; 25.52%, and sedges; 29.80%) in maize at 30 and 60 DAS. Higher weed density and dry weight of weeds in the RF method with I40 was due to higher soil moisture availability and higher nutrient uptake due to larger lateral wetting of the soil and greater water use (29.27%). However, the BBF method favoured the growth of weeds (9.33–16.60%) in cowpea at 55 DAS and coped under rain-fed situation over CF and RF. The CF with moderate depletion (I50) method produced significantly higher maize equivalent yield (MEY) of cowpea (10,000 kg ha−1) with considerable reduction in the total water usage (19.33%). Therefore, under a water scarcity situation, growers can practice CF and I50 for higher yield and WUE of maize–cowpea sequence cropping.

scholarly journals Shade Intensity Influences Water Use and Growth of Three Viburnum Species

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjina Shrestha ◽  
Janet C. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Necrosis ◽  
Growth Quality

Water use, growth, and leaf necrosis of Burkwood viburnum, Korean spice viburnum, and leatherleaf viburnum were evaluated on plants grown in 0 (full sun), 30, or 60% shade during 2010 and 2011. In both years, total water use of Burkwood viburnum decreased with increased shade intensity. Water use of leatherleaf viburnum was lowest in 0% and highest in 30% shade. Daily water use was lower in 0% than in 30 or 60% shade for leatherleaf viburnum plants in August of both years and September of 2010 due to greater leaf necrosis, leaf abscission, and less growth in height and width. In both years, growth in height and width, and leaf number at harvest generally increased in all three species with increased shade intensity. All species had a larger leaf area, stem dry weight, and root dry weight in 30 and 60% than in 0% shade. Shade intensity did not influence root to shoot (R/S) ratio in Burkwood viburnum in 2010, but in 2011, a curvilinear relationship occurred between R/S ratio and shade intensity. Root to shoot ratio of Korean spice and leatherleaf viburnum decreased linearly in 2010 but curvilinearly in 2011 with increasing shade. Leaf necrosis ratings were lower in shaded plants of all three species in both years. Results indicate that greater plant growth, quality, and water use efficiency occurs when these three viburnum species are grown in shade than when they are grown in full sun.

Effect of water stress on growth, water use efficiency and gas exchange as related to osmotic adjustment of two halophytes Atriplex spp.

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oumelkheir Belkheiri ◽  
Maurizio Mulas
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Use Efficiency

Atriplex halimus L. is known in the Mediterranean basin and along the coastal areas of Sardinia for its adaptability to salinity, although less information is available on the resistance of this species to water stress in absence of salinity. The effect of water stress on growth and water utilisation was investigated in two Atriplex species: A. halimus originating of south Sardinian island and the exotic species Atriplex nummularia Lindl., originating in Australia and widely used in land restoration of arid areas. Water stress was applied to young plants growing in 20 L pots with a sufficient water reserve to store a potentially sufficient water reserve to maintain substrate near to field capacity (30%) between irrigations. Watering was at 70% (control) or 40% (stress) of field capacity. In order to simulate the grazing by livestock, four plant biomass cuttings were conducted at times T0, T1, T2 and T3, corresponding to one cutting at the end of well watered phase (T0) before water stress induction, two cuttings after cycles of 5 weeks each during full summer (T1) and late summer (T2) and one cutting during autumn (T3). All plants remained alive until the end of treatment although growth was strongly reduced. Leaf dry weight (DW) and water use efficiency (WUE) were determined for all cuttings; relative water content (RWC), turgid weight : dry weight ratio (TW : DW), water potential (Ψw), osmotic potential (Ψs), CO2 assimilation, osmotic adjustment (OA), abscisic acid (ABA) and sugar accumulation were determined for the late summer cutting at T2. Water stress induced a decrease in DW, RWC, Ψw, Ψs, TW : DW and CO2 assimilation for both species, but an increase in WUE expressed in terms of dry matter production and a high accumulation of ABA and total sugars mainly for A. halimus. This suggests a more developed adaptive mechanism in this selection. Indeed, the clone was selected from the southern part of the island, where natural populations of saltbush are more exposed to abiotic stresses, mainly the water stress generated not by salinity. A. nummularia showed a greater OA and a positive net solute accumulation as than A. halimus, suggesting that water stress resistance in A. halimus is linked to a higher WUE rather than a greater osmotic adjustment.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Commercial Extract of Giant Knotweed on Drought Tolerance of Impatiens

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1034-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana R. Cochran ◽  
Richard L. Harkess ◽  
Patricia R. Knight ◽  
Maria Tomaso-Peterson ◽  
Eugene K. Blythe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Protein Content ◽  
Commercial Extract ◽  
Impatiens Walleriana ◽  
Giant Knotweed ◽  
Reynoutria Sachalinensis ◽  
Polygonum Sachalinense

Regalia®, a commercial extract of giant knotweed [Fallopia sachalinensis F. Schmidt (synonyms: Reynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Nakai, Polygonum sachalinense F. Schmidt, Tiniaria sachalinesis (F. Schmidt) Janch.)], was evaluated for its potential to enhance drought tolerance of container-grown impatiens (Impatiens walleriana Hook. f. ‘Super Elfin XP White’). In two separate experiments, Regalia® was foliar-applied once a week for 4 weeks at four different rates (0, 5, 10, or 15 mL·L−1). In Expt. 1, Regalia® was applied to impatiens grown under three target substrate volumetric water contents (TVWCs): 85%, 55%, or 25%. In Expt. 2, Regalia® was applied to impatiens watered with 1, 3, or 6 days between waterings (DBW). In Expt. 1, root dry weight (RDW) of impatiens receiving applications of Regalia® at the 0.5× rate was greater compared with the 0.0× rate across all TVWCs. Additionally, soluble protein content was greater after Regalia® application at the 0.5×, 1.0×, or 1.5× rates compared with the 0.0× rate for plants grown at 55% TVWC. In Expt. 2, leaf greenness (SPAD) and leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn) were greater with Regalia® applied at the 0.5× and 1.0× rates compared with the 0.0× rate, respectively. Soluble protein content was greater in impatiens treated with Regalia® at the 1.5× rate and 1 DBW and the 0.5× rate with 3 DBW compared with the 0.0× rate with 1 or 3 DBW. However, there was no indication that impatiens grown under different moisture levels had increased drought tolerance after application of Regalia®.

scholarly journals Irrigation Regimens Differentially Affect Growth and Water Use Efficiency of Two Southwest Landscape Plants

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda B. Stabler ◽  
Chris A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Cercidium Floridum ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Ambient Co2

Abstract Growth and water use efficiency (WUE) of two, common Southwest landscape plants, red bird of paradise (Caesalpinia pulcherrima L.) and blue palo verde (Cercidium floridum Benth. Ex A. Gray), were studied in response to three irrigation regimens (frequent, moderate, and infrequent) that mimicked a range of residential landscape watering practices in Phoenix, AZ. During 50 to 58 and 138 to 147 days after the start of irrigation treatments (DAT), mid-day measurements of shoot water potential (Ψ), osmotic potential (Ψ0), and gas exchange were made. Concurrently, diurnal measurements of whole plant transpiration (T) and estimates of dry weight accrual were made to calculate WUE. More frequent irrigations increased shoot length of both species and dry weight of Cercidium. For both species, Ψ and Ψ0 showed patterns of osmotic regulation as the substrate dried between watering events for moderately and infrequently irrigated plants. Infrequently irrigated Caesalpinia and Cercidium had the lowest WUE, except for 138 to 147 DAT during which time infrequently irrigated Cercidium had the highest WUE. Instantaneous transpiration efficiency (ITE) was negatively correlated to the ratio of intracellular to ambient CO2 (Ci/Ca) in all treatments, suggesting that under more frequently irrigated conditions, WUE of Caesalpinia and Cercidium might be reduced by negative feedback effects of high Ci/Ca ratios on stomatal conductance.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Carbon Dioxide Supplementation with Irrigation and Fertilization Management of Geranium and Fountain Grass

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1772-1780
Author(s):  
Hardeep Singh ◽  
Megha R. Poudel ◽  
Bruce Dunn ◽  
Charles Fontanier ◽  
Gopal Kakani
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

Increase in ambient carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is beneficial for plant growth due to increased photosynthesis and water use efficiency. A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate how supplemented CO2 influences optimal irrigation and fertilization management for production of two ornamental plants. Two identical greenhouses were used, with one having CO2 supplementation and the other serving as the control with ambient CO2 concentration. Tensiometer-based irrigation treatments were applied at soil tensions of –5, –10, and –15 kPa with 0-, 3-, 6-, or 9-g controlled-release fertilizer rates applied in factorial with irrigation treatments. Plugs of geranium ‘Pinto Premium Rose Bicolor’ and fountain grass were grown under experimental conditions for 12 and 16 weeks, respectively. The results showed that CO2 supplementation increased the dry weight of geranium ‘Pinto Premium Rose Bicolor’ and fountain grass by 35% and 39%, respectively. Under the two driest irrigation regimes (–10 and –15 kPa), photosynthesis of geranium ‘Pinto Premium Rose Bicolor’ increased with CO2 supplementation compared with the ambient condition. Similarly, for fountain grass, the moderately watered (–10 kPa) treatment had a greater rate of photosynthesis with greater fertilizer rates of 6 or 9 g. CO2 supplementation resulted in increased water use efficiency of both species, whereas rate of transpiration was lower only in fountain grass. Among different fertilizer rates, 6- or 9-g fertilizer rates had greater values for dry weight, number of flowers, and stomatal conductance in both species. Therefore, it can be concluded that CO2 supplementation can help in efficient use of water for greenhouse production of ornamental plants.

scholarly journals Effect of fertigation with potassium and nitrogen on gas exchange and biomass accumulation in eggplant1

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-352
Author(s):  
Álvaro Henrique Cândido de Souza ◽  
Roberto Rezende ◽  
Marcelo Zolin Lorenzoni ◽  
Fernando André Silva Santos ◽  
André Maller
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Internal Co2 ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Total Dry Weight

ABSTRACT Adequate crop fertilization is one of the challenges for agriculture. Measuring gas exchange and biomass accumulation may be used to adjust crop management. The effect of fertigation with potassium (0 kg ha-1, 54 kg ha-1, 108 kg ha-1 and 216 kg ha-1) and nitrogen (0 kg ha-1, 67 kg ha-1, 134 kg ha-1 and 268 kg ha-1) on gas exchange and biomass accumulation in eggplant was assessed under greenhouse conditions. The net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, water-use efficiency and total dry weight were evaluated. With the exception of K for water-use efficiency and N for internal CO2 concentration, all the other gas exchange parameters were significantly affected by the K and N doses. There was an interaction between N and K doses for net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency. The highest values for net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, carboxylation instantaneous efficiency and total dry weight were found in the range of 125-185 kg ha-1 of K and 215-268 kg ha-1 of N.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen Nutritional Statuses and Waterlogging Conditions on Growth Parameters, Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Tamarillo Seedlings

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann RESTREPO-DIAZ ◽  
Jorge BETANCOURT-OSORIO ◽  
Diego SANCHEZ-CANRO
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Use Efficiency

Climate change has altered rainfall patterns causing waterlogging periods that often negatively affect the performance of horticultural crops in the Andean region in Colombia. An experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions using three-month-old tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) seedlings, which were grown under two levels of nitrogen (N) (10 and 150 mg N∙L H2O). At 28 days after transplanting (DAT), waterlogging treatments were established when well-nourished plants (150 mg N L-1 H2O) significantly showed a higher shoot length than poor-nourished plants (10 mg N L-1 H2O) (~20 cm vs. ~10 cm, respectively). Three different periods of waterlogging were performed between 35 and 37, 51 and 55, and 64 and 70 DAT by covering the holes in the plastic pots to ensure a constant water depth. Results showed that well-nourished plants without waterlogging treatments through the experiment’s stress showed a greater shoot length (30 cm), total plant dry weight (7.95 g), Fv/Fm ratio (0.62) and leaf chlorophyll content (37.51 SPAD units) than poor-nourished plants without stress condition (15 cm, 5.57 g, 0.5 and 12.69 SPAD units, respectively) at the end of the experiment. Overall, waterlogging reduced leaf area and nitrogen use efficiency (about 75% and 50%, respectively) in both N levels. However, periods of waterlogging enhanced dry matter partitioning to stems (around 30-35%) in both N levels. This study showed that tamarillo plants are susceptible to landscaping situations where periods of waterlogging can be expected regardless of their N nutritional status.

The effects of salt and boron on growth of wheat

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 987 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Holloway ◽  
AM Alston
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Warigal) was grown in a glasshouse in deep pots (0.125 x 0.125 x 1.2 m) containing sieved solonized brown soil (calcixerollic xerochrept) comprising 0.2 m sandy loam topsoil above 0.6 m treated calcareous sandy loam subsoil and a base layer of light clay 0.26 m thick. The subsoil was treated with a mixture of salts (0, 13, 39, 75 mmolc kg-1) and with boric acid (0, 20, 38 and 73 mg B kg-1) in factorial combination. The soil was initially watered to field capacity and water use was determined by regularly weighing the pots. The soil was allowed to dry gradually during the season, but the weights of the pots were not permitted to fall below that corresponding to 17% of the available water holding capacity of the soil. Tillering, dry weight of shoots and grain, and root length density were determined. Water-use efficiency was calculated with respect to total dry weight and grain production. Salt decreased tillering, dry matter production, grain yield, root length and water-use efficiency (total dry weight): it increased sodium and decreased boron concentrations in the plants. Boron decreased dry matter production (but not tillering), grain yield, root length and water-use efficiency (total dry weight and grain yield): it increased the concentrations of boron and decreased the concentration of sodium in the plants. At the concentrations of salt and boron used (which cover the range normally encountered in subsoils in much of Upper Eyre Peninsula), boron had more deleterious effects on wheat than did salt. Yield was depressed by salt at concentrations of sodium in the tissue commonly found in field-grown plants.

scholarly journals Impact of Partial Root Drying and Soil Mulching on Squash Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Arid

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 706
Author(s):  
Abdulhalim H. Farah ◽  
Hussein M. Al-Ghobari ◽  
Tarek K. Zin El-Abedin ◽  
Mohammed S. Alrasasimah ◽  
Ahmed A. El-Shafei
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Partial Root Drying

Practical and sustainable water management systems are needed in arid regions due to water shortages and climate change. Therefore, an experiment was initiated in winter (WS) and spring (SS), to investigate integrating deficit irrigation, associated with partial root drying (PRD) and soil mulching, under subsurface drip irrigation on squash yield, fruit quality, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). Two mulching treatments, transparent plastic mulch (WM) and black plastic mulch (BM), were tested, and a treatment without mulch (NM) was used as a control. Three levels of irrigation were examined in a split-plot design with three replications: 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), representing full irrigation (FI), 70% of ETc (PRD70), and 50% of ETc (PRD50). There was a higher squash yield and lower IWUE in SS than WS. The highest squash yields were recorded for PDR70 (82.53 Mg ha−1) and FI (80.62 Mg ha−1). The highest IWUE was obtained under PRD50. Plastic mulch significantly increased the squash yield (34%) and IWUE (46%) and enhanced stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, transpiration, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf chlorophyll contents under PRD plants. These results indicate that in arid and semi-arid regions, soil mulch with deficit PRD could be used as a water-saving strategy without reducing yields.

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