scholarly journals Performance of Nine Apple Cultivars Grown with Six Fungicide Regimes

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 675e-675
Author(s):  
Richard Marini ◽  
John Barden ◽  
Donald Sowers
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Leaf Abscission ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Sooty Blotch ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Early Leaf Abscission

In 1993 a factorial experiment, involving nine apple cultivars on M.9 root-stock and six fungicide regimes, was established. The cultivars included `Delicious', `Golden Delicious', `York Imperial', `Redfree', `Freedom', `Liberty', NY 74828-12, NY 73334-35, and NY 74840-1. The fungicide treatments included earlyseason sprays of Bayleton or Dodine, separately or combined, and late-season sprays of Captan plus Benomyl alone or combined with early-season sprays of Bayleton plus Dodine. Non-sprayed trees served as a control. In 1995 leaves and fruits were evaluated for disease symptoms. Leaf spot (symptoms caused by black rot or alternaria leaf blotch) was most severe on `Redfree' and NY 73334-35, and least severe on `Delicious', `Golden Delicious', and `York'. By late summer NY 74828-12 had the most leaf abscission, whereas NY 74840-1, `Liberty', and `Delicious' lost the fewest leaves. Early-season fungicide sprays did not reduce early leaf abscission. Sooty blotch and fly speck, but not rots, were nearly eliminated by late-season applications of Captan plus Benomyl. Averaged over all fungicide treatments, more than half of the fruits from `Delicious', `Redfree', and NY 74828-12 were free of disease symptoms. Cultivars with <25% of the fruits without infection included `York', `Liberty', NY 74840-1 and NY 73334-35. `York' and `Redfree' had >25% of the fruits with rots, while all other cultivars had <9% fruits with rots. `Delicious' and NY 73334-35 had the fewest rotten fruits. Rots were not controlled by any fungicide treatment. `Liberty' and NY 73334-35 had the most flyspeck and `Redfree' had the least. `Liberty', NY 74840-1 and NY 73334-35 had the most sooty blotch and `Redfree' and NY 74828-12 had the least.

Components of Apple Fruit Epicuticular Wax and Growth of Sooty Blotch Disease

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 533a-533
Author(s):  
Robert D. Belding ◽  
Turner B. Sutton ◽  
Sylvia M. Blankenship ◽  
Eric Young
Keyword(s):  
Apple Juice ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Sooty Blotch ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Impermeable Layer ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Growth Modifier

Sooty blotch severity varied among: `Smoothie Golden Delicious', `Coop-17', `Liberty', `NY65707-19', and `NY61356-22', apple cultivars surveyed In this study, Peltaster fructicola Johnson, Sutton et Hodges, and Leptodontidium elatius (F. Mangenot) Hoog were grown on compounds that make up the epicuticular wax of the fruit in order to determine if one or more wax compound acted as a substrate for growth, or if a growth modifier could be identified. There were no relationships between the major epicuticular wax components of each cultivar and the severity of the disease. P. fructicola and L. elatius, two of the most important sooty blotch fungi, did not grow on any of the five major components of the epicuticular wax. SEM studies showed that mycelia of P. fructicola grew on the surface of the wax and did not appear to degrade it. In view of the fact that conidia germination requires pre-treatment with dilute apple juice and the fact that SB does not grow on fruit cuticles where russet creates an impermeable layer. We conclude that the SB fungi are epiphytic and obtain their nutrients primarily from fruit leachates and not from components of the cuticle.

Variation of Phytochemicals Content in Pulp and Skin of Seven Romanian Apple Cultivars

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-477
Author(s):  
Lacramioara Oprica ◽  
Doina Atofanei ◽  
Vladimir Poroch
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Colour Intensity ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Fruits

The amounts of anthocyanins, flavonoids, total polyphenol and ascorbic acid in seven apple cultivars from Romania were investigated. The amounts of polyphenol and flavonoids in pulp and skin of apple cultivars ranged between 17.18�7.52 mg GAE/g DW and 20.10�11.06 mg CE/g DW as well as 3.64�1.18 mg GAE/g DW and 10.31�5.57 mg CE/g DW, respectively. The highest and smallest values of ascorbic acid both in the skin and the pulp were observed in the cultivars Mutsu and Starkrimson. The anthocyanin content is positively correlated with the colour intensity of the apple epicarp, being about three-fold higher in Prima than Golden Delicious cultivar. The better antioxidant activity provided by the content of polyphenol, ascorbic acid and flavonoids was in apple fruits of Mutsu cultivar and for this reason it should be regarded as a valuable source of antioxidants.

scholarly journals Impacts of compound hot–dry extremes on US soybean yields

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1371-1391
Author(s):  
Raed Hamed ◽  
Anne F. Van Loon ◽  
Jeroen Aerts ◽  
Dim Coumou
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Yield Variability ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Late Season ◽  
The Us ◽  
Dry Conditions

Abstract. The US agriculture system supplies more than one-third of globally traded soybean, and with 90 % of US soybean produced under rainfed agriculture, soybean trade is particularly sensitive to weather and climate variability. Average growing season climate conditions can explain about one-third of US soybean yield variability. Additionally, crops can be sensitive to specific short-term weather extremes, occurring in isolation or compounding at key moments throughout crop development. Here, we identify the dominant within-season climate drivers that can explain soybean yield variability in the US, and we explore the synergistic effects between drivers that can lead to severe impacts. The study combines weather data from reanalysis and satellite-informed root zone soil moisture fields with subnational crop yields using statistical methods that account for interaction effects. On average, our models can explain about two-thirds of the year-to-year yield variability (70 % for all years and 60 % for out-of-sample predictions). The largest negative influence on soybean yields is driven by high temperature and low soil moisture during the summer crop reproductive period. Moreover, due to synergistic effects, heat is considerably more damaging to soybean crops during dry conditions and is less problematic during wet conditions. Compounding and interacting hot and dry (hot–dry) summer conditions (defined by the 95th and 5th percentiles of temperature and soil moisture respectively) reduce yields by 2 standard deviations. This sensitivity is 4 and 3 times larger than the sensitivity to hot or dry conditions alone respectively. Other relevant drivers of negative yield responses are lower temperatures early and late in the season, excessive precipitation in the early season, and dry conditions in the late season. We note that the sensitivity to the identified drivers varies across the spatial domain. Higher latitudes, and thus colder regions, are positively affected by high temperatures during the summer period. On the other hand, warmer southeastern regions are positively affected by low temperatures during the late season. Historic trends in identified drivers indicate that US soybean production has generally benefited from recent shifts in weather except for increasing rainfall in the early season. Overall, warming conditions have reduced the risk of frost in the early and late seasons and have potentially allowed for earlier sowing dates. More importantly, summers have been getting cooler and wetter over the eastern US. Nevertheless, despite these positive changes, we show that the frequency of compound hot–dry summer events has remained unchanged over the 1946–2016 period. In the longer term, climate models project substantially warmer summers for the continental US, although uncertainty remains as to whether this will be accompanied by drier conditions. This highlights a critical element to explore in future studies focused on US agricultural production risk under climate change.

Availability of existing early-season rice cultivars as resources for selecting high-yielding short-duration cultivars of machine-transplanted late-season rice

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-226
Author(s):  
Jiana Chen ◽  
Min Huang ◽  
Fangbo Cao ◽  
Xiaohong Yin ◽  
Yingbin Zou
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Good Yield ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Late Season

AbstractHigh-yielding short-duration cultivars are required due to the development of mechanized large-scale double-season rice (i.e. early- and late-season rice) production in China. The objective of this study was to identify whether existing early-season rice cultivars can be used as resources to select high-yielding, short-duration (less than 115 days) cultivars of machine-transplanted late-season rice. Field experiments were conducted in Yongan, Hunan Province, China in the early and late rice-growing seasons in 2015 and 2016. Eight early-season rice cultivars (Liangyou 6, Lingliangyou 211, Lingliangyou 268, Xiangzaoxian 32, Xiangzaoxian 42, Zhongjiazao 17, Zhongzao 39, and Zhuliangyou 819) with growth durations of less than 115 days were used in 2015, and four cultivars (Lingliangyou 268, Zhongjiazao 17, Zhongzao 39, and Zhuliangyou 819) with good yield performance in the late season in 2015 were grown in 2016. All cultivars had a growth duration of less than 110 days when grown in the late season in both years. Zhongjiazao 17 produced the maximum grain yield of 9.61 Mg ha−1 with a daily grain yield of 108 kg ha−1 d−1 in the late season in 2015. Averaged across both years, Lingliangyou 268 had the highest grain yield of 8.57 Mg ha−1 with a daily grain yield of 95 kg ha−1 d−1 in the late season. The good yield performance of the early-season rice cultivars grown in the late season was mainly attributable to higher apparent radiation use efficiency. Growth duration and grain yield of early-season rice cultivars grown in the late season were not significantly related to those grown in the early season. Our study suggests that it is feasible to select high-yielding short-duration cultivars from existing early-season rice cultivars for machine-transplanted late-season rice production. Special tests by growing alternative early-season rice cultivars in the late season should be done to determine their growth duration and grain yield for such selection.

scholarly journals Seven-year orchard performance of eleven new apple cultivars from Holovousy in comparison with some commonly grown ones

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Blažek ◽  
J. Křelinová
Keyword(s):  
Early Summer ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Chemical Protection ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars

&nbsp;In an orchard trial that was established in the spring of 1999 on M 9 rootstock at the spacing of 4 &times; 1 m, eleven new apple cultivars bred in Holovousy (Angold, Julia, Nabella, Primadela, Produkta, Resista, Rubinstep, Rucla, Selena, Vysočina and Zuzana) were evaluated in comparison with three standard varieties (Gala, Golden Delicious and Jonagold) and another two with resistance to scab (Rosana and Topaz). In the first three years, the incidence of scab and mildew was evaluated under limited chemical protection. In 2000&ndash;2005 on each of 10 randomly selected trees of each cultivar, the time of flowering and optimum harvest ripening were recorded, flower set and fruit sets were rated, yield per tree and weight of 10 fruit samples were measured. Trunk diameter was measured between 2002 and 2005. The early summer apple Julia had the healthiest state and it was recommended for organic growing. Selena was the most precocious, the least vigorous and had the highest crop efficiency. The highest annual yields per tree were recorded with Produkta, but this cultivar had the highest proportion of trees with biennial bearing. Primadela achieved the highest cumulative yields, whereas Angold brought the largest fruits on average. With the obtained results, the evaluated cultivars were characterised by some important features or recommendations for growers. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Field Evaluation of Yield and Yield Component Traits of Breeding Lines of Maize over Two Seasons in Derived Savannah Agro-Ecology

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-574
Author(s):  
Charles U. UBA ◽  
Christian U. AGBO ◽  
Uchechukwu P. CHUKWUDI ◽  
Andrew A. EFUSIE ◽  
Stella O. MUOJIAMA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Positive Effects

The understanding of yield and the interaction with its components is very important for selection in early generations of crop breeding. Twelve maize genotypes were collected from International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) along with seven landraces in order to identify the contribution of different traits to yield improvement. The experiments were carried out in two different seasons (March/April-early and July/August- late) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Early season planting had a higher grain yield than late season planting. The difference in grain yield between early and late season was 3.92 tons/ha. This represents a 27.8% increase in grain yield during the early season over the late season planting. Number of ears per plant and shelling percentage were not influenced by seasonal effects. Ear weight and days to tasselling showed the highest direct positive effects of 0.972 and 0.665, respectively on grain yield, during early season. Furthermore, ear weight, followed by shelling percentage, exerted the highest direct positive effect on grain yield in late season. Higher indirect positive effects were obtained for ear diameter, ear length, ear height and plant height via ear weight in both seasons. Ear weight, days to tasselling and ear length were identified as the major traits affecting yield of maize in both seasons in the derived Savannah agro-ecology.

scholarly journals Response of Sesame to Selected Herbicides Applied Early in the Growing Season

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. James Grichar ◽  
Jack J. Rose ◽  
Peter A. Dotray ◽  
Todd A. Baughman ◽  
D. Ray Langham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
No Reduction ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of sesame to PRE and POST applications of soil residual herbicides. PRE applications of acetochlor andS-metolachlor at 1.26 and 1.43 kg ai·ha−1showed little or no sesame injury (0 to 1%) 4 wks after herbicide treatments (WAT). POST treatments of acetochlor and trifluralin made 3 wks after planting (WAP) resulted in greater sesame injury (40%) compared to applications at bloom (18%). Field studies were conducted in Texas and Oklahoma during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons to determine sesame response to clethodim, diuron, fluometuron, ethalfluralin, quizalofop-P, pendimethalin, pyroxasulfone, trifluralin, and trifloxysulfuron-sodium applied 2, 3, or 4 weeks after planting (WAP). Late-season sesame injury with the dinitroaniline herbicides consisted of a proliferation of primary branching at the upper nodes of the sesame plant (in the shape/form of a broom). Ethalfluralin and trifluralin caused more “brooming” effect than pendimethalin. Some yield reductions were noted with the dinitroaniline herbicides. Trifloxysulfuron-sodium caused the greatest injury (up to 97%) and resulted in yield reductions from the untreated check. Early-season diuron injury (leaf chlorosis and necrosis) decreased as application timing was delayed, and late-season injury was virtually nonexistent with only slight chlorosis (<4%) still apparent on the lower leaves. Sesame yield was not consistently affected by the diuron treatments. Fluometuron caused early-season injury (stunting/chlorosis), and a reduction of yield was observed at one location. Pyroxasulfone applied 2 WAP caused up to 25% sesame injury (stunting) but did not result in a yield reduction. Quizalofop-P caused slight injury (<5%) and no reduction in yield.

Heterogeneity in fire severity within early season and late season prescribed burns in a mixed-conifer forest

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric E. Knapp ◽  
Jon E. Keeley
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Fuel Loading ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Fuel Loads ◽  
In Fire

Structural heterogeneity in forests of the Sierra Nevada was historically produced through variation in fire regimes and local environmental factors. The amount of heterogeneity that prescription burning can achieve might now be more limited owing to high fuel loads and increased fuel continuity. Topography, woody fuel loading, and vegetative composition were quantified in plots within replicated early and late season burn units. Two indices of fire severity were evaluated in the same plots after the burns. Scorch height ranged from 2.8 to 25.4 m in early season plots and 3.1 to 38.5 m in late season plots, whereas percentage of ground surface burned ranged from 24 to 96% in early season plots and from 47 to 100% in late season plots. Scorch height was greatest in areas with steeper slopes, higher basal area of live trees, high percentage of basal area composed of pine, and more small woody fuel. Percentage of area burned was greatest in areas with less bare ground and rock cover (more fuel continuity), steeper slopes, and units burned in the fall (lower fuel moisture). Thus topographic and biotic factors still contribute to the abundant heterogeneity in fire severity with prescribed burning, even under the current high fuel loading conditions. Burning areas with high fuel loads in early season when fuels are moister may lead to patterns of heterogeneity in fire effects that more closely approximate the expected patchiness of historical fires.

Weed Control in Soybean (Glycine max) with Flumetsulam, Cloransulam, and Diclosulam

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Shaw ◽  
Andrew C. Bennett ◽  
Donald L. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Pitted Morningglory

Cloransulam postemergence (POST), diclosulam preemergence (PRE), and flumetsulam preplant incorporated (PPI) and POST were evaluated in six trials at two locations for control of sicklepod and pitted morningglory in soybean. Sicklepod control with cloransulam plus flumetsulam POST was equivalent to chlorimuron POST in seven of eight comparisons both 3 and 6 wk after treatment. Sicklepod control with cloransulam POST was equivalent to chlorimuron in only three of eight comparisons 3 wk after treatment, but late-season control was equivalent in five of six comparisons. Pitted morningglory control with cloransulam alone or in tank-mixture with flumetsulam POST was equivalent to chlorimuron in all comparisons. Control of sicklepod and pitted morningglory was greater in most comparisons when a POST application followed flumetsulam plus trifluralin PPI compared to only trifluralin PPI. In a total PRE stale seedbed system, where all treatments were tank-mixed with pendimethalin plus glyphosate, sicklepod control with all rates of flumetsulam and 26 or 35 g ai/ha diclosulam was equivalent to the standard treatment of imazaquin or metribuzin plus chlorimuron. None of the total PRE programs controlled sicklepod as well as when glyphosate was applied sequentially POST. Pitted morningglory was controlled 83 to 93% with 26 or 35 g/ha diclosulam, equivalent to imazaquin, metribuzin plus chlorimuron, or sequential glyphosate applications 8 wk after the PRE application. Increasing flumetsulam rate increased pitted morningglory control early season, but flumetsulam was not as effective as the other herbicides.

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