Effect of Cropping System on Residual Soil P from Poultry Litter Application

When poultry litter (PL) is applied to meet the nitrogen (N) needed for plant growth, phosphorus (P) can accumulate, leading to non-point source pollution of surface water. This study was conducted at Overton, Texas on a Bowie fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Paleudults) to investigate the use of warm- and cool-season forage legumes in rotational cropping systems to remove excess P. Cropping systems were: spring legume—fall vegetable (SL-FV), spring vegetable—fall legume (SV-FL), and spring vegetable-fall vegetable (SV-FV). Warm- and cool-season legumes were Iron and Clay cowpea and crimson clover, respectively. Poultry litter rates were 0, 1X, 2X, 4X, and commercial blend (CB) as subplots. Fertility treatments were applied to vegetable plots only. The crop, IX PL and CB rate for each season were: spring 1995—watermelon, 2.2 t·ha-1, 48.8N—12.2P—28K kg·ha-1; fall 1995—turnip, 8.3 t·ha-1, 89.6N—24.4P—28K kg·ha-1; spring 1996—tomato, 6.7 t·ha-1, 100.9N—17.1P—78.5K kg·ha-1. Soil P increased at all depths sampled (0-15, 15-30, and 30-45 cm) as PL rate increased. Residual P from CB was equal to the control. Through spring 1996, soil P concentration in the surface 0-15 cm was increased by all systems. System SV-FL reduced P accumulation by 35.6 mg·kg-1 when compared to SL-FV and 44.7 mg·kg-1 when compared to SV-FV. Residual P continued to increase as PL rate increased. Rate of increase was reduced by a system of SV-FL.

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CROPPING SYSTEM AND POULTRY LITTER EFFECTS ON RESIDUAL SOIL NO3-N AND P

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.5.756c ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 756c-756

Author(s):

D.R. Earhart ◽

V.A. Haby ◽

M.L. Baker ◽

A.T. Leonard

Keyword(s):

Ground Water ◽

Crop Production ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Poultry Litter ◽

Cropping System ◽

N Leaching ◽

Residual Soil ◽

Forage Crops ◽

Time Of Application

Primary environmental concerns regarding application of poultry litter (PL) for crop production are nitrate leaching into ground water and increased levels of P in the soil that can erode into surface water. This study was initiated to investigate use of warm- and cool-season annual forage crops to remove excess nutrients supplied by PL in rotational-cropping systems on a Bowie fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Paleudults). PL was applied at one (1×) or two (2×) times the recommended rate in the spring, fall, or spring and fall. Rates were based on N requirement of the crop and percent N in the litter. Comparisons were made to fertilizer blends (FB) and control treatments with no PL or FB. After 3 years of treatments, NO3-N increased at the 122-cm depth by 30 and 50 mg·kg–1 from the 1× and 2× rate, respectively. The greatest accumulation was from FB (72 mg·kg–1). With PL applied in spring only, spring vegetables followed by a fall cover showed a significant reduction in NO3-N leaching and accumulation. Regardless of cropping system, rate, or time of application, P concentration increased by 40 mg·kg–1 in the surface 15 cm of soil when compared to FB. If applied in an environmentally sound manner, PL will be less of a threat to pollution of ground water than similar rates of FB. Applying PL rates sufficient to meet crop needs for N results in P accumulation that can lead to nonpoint source pollution of surface waters.

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Potential of Cool-Season Legumes for Removing Excess P From Poultry Litter Application

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.4.605a ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 605A-605

Author(s):

D.R. Earhart ◽

M.L. Baker ◽

V.A. Haby

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Poultry Litter ◽

Red Clover ◽

P Uptake ◽

Hairy Vetch ◽

Cool Season ◽

Soil P ◽

Crimson Clover ◽

P Concentration ◽

Application Rates

Phosphorus (P) concentration in surface waters from non-point agricultural sources is an increasing resource management concern. This study was conducted at Overton, Texas, on a Bowie fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Paleudults) to evaluate cool-season legumes for P uptake following poultry litter (PL) application rates on spring vegetables. Treatments were PL rate (0, 1X, 2X, 4X) and a commercial blend (CB) for comparison. Cool-season legumes, consisting of crimson clover, berseem clover, hairy vetch, and red clover, were the subplots. The vegetable crop in Spring 1995 was watermelon. The 1X PL rate was 2.2 t·ha-1 and the CB was 44.8N-0P-32.5K kg·ha-1. Dry matter yield was decreased by the 4X PL rate. Plant P concentration increased linearly as PL rate was increased. The greatest P uptake (4.1 kg·ha-1) was at the 2X rate. Hairy vetch had the greatest yield (1,875 kg·ha-1), plant P concentration (0.53%), and P uptake (9.6 kg·ha-1). PL rate increased soil P concentration at all depths. The least amount of P accumulation was from CB and was equal to the control. Hairy vetch appears to have the capability of removing a greater amount of P and reducing soil concentration when compared to the other legume species tested.

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Fertilizing with composted cattle manure to meet agro-environmental targets in continuous corn and corn-soybean agroecosystems in southern Quebec

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.1139/cjss-2021-0013 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abdirashid Elmi ◽

You Jiao ◽

Hicham Benslim ◽

Ali Mawof ◽

Shiv Prasher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Cattle Manure ◽

Sandy Loam Soil ◽

Inorganic Fertilizer ◽

Residual Soil ◽

Soil N ◽

Inorganic Fertilizers ◽

Soil P ◽

Loam Soil

Balancing nutrient inputs from manure and supplemental inorganic fertilizers with crop requirements should achieve crop yield goals and agro-environmental targets. We asked if composted dairy cattle manure, alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers, could sustain the corn and soybean yields, without increasing the residual soil N and soil P saturation of a sandy-loam soil in southern Quebec, Canada. Cropping systems were continuous silage corn and corn-soybean rotation, with each phase of the rotation grown every year, for 5-yr. Cropping systems were amended with compost at rates of 0, 15, 30 and 45 Mg (wet weight) ha-1, and received supplemental inorganic fertilizer to supply 200 kg N ha-1 yr-1 to corn while assuring that corn and soybean received 45 kg P ha-1 yr-1 and 125 kg K ha-1 yr-1 from compost and inorganic fertilizer. Crop yields were similar in composted-amended and inorganically-fertilized plots. Corn yield was limited by N availability, and there was no P or K limitation in corn and soybean. Soil P saturation in the 0–15 cm layer exceeded the agro-environmental limit of 13.1% P/Al for a sandy-loam soil in Quebec, indicating that the P input exceeded crop uptake. Residual soil N concentration was affected more by the crop than the fertilizer source, with greater residual soil N in plots with higher grain production. Crop-induced priming can explain how N fertilizer cycles through the soil microbial community and is gradually mineralized during the growing season, and why crop senescence may trigger residual soil N release after harvest.

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Use of Cowpea to Manage Soil Phosphorus Accumulation from Poultry Litter Applications in a Cool-season Vegetable Rotation

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.4.591a ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 591a-591

Author(s):

Clydette Alsup ◽

Brian A. Kahn

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Spinacia Oleracea ◽

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Poultry Litter ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Cool Season ◽

Soil P ◽

Phosphorus Accumulation ◽

Turnip Greens ◽

Vegetable Rotation

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.)] cover crops were grown in a rotation with broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), and turnip greens [Brassica rape L. var. (DC.) Metzg. utilis] to evaluate the legume's ability to remove excess P from soils when poultry litter was used as a fertilizer. Fertilizer treatments were litter to meet each crop's recommended preplant N requirements (1X), litter at twice the recommended rate, and urea at the IX rate as the control. Following the vegetable crops, cowpeas were planted on half of each replication, while the other half was fallowed. The cowpeas were harvested for green-shell seeds and then underwent a simulated haying operation. Soil samples were taken at 0-to 15-cm and 15- to 30-cm depths at the onset of the study and after each crop to monitor plant nutrient levels. The cowpeas effectively lowered soil N levels but not soil P levels. However, there was no consistent evidence of an increase in soil P or K levels with litter applications. All three vegetable crops were successfully grown using poultry litter, although the 1X rate appeared inadequate for maximum production of broccoli and turnip greens.

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Isotopic evidence reveals persistent microbial residues in soil

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14108 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kirsten Hofmockel ◽

Sheryl Bell ◽

Chris Kasanke

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Research ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Cropping System ◽

Bulk Soil ◽

Research Station ◽

Geochemical Reactions ◽

Silty Loam ◽

Selective Preservation ◽

Microbial Residues

Microbial derivatives and necromass are dominant sources of soil organic matter (SOM), yet the specific microbiological and geochemical reactions leading to the persistence of microbial compounds in SOM remains to be discovered. Identification of the microbial taxa and classes of microbial-derived compounds that are selectively preserved may enhance our ability to manage SOM, particularly in agroecosystems. We examined how perennial and annual biofuel cropping systems influence the production and selective preservation of microbial residues. Our experiment was replicated on a sandy and a silty loam to test the relative importance of microbial (biotic) and mineral (abiotic) filters on necromass accumulation and persistence. Using a 13C-labeling incubation experiment, we tested the effects of cropping system and soil texture on the production and persistence of microbial-derived residues. Soils were collected from sandy loams at the Kellogg Biological Station (MI, USA) and silty loams at the Arlington Agricultural Research Station (WI, USA). These soils were amended with 13C-labeled glucose, which was rapidly incorporated into microbial biomass. After 2 months, ~50% of the added 13C remained in the bulk soil. Approximately 30% of the 13C remaining in the bulk soil was recovered in the lipid, protein, and metabolite pools. Lipids contained the most 13C (16%) and the contribution was similar in both soils. Both soils had similar protein pools, but protein from the sandy loam was significantly more enriched than protein from the silty loam. The pool of metabolites was small, but highly enriched, suggesting substantial recycling over the 2-month incubation. The majority (40%) of the whole soil 13C persisted in the SOM even after repeat extractions. The remaining ~30% of the whole soil 13C was recovered in a complex of remaining unknown debris that separates from the soil at the solvent interphase with the protein but could not be solubilized. We provide novel evidence of the carbon pools that contribute to persistent microbial residues in soil. Our results suggest that metabolites may be more important than was previously recognized. Ongoing work is identifying the labeled metabolites and characterizing the chemistry of the highly enriched protein residue fraction.

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Cover Crop Introduction in a Mediterranean Maize Cropping System. Effects on Soil Variables and Yield

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11030549 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 549

Author(s):

Nicola Silvestri ◽

Nicola Grossi ◽

Marco Mariotti ◽

Iduna Arduini ◽

Lorenzo Guglielminetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Central Italy ◽

Cropping System ◽

Nitrate Content ◽

Research Activity ◽

Ecological Processes ◽

Soil Variables ◽

Long Time

Cover crops (CCs) are able to affect subsequent crop behaviour by acting on many soil variables and affecting the dynamics of different ecological processes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of introducing CC in continuous-maize cropping systems within Mediterranean areas. The experimental site was located in Central Italy, on a sandy loam and the research activity was carried out over two years (2019–2020). The two cropping systems in comparison differed from each other in terms of the CC cultivation: TR (treated, with CC) and CO (control, without CC). In both years, we observed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of soil nitrate and water content for the TR system. In the shallowest layer (0–30 cm), nitrate content was reduced by up −80% and −65% (July 2019 and 2020), whereas soil moisture showed decreases ranging from −13% (July 2019) to −34% (May 2019). In 2019, the TR-maize (Zea mays L.) yield was statistically lower than CO (−443 g dm m−2), whereas in 2020 the yields of the two systems resulted statistically equivalent. This different behaviour can be explained with the serious delay in the CC sowing occurred in 2019 (12 December). Conversely, an increase in the apparent remaining N in the soil (+140 and +133 kg N ha−1 for 2019 and 2020, respectively) and in the C (carbon) inputs (+4.78 and +7.39 t dm ha−1 of biomass) were pointed out for the TR system. The large use of inputs in Mediterranean maize cropping systems limited some of the benefits from CCs, but their suitability has to be evaluated by considering all the involved effects, some of which need a long time to become appreciable.

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Different Cropping System’s Effect on Available NPK Post-harvest and their Uptake on Sandy Loam Soil of Southern Telangana Zone, India

International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.9734/irjpac/2020/v21i1830271 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 56-65

Author(s):

Ch. Pragathi Kumari ◽

M. Goverdhan ◽

G. Kiran Reddy ◽

Knight Nthebere ◽

S. H. K. Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Cropping System ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Pigeon Pea ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Available N

The present study was undertaken in the ongoing long-term experiment initiated during 2017 at experimental farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Soil samples collected from a depth of 0–15 cm was analysed for soil fertility parameters namely: available N, P and K. The results indicated that the different cropping systems had positive influence on improving the nutrient status (i.e., available N, P and K) significantly over the initial soil values (N: 112.20, P: 23.40 and K: 170.30 kg ha-1, respectively). These ten cropping systems were grouped in to five categories viz., pre-dominant cropping systems of the zone, ecological cropping systems, household nutritional security giving cropping systems, fodder security giving cropping systems and cropping systems involving high value crops. So that from each category, best cropping system can be identified and can be suggested to different integrated farming systems models. The maximum (221.60 and 221.57 kg ha-1) soil available nitrogen was obtained in Pigeon pea + Greengram (1:3) – Sesame after harvest of kharif and rabi, available phosphorus builds up was profound in Fodder maize – Lucerne (48.27 kg ha-1) and available K (207.63 kg ha-1) was higher in Rice –Maize cropping system after harvest. Fodder crops recorded significantly higher NPK uptake over other cropping systems.

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Effects of eight years of crop rotation and tillage on nitrogen availability and budget of a sandy loam soil

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s03-001 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 83 (5) ◽

pp. 475-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Y. K. Soon ◽

G. W. Clayton

Keyword(s):

Green Manure ◽

Nitrogen Availability ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Cropping System ◽

Red Clover ◽

Field Pea ◽

Crop Rotations ◽

N Availability ◽

Residual Soil ◽

N Budget

The effects of tillage and crop rotations on soil N availability and economy were evaluated over two rotation cycles to address the paucity of such information. From 1993 through 2000, soil was sampled to 120 cm in the autumn from four crop rotations : (i) continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), (ii) field pea (Pisum sativum L.)-wheat-canola (Brassica rapa L.)-wheat, (iii) red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) green manure-wheat-canola-wheat/red clover, (iv) fallow-wheat-canola-wheat, and analysed for KCl-extractable N. The rotations were managed under a conventional tillage (CT) or a no-till (NT) system, and were fertilized based on soil test results. A N budget was constructed for each cropping system comprising N added in seed and fertilizers, and by symbiotic fixation and N exported in the grain. More nitrate accumulated under CT than NT, resulting in lower N fertilizer application rates for CT plots. Soil mineralizable N was higher under NT than CT, and was not influenced by crop rotations. The trend for residual soil nitrate among crop rotations was: fallow rotation > green manure rotation > continuous wheat > field pea rotation, due mostly to residual nitrate following the first phase of the rotations. There was no interaction of tillage with rotation. The continuous wheat and field pea rotation maintained a balanced N budget. The red clover rotation resulted in net N import in each rotation cycle of approximately 25 kg ha-1 under CT and 37 kg ha-1 under NT; net N export from the fallow rotation was 30 kg ha-1 under NT and 46 kg ha-1 under CT. Key words: Field pea, fallow, red clover, N economy, tillage, wheat

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Diversification of Cropping Systems for Different Integrated Farming System Models under Irrigated Situation of Southern Telangana Zone, Telangana, India

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i2930957 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 51-60

Author(s):

Ch. Pragathi Kumari ◽

M. Goverdhan ◽

Knight Nthebere ◽

G. Kiran Reddy ◽

S. H. K. Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sweet Corn ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Soil Health ◽

Cropping System ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Farming System ◽

Pigeon Pea ◽

Bt Cotton ◽

Integrated Farming

A long-term field experiment was undertaken during the year 2019-20 (third year of the experiment) at college farm, AICRP on Integrated Farming Systems unit, PJTSAU, Hyderabad to evaluate productivity and profitability of cropping systems for different farming systems under irrigated situation on a sandy loam soil of Southern Telangana Zone (STZ), Telangana. Among the ten cropping systems evaluated, sweet corn – vegetable system (tomato) was found to be more remunerative with B:C ratio 3.30 followed by okra – marigold – beetroot system with B:C ratio 3.0. Among the ecological cropping systems for improving soil health, pigeonpea + greengram (1:7) – sesame cropping system recorded higher BC ratio (2.02) compared to Bt cotton + green gram (1:3) – groundnut cropping system (1.78). Out of the two systems evaluated to meet the household nutritional security, pigeon pea + groundnut (1:7) – fingermillet system recorded higher BC ratio (1.85) compared to pigeon pea + maize (1:3) – groundnut. Within the two fodder crops/cropping systems, fodder maize – lucerne system resulted in higher B:C ratio (1.65).

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Soil Phosphorus Removal as a Function of Cropping System

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.4.595b ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 595b-595

Author(s):

D.R. Earhart ◽

M.L. Baker ◽

V.A. Haby

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Cropping System ◽

Fertility Treatment ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Vegetable Crop ◽

Crimson Clover ◽

Fertility Treatments ◽

P Accumulation

A factored experiment was established at the Texas A&M Univ. Research and Extension Center at Overton in Spring 1995. The objective was to investigate the use of warm- and cool-season legume cover crops in vegetable cropping systems for reducing phosphorus (P) accumulation from poultry litter (PL) and commercial blend (CB) fertilizer. PL rates were based on soil test nitrogen (N) requirement of the vegetable crop and percent N content of the litter. This was considered the 1X rate. Fertility treatments were applied to the vegetable crop only. PL was applied at O, 1X, 2X and 4X rates. CB was applied at recommended rates for N, P, and K. The vegetable crops were: Spring 1995—watermelon; Fall 1995—turnip; Spring 1996—tomato; Fall 1996—collard; Spring 1997—squash. The legumes were: spring—Iron and Clay cowpea; fall—crimson clover. Dry-matter yield of cowpeas and clover was not affected by fertility treatment in any of the years studied to date (Spring 1995, 1996, 1997). Plant concentration of P for both cover crops was increased all 3 years as rate increased. PL applied at the 1X rate maintained P levels in the surface 0—15 cm of soil at 60 mg·kg-1 over the five-season study period. CB maintained levels of P equal to the control. A cropping system of spring vegetable—fall legume greatly reduced P accumulation. A reduction in P was also noted from a system of fall vegetable—spring legume, but not as pronounced. The greatest accumulation was with a system of spring vegetable—fall vegetable.

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