The Effect of Field Irrigation Practices on Disease Suppression in Zinnia elegans

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 466g-467
Author(s):  
Linda Gombert ◽  
Susan Hamilton ◽  
Mark Windham
Keyword(s):  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Zinnia Elegans ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Susceptibility And Resistance ◽  
Irrigation Practices

The objective of this study was to determine if field irrigation practices affect the development and suppression of three diseases, alternaria blight (Alternaria zinniae), powdery mildew (Erisyphe cichoracearum) and bacterial leaf and flower spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. zinniae), on Zinnia elegans. Many commercial growers will no longer produce this popular bedding plant and cut flower crop due to high incidence of these three diseases. Plants of 17 different varieties of Z. elegans were started from seed and transplanted into cell-packs to be grown on as bedding plants. They were later transplanted into the field and subjected to one of three watering regimes: natural rainfall plus overhead irrigation, natural rainfall plus sub-irrigation, and natural rainfall only. Weekly evaluations were performed to rate each variety on its susceptibility to disease based upon severity of infection as well as portion of plant affected. Results will be presented on irrigation method and its influence on disease susceptibility and resistance on the 17 varieties evaluated.

Evaluation of Disease Resistance among 57 Varieties of Zinnia elegans

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 467a-467
Author(s):  
Linda Gombert ◽  
Susan Hamilton ◽  
Mark Windham
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Zinnia Elegans ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Uniform Field ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Susceptibility And Resistance

Fifty-seven of the most widely grown, commercially popular varieties of Zinnia elegans were evaluated for disease susceptibility under uniform field conditions. Plants were started from seed and transplanted into cell-packs to be grown on as bedding plants. They were later transplanted into the field and observed for development and progression of the diseases alternaria blight (Alternaria zinniae), powdery mildew (Erisyphe cichoracearum), and bacterial leaf and flower spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. zinniae). Evaluations were performed throughout the growing season in order to rate each variety on its susceptibility to disease based upon severity of infection as well as portion of plant affected. Results will be presented on disease susceptibility and resistance of the 57 varieties evaluated.

Phosphorus Fertilization in Ebb and Flow Production of Bedding Plants

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 523b-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin James ◽  
Marc van Iersel
Keyword(s):  
Dry Mass ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Ebb And Flow

The quantity and quality of available water in the Southeastern United States continues to decline as demands on limited resources increase. Growers will soon be forced to comply with legal limitations on water consumption and limits on nutrient runoff from their operations. A lack of information on standard growing practices using alternative irrigation systems such as ebb and flow is hindering their acceptance and implementation. We are currently conducting a series of experiments to establish basic growing guidelines for the use of ebb and flow in the greenhouse in bedding plant production. In the third of these experiments, Petunia × hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr. `Blue Frost' and Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch. `Ambassador Scarlet' were grown for 5 weeks on ebb and flow tables with fertigation solutions (225 ppm N) containing three different levels of phosphorus (0, 50, and 100 ppm). Three soilless media were also used, which varied in their percentage content of vermiculite, perlite, pine bark and coconut coir. For both the begonias and petunias dry mass of the shoot was greatest in plants grown with higher levels of phosphorus. In comparison to plants grown with 0 ppm phosphorous, petunias and begonias grown with 50 or 100 ppm P were 44% and 25% greater in mass, respectively. However, begonias had 38% more flowers when fertigated with the higher levels of phosphorous while petunias flowered earlier with 0 ppm P fertigation solution. The electrical conductivity of the media did not change significantly over the course of the growing period, but the pH dropped by an average of 1 over the same time interval.

scholarly journals Effects of Depolymerized Gellan with Different Molecular Weights on the Growth of Four Bedding Plant Species

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Piotr Salachna
Keyword(s):  
Plant Production ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Rudbeckia Hirta ◽  
Salvia Splendens ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Plant Growth Promoters ◽  
Derivatives Of

New solutions allowing for the shortening of the growing cycle and improvements in plant quality are constantly sought in order to improve the efficiency of bedding plant production under covers. Biodegradable polysaccharides and their derivatives have become increasingly popular in horticulture as plant growth promoters. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of depolymerized gellan of different molecular weights (MW 56 kDa and 77 kDa) on the growth and physiological parameters of ornamental bedding plants Rudbeckia hirta L., Salvia splendens Sellow ex J.A. Schultes, Scabiosa atropurpurea L., and Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) S.F. Blake. The results showed that the application of depolymerized gellan accelerated flowering and stimulated the growth of all assessed species, regardless of MW. The plants treated with depolymerized gellan grew higher and had greater fresh weight of their above-ground parts, higher leaf relative chlorophyll content (SPAD; soil and plant analysis development), and higher stomatal conductance (gs). The use of 56 kDa gellan fraction resulted in the formation of inflorescences with the greatest fresh weight in S. atropurpurea. Leaves of R. hirta treated with this fraction showed the highest values of SPAD and gs. This study demonstrated that gellan derivatives of low MW may be used for the production of innovative plant biostimulants.

scholarly journals First Report of Podosphaera xanthii Causing Powdery Mildew on Zinnia elegans in Taiwan

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Ting Xiao ◽  
Yuan-Min Shen ◽  
Chao-Jen Wang ◽  
Tung-Ching Huang
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Zinnia Elegans ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Podosphaera Xanthii ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Taichung City ◽  
Voucher Specimens

Zinnia elegans L., known as common zinnia, is an annual flowering plant belonging to the Asteraceae family and native to North America. The plant has colorful flowers and is one of the popular ornamental bedding plants for gardening. In March 2020, powdery mildew symptoms were observed in a zinnia floral field with an incidence of >70% in Dacun Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. The symptoms were spotted on the stems, flower petals and leaves which appeared as irregular colonies and white patches on the surfaces. When disease progressed, most of the plant surfaces were covered by the white fungal colonies and became yellowish. Under microscopic examination, hyphal appressoria of the fungus were indistinct or slightly nipple-shaped. The conidiophores were unbranched, erect, straight, smooth to slightly rough, 75.0 to 200.0 × 10.0 to 15.0 µm (n=10), composed of a cylindrical, flexuous foot cell, 40.0 to 100.0 × 8.8 to 15.0 µm (n=10), and following 1 to 5 shorter cells. The conidia were ellipsoid to ovoid, 25.0 to 37.5 × 15.0 to 23.8 µm (n=60), with an average length-to-width ratio of 1.8 and contained fibrosin bodies. No chasmothecia were found. Three voucher specimens (TNM Nos. F0033680, F0033681, and F0033682) were deposited in the National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung City, Taiwan. To confirm the identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the three specimens were amplified using primer pairs ITS1/PM6 and PM5/ITS4 (Shen et al. 2015) and sequenced from both ends. The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank under Accession Nos. MT568609, MT568610, and MT568611. The sequences were identical to each other and shared a 100% identity with that of Podosphaera xanthii MUMH 338 on Z. elegans from Japan (Accession No. AB040355) (Ito and Takamatsu 2010) over a 475 bp alignment. Accordingly, the fungus was identified as P. xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff (Braun and Cook 2012) based on its morphological and molecular characters. Pathogenicity was demonstrated through inoculation by gently pressing naturally infected leaves onto leaves of three healthy potted common zinnia that had been sprayed with 0.02% Tween 20. Additional three non-inoculated plants treated in the same way without inoculating the powdery mildew served as the controls. Powdery mildew colonies were observed on inoculated leaves after 10 days at room temperature, later the diseased leaves became yellowish and deteriorated. The morphological traits of the fungus on the inoculated leaves were similar to those of the first observed. In addition, the ITS sequence from a colony on the inoculated leaves was 100% identical to MT568609-MT568611, fulfilling the Koch’s postulates. All the controls remained symptomless. Z. elegans is known to be a host for different species of powdery mildew in the genus Erysiphe, Golovinomyces, and Podosphaera (Farr and Rossman 2020). In Taiwan, powdery mildew has been briefly reported on zinnia without detailed descriptions (Hsieh 1983). This study confirmed P. xanthii as a causal agent of powdery mildew in Taiwan and the awareness of the disease may benefit the floral industry. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of P. xanthii on Z. elegans in Taiwan.

scholarly journals DELAYED WILTING OF BEDDING PLANTS TREATED WITH HYDRETAIN

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1174f-1174
Author(s):  
James E. Barrett ◽  
Terril A. Nell
Keyword(s):  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
The Media ◽  
Commercial Sources ◽  
Plant Seedlings

Bedding plant seedlings were obtained as plugs from commercial sources, transplanted into 10-cm pots, and grown using standard commercial procedures. When plants reached a marketable stage, they were treated with Hydretain, moved to a heavy shaded bench in the greenhouse, and time to first wilt was determined. At wilt, plants were given 180 ml of water, and time to second wilt was observed. Hydretain was applied directly to the media in a volume of 90 ml per pot. Hydretain dilutions in water were 1:4, 1:9, 1:14, 1:19, and 0:1 (controls). Time to first wilt in 'Red Elite' geraniums was 11, 10, 9, 10, and 5 days, respectively. For 'Little Bright Eyes' vinca, first wilt was in 7, 8, 5, 5, and 4 days; and time from treatment to second wilt was 18, 14, 11, 10, and 8 days, respectively. For 'Super Elfin Red' impatiens, first wilt was in 5, 4, 4, 3, and 3 days; and the water absorbed was 121, 167, 172, 132, and 148 ml, respectively. Second wilt was in 7, 7, 8, 5, and 5 days, respectively.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Viola Cultivars as Bedding Plants and Establishment of the Best-of-Class

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-171
Author(s):  
Richard O. Kelly ◽  
Zhanao Deng ◽  
Brent K. Harbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Lemon Yellow ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
White Face ◽  
Dark Blue

Florida is one of the top wholesale producers of bedding plants, and in 2003 was ranked fourth in the United States in annual bedding plant production and fifth in potted pansy (Viola ×wittrockiana) and viola (V. cornuta) production. Evaluation of viola cultivars is vital for continued growth of the industry. We evaluated 66 viola cultivars in replicated class tests at the University of Florida's Gulf Coast Research and Education Center at Bradenton from 2000-04 and determined the best-of-class for use in future trials to compare against new entries in the same class. In this report, we provide objective plant measurements of vegetative and floral characteristics as well as subjective performance ratings. Viola cultivars were grouped into classes based on growth habit (standard vs. creeping), flower color, and flower color pattern, and the best cultivar in each class was determined. Cultivars with an outstanding overall performance rating (combined foliage, flower, arthropod feeding symptom, and disease symptom ratings ≥5.5 out of a 7 high scale) for best-of-class selections were: (standard black class) `Sorbet Black Delight'; (standard cream class) `Velour Cream Splash'; (standard mix class) `Babyface Mixture'; (standard orange with purple, red-violet cap class) `Penny Orange Jump-Up'; [standard purple (dark), blue-violet with dark eye and light cap class] `Angel Violet Blotch'; (standard white class) `Penny White'; [standard white face with purple (dark), red-violet cap class] `Skippy White With Violet Wing'; (standard yellow class) `Jewel Lemon Yellow'; (standard yellow with blotch class) `Babyface Yellow'; [standard yellow/white face with purple (dark), blue-violet cap class] `Penny Classic Jump-Up'. Solitary cultivar entries (without comparison) with outstanding performance were: `Angel Frosted Yellow Blotch', `Angel Violet Duet', `Babyface White', `Eryln Purple Yellow', `Four Seasons Yellow With Pink Wing', `Gem Antique Apricot', `Gem Antique Pink', `Gem Antique Lavender', `Hobbit Bilbo Baggins', `Jewel Deep Blue', `Penny Azure Twilight', `Penny Beaconsfield', `Penny Cream', `Penny Orange', `Penny Orchid Frost', `Penny Purple', `Penny Yellow Jump-Up', `Princess Lavender and Yellow', `Princess Purple and Gold', `Rebel Yellow', `Sorbet Coconut Swirl', `Sorbet Icy Blue', `Sorbet Lemon Swirl', `Sparkler Purple Orange Face', and `Sparkler Purple Wing'. These cultivars would likely perform well in the southern U.S. or areas of the world with similar heat and cold hardiness zones.

scholarly journals Early Growth Control of Plants by Seed Soaking in Growth Regulator Solutions

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 757D-758
Author(s):  
Stanislav Magnitskiy* ◽  
Claudio Pasian ◽  
Mark Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Seed Soaking ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Bedding Plant

Regulation of excessive vegetative growth is of importance in both field and bedding plant production. The goal of the study was to evaluate the effect of preplant seed soaking in growth regulators on the growth control of floricultural (verbena, salvia, pansy, marigold, celosia) and agronomic (cucumber, dill) crops. Seeds were soaked in water solutions of growth regulators of different concentrations ranging according to the crop from 50 to 1000 mg·L-1 for paclobutrazol, 1 to 10 mg·L-1 for uniconazole, 10 to 200 mg·L-1 for ancymidol, 100 to 5000 mg·L-1 for chlormequate chloride and dried at 20 °C for 24 h prior to sowing into plugs. In the first experiment, seeds of verbena, salvia, pansy, and dill soaked for 5 minutes in 50 mg·L-1 paclobutrazol solutions produced seedlings that were up to 43, 18, 30, and 22% shorter than the controls, respectively. Increased paclobutrazol concentrations and soaking time generally corresponded to a greater reduction of plant height, as well as delays and reduction in seedling emergence of all crops, except cucumber. In the second experiment, growth of marigold plugs from seeds soaked in 5 mg·L-1 uniconazole or 60 mg·L-1 ancymidol solutions during 45 min was associated with 23% or 6% plant height reduction, respectively. Soaking of marigold seeds in the solutions of chlormequate chloride did not significantly affect seedling growth. Increasing time of seed soaking in growth regulator solutions did not influence emergence of marigold seedlings. The height of celosia seedlings was only slightly reduced by soaking seeds in the solutions of all studied growth regulators. Results indicate that seed treatments with growth regulators might be useful in growth control of selected bedding plants.

scholarly journals Finishing Bedding Plants: A Comparison of an Unheated High Tunnel versus a Heated Greenhouse in Two Geographic Locations

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Currey ◽  
Roberto G. Lopez ◽  
Neil S. Mattson
Keyword(s):  
Efficient Production ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
High Tunnel ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Celosia Argentea ◽  
The Impact

Energy accounts for one of the largest costs in commercial greenhouse (GH) production of annual bedding plants. Therefore, many bedding plant producers are searching for energy efficient production methods. Our objectives were to quantify the impact of growing annual bedding plants in an unheated high tunnel (HT) compared with a traditional heated GH environment at two northern latitudes. Ten popular bedding plants [angelonia (Angelonia angustifolia), vinca (Catharanthus roseus), celosia (Celosia argentea), dianthus (Dianthus chinensis), geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), french marigold (Tagetes patula), viola (Viola ×cornuta), snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), and osteospermum (Osteospermum ecklonis)] were grown both in an unheated HT and a glass-glazed GH with an 18 °C temperature set point beginning on 1 Apr. 2011 at both Cornell University (Ithaca, NY) and Purdue University (West Lafayette, IN). Although seven of the species exhibited a delay in flowering in the HT as compared with the heated GH, there were no differences in days to flower (DTF) for geranium, osteospermum, and viola grown at Cornell and viola at Purdue. The remaining species exhibited delays in flowering in the HT environment, which varied based on species. At Purdue, several species were lost because of a cold temperature event necessitating a second planting. For the second planting, osteospermum was the only species grown that flowered significantly later in the HT; 7 days later than the GH-grown plants. Production of cold-tolerant annuals in unheated or minimally heated HTs appears to be a viable alternative for commercial producers aiming to reduce energy costs.

scholarly journals OSU Douglas County Demonstration Farm

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 457B-457
Author(s):  
Jerry Maul
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Diverse Groups

The demand for horticultural information from the OSU Extension Service is sought by both commercial fresh-market vegetable growers and noncommercial clients. Educational programs at the Demonstration Farm were designed to meet the needs of these two diverse groups. At the request of local growers, vegetable trials were established to evaluate the large number of new varieties that come onto the market every year. Since 1987, nearly 250 varieties of eggplant, melons, peppers, squash, sweet corn, and tomatoes have been evaluated for their adaptability to Douglas County's Mediterranean climate and growing conditions. Annual reports on the performance of the varieties are shared with county vegetable growers and Extension Agents throughout Oregon. Many of the vegetables for the trials are grown as bedding plants in the Demonstration Farm greenhouses. A greenhouse program was established to offer Master Gardeners the opportunity to participate in all of the cultural aspects of bedding plant production. This includes; seeding, transplanting, pinching, watering, and fertilizing. When planting season arrives, Master Gardeners help transplant the seedlings to the trial plots. An average of 40 Master Gardeners have participated in the greenhouse and trial program each year, since their inception in 1987. An average of 300 people attend the field days every summer to tour the vegetable trials. An outdoor gardening class, “Summer In The Garden,” is offered to the general public every summer. An average of five sessions are held in July and August on a variety of topics related to vegetable culture, pest control, and new varieties. The sessions are taught by the Horticulture Agent with the assistance of Master Gardeners. Attendance has averaged 25 students annually.

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