Nutrient Concentrations in Soil Solution in an Alfisol under Grapefruit Production

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 498d-498
Author(s):  
Z.L. He ◽  
A.K. Alva ◽  
D.V. Calvert ◽  
D.J. Banks ◽  
Y.C. Li
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Sour Orange ◽  
Parallel Study ◽  
Ph Measurements ◽  
The Mean ◽  
N Rates

A field experiment was conducted in a Riviera fine sand (Alfisol) with 25-year-old `White Marsh' grapefruit trees on Sour orange rootstock to monitor the downward transport of nutrients from fertilization practices. Fertilizer was applied as either dry granular broadcast (three applications/year) or fertigation (15 applications/year) at N rates of 56, 112, 168, and 336 kg/ha per year using a N:P:K blend (1.0:0.17:1.0). Soil solution was sampled bi-weekly from suction lysimeters, installed under the tree canopy, about 120 cm from the tree trunk, at two depths representing above (120 cm) and below (180 cm) the hard pan. The concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg were greater at the 180- than at 120-cm depth, whereas, the converse was true with respect to the concentration of P in soil solution. Over a 2-year period, the mean concentrations of P and K varied from 0.031-0.976 and 150-250 mg·L–1, respectively. Increased rate of fertilization also appeared to increase the concentrations of Ca and Mg in the soil solution. This could be due to effects of slight acidification of the soil with increased rates of ammonium form of N. A parallel study on pH measurements has shown evidence of soil acidification, under the tree canopy, with increased rates of ammonium fertilization. In a bedded grove, the soil solution above the hard pan is likely to seep into the water furrow, which is discharged into the drainage water.

Impact of Nitrogen Management Practices on Total Nitrogen in the Fruits of High Productive Hamlin Orange Trees

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 498e-498
Author(s):  
S. Paramasivam ◽  
A.K. Alva
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Orange Trees

For perennial crop production conditions, major portion of nutrient removal from the soil-tree system is that in harvested fruits. Nitrogen in the fruits was calculated for 22-year-old `Hamlin' orange (Citrus sinensis) trees on Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata) rootstock, grown in a Tavares fine sand (hyperthermic, uncoated, Typic Quartzipsamments) that received various N rates (112, 168, 224, and 280 kg N/ha per year) as either i) broadcast of dry granular form (DGF; four applications/year), or ii) fertigation (FRT; 15 applications/year). Total N in the fruits (mean across 4 years) varied from 82 to 110 and 89 to 111 kg N/ha per year for the DGF and FRT sources, respectively. Proportion of N in the fruits in relation to N applied decreased from 74% to 39% for the DGF and from 80% to 40% for the FRT treatments. High percentage of N removal in the fruits in relation to total N applied at low N rates indicate that trees may be depleting the tree reserve for maintaining fruit production. This was evident, to some extent, by the low leaf N concentration at the low N treatments. Furthermore, canopy density was also lower in the low N trees compared to those that received higher N rates.

Nutrient cycling differs between cropped soils with century-old and recently pyrolyzed biochar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Burgeon ◽  
Julien Fouché ◽  
Sarah Garré ◽  
Ramin Heidarian-Dehkordi ◽  
Gilles Colinet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation

<p>The amendment of biochar to soils is often considered for its potential as a climate change mitigation and adaptation tool through agriculture. Its presence in tropical agroecosystems has been reported to positively impact soil productivity whilst successfully storing C on the short and long-term. In temperate systems, recent research showed limited to no effect on productivity following recent biochar addition to soils. Its long-term effects on productivity and nutrient cycling have, however, been overlooked yet are essential before the use of biochar can be generalized.</p><p>Our study was set up in a conventionally cropped field, containing relict charcoal kiln sites used as a model for century old biochar (CoBC, ~220 years old). These sites were compared to soils amended with recently pyrolyzed biochar (YBC) and biochar free soils (REF) to study nutrient dynamics in the soil-water-plant system. Our research focused on soil chemical properties, crop nutrient uptake and soil solution nutrient concentrations. Crop plant samples were collected over three consecutive land occupations (chicory, winter wheat and a cover crop) and soil solutions gathered through the use of suctions cups inserted in different horizons of the studied Luvisol throughout the field.</p><p>Our results showed that YBC mainly influenced the soil solution composition whereas CoBC mainly impacted the total and plant available soil nutrient content. In soils with YBC, our results showed lower nitrate and potassium concentrations in subsoil horizons, suggesting a decreased leaching, and higher phosphate concentrations in topsoil horizons. With time and the oxidation of biochar particles, our results reported higher total soil N, available K and Ca in the topsoil horizon when compared to REF, whereas available P was significantly smaller. Although significant changes occurred in terms of plant available nutrient contents and soil solution nutrient concentrations, this did not transcend in variations in crop productivity between soils for neither of the studied crops. Overall, our study highlights that young or aged biochar behave as two distinct products in terms of nutrient cycling in soils. As such the sustainability of these soils differ and their management must therefore evolve with time.</p>

scholarly journals Methane dynamics in different boreal\\newline lake types

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 3457-3496 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Juutinen ◽  
M. Rantakari ◽  
P. Kortelainen ◽  
J. T. Huttunen ◽  
T. Larmola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Shallow Lakes ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Lake Status ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Ch4 Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Annual Flux ◽  
The Eu

Abstract. This study explores the variability in concentrations of dissolved CH4 and annual flux estimates in the pelagic zone in a statistically defined sample of 207 lakes in Finland. The lakes were situated representatively in the boreal zone, where the mean annual air temperature ranges from −2.8 to 5.9°C. We examined how lake CH4 dynamics related to regional lake types assessed according to the EU water framework directive. Ten lake types were defined on the basis of water chemistry, color, and size. Lakes were sampled for dissolved CH4 concentrations four times per year, at four different depths at the deepest point of each lake. We found that CH4 concentrations and fluxes to the atmosphere tended to be high in nutrient rich calcareous lakes, and that the shallow lakes had the greatest surface water concentrations. CH4 content in the hypolimnion was related to oxygen and nutrient concentrations, and lake depth or area. The surface water CH4 concentration was related to the depth or area of lake. Methane close to the bottom can be viewed as proxy of lake status in terms of frequency of anoxia and nutrient levels. Median CH4 release from randomly selected lakes was 45 mmol m−2 a−1. Shallow lakes had the highest median CH4 effluxes, with the clear shallow lake type having the smallest median. Our data, combined with other studies, suggest that lake surface area could be used for an approximation of CH4 release from lakes. Shallow small lakes common in boreal and arctic landscapes may have disproportional significance with respect to CH4 release.

scholarly journals Sediment Profile Imaging: Laboratory Study Into the Sediment Smearing Effect of a Penetrating Plate

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annabell Moser ◽  
Iain Pheasant ◽  
William N. MacPherson ◽  
Bhavani E. Narayanaswamy ◽  
Andrew K. Sweetman
Keyword(s):  
Flat Plate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Sediment Type ◽  
Particle Displacement ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Sediment Volume ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sand Sediments

Sediment profiling imaging (SPI) is a versatile and widely used method to visually assess the quality of seafloor habitats (e.g., around fish farms and oil and gas rigs) and has been developed and used by both academics and consultancy companies over the last 50 years. Previous research has shown that inserting the flat viewport of an SPI camera into the sediment can have an impact on particle displacement pushing oxygenated surface sediments to deeper sediment depths and making anthropogenically-disturbed sediment appear healthier than they may actually be. To investigate the particle displacement that occurs when a flat plate is inserted into seafloor sediments, a testing device, termed the SPI purpose-built sediment chamber (SPI-PUSH) was designed and used in a series of experiments to quantify smearing where luminophores were used to demonstrate the extent of particle displacement caused by a flat plate being pushed into the sediment. Here, we show that the plate of the SPI-PUSH caused significant smearing, which varied with sediment type and the luminophore grain size. The mean particle smearing measured directly behind the inserted plate was 2.9 ± 1.5 cm for mud sediments with sand-like luminophores, 4.3 ± 2.5 cm for fine sand sediments with sand-like luminophores and 1.9 ± 1.1 cm for medium sand sediments with mud-like luminophores. When the mean depth of particle smearing was averaged over a larger sediment volume (11 cm3) next to the inserted plate, substantial differences were seen between the plate-insertion experiments and controls highlighting the potential extent of smearing artefacts that may be produced when a SPI camera penetrates the seafloor. This experimental data shows that future studies using the SPI camera, or any other periscope-like device (e.g., planar optodes) need to acknowledge that smearing may be significant. Furthermore, it highlights that a correction factor may need to be applied to these data (e.g., the depth of apparent redox potential discontinuity layer) to correctly interpret SPI camera images and better determine the effect of anthropogenic impacts on seafloor habitats.

scholarly journals The impact of agricultural management practices on nutrient losses to water: data on the effects of soil drainage characteristics

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kurz ◽  
H. Tunney ◽  
C.E. Coxon
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Total Ammonia ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
The Impact

Against the background of increasing nutrient concentrations in Irish water bodies, this study set out to gain information on the potential of agricultural grassland to lose nutrients to water. Overland flow, flow from artificial subsurface drains and stream flow were gauged and sampled during heavy rainfall events. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), potassium (K), total ammonia (TA), and total oxidised nitrogen (TON) were measured in water samples. When the nutrient concentrations in water were examined in relation to the grassland management practices of the study catchments it emerged that soil P levels, the application of organic and inorganic fertilisers before heavy rainfall and the presence of grazing animals could all influence nutrient concentrations in surface and subsurface drainage water. Overall, the drainage characteristics of soil were found to have a considerable influence on the potential of land to lose nutrients to water.

Triticale out-performs wheat on range of UK soils with a similar nitrogen requirement

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. ROQUES ◽  
D. R. KINDRED ◽  
S. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Uk ◽  
N Rates

SUMMARYTriticale has a reputation for performing well on poor soils, under drought and with reduced inputs, but there has been little investigation of its performance on the better yielding soils dominated by wheat production. The present paper reports 16 field experiments comparing wheat and triticale yield responses to nitrogen (N) fertilizer on high-yielding soils in the UK in harvest years 2009–2014. Each experiment included at least two wheat and at least two triticale varieties, grown at five or six N fertilizer rates from 0 to at least 260 kg N/ha. Linear plus exponential curves were fitted to describe the yield response to N and to calculate economically optimal N rates. Normal type curves with depletion were used to describe protein responses to N. Whole crop samples from selected treatments were taken prior to harvest to measure crop biomass, harvest index, crop N content and yield components. At commercial N rates, mean triticale yield was higher than the mean wheat yield at 13 out of 16 sites; the mean yield advantage of triticale was 0·53 t/ha in the first cereal position and 1·26 t/ha in the second cereal position. Optimal N requirement varied with variety at ten of the 16 sites, but there was no consistent difference between the optimal N rates of wheat and triticale. Triticale grain had lower protein content and lower specific weight than wheat grain. Triticale typically showed higher biomass and straw yields, lower harvest index and higher total N uptake than wheat. Consequently, triticale had higher N uptake efficiency and higher N use efficiency. Based on this study, current N fertilizer recommendations for triticale in the UK are too low, as are national statistics and expectations of triticale yields. The implications of these findings for arable cropping and cereals markets in the UK and Northern Europe are discussed, and the changes which would need to occur to allow triticale to fulfil a role in achieving sustainable intensification are explored.

Rust precipitates in drainage systems of peaty acid sulphate soils in Finland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markku Yli-Halla ◽  
Jarkko Kekkonen ◽  
Timo Lötjönen ◽  
Hannu Marttila
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Iron Hydroxide ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Acid Sulphate ◽  
Dissolved Iron ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Drainage Waters

<p>Clogging of subsurface pipe drainage systems by rust precipitates is a problem in many cultivated areas and especially on the coast of Ostrobothnia, northwestern Finland. The subsurface drainage pipes need to be flushed every few years to remove the rust, which causes additional maintenance costs. These problems are particularly common in acid sulphate (AS) soils that have peat horizons on top of sulfidic materials. These soils are often wet, and the drainage water contains high dissolved iron concentration, commonly above 20 mg l<sup>-1</sup>. Reducing conditions prevail in certain horizons and oxidation of sulfidic minerals and low pH are typical of the horizons above, all resulting in mobilization of several elements. Upon entering the aerobic drainage pipe dissolved iron is oxidized and readily precipitates as rust. In dry summers, the precipitate is typically hardened and the whole pipe drainage system can be blocked. Minerals containing sulphur (S) may also be precipitated in the pipes. The fresh precipitates can adsorb heavy metals that occur in substantial concentrations in AS drainage waters. In this study, 10 rust samples were collected from ditches and wells. All sites, except one, had a 20-70 cm peaty topsoil. A comprehensive chemical analysis was carried out and the precipitates were investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Colours of the samples were strong brown or reddish yellow (Munsell notation 7.5YR 5/6-6/8). Silicon content was only 0.3-0.9%, indicating the absence of actual soil material in the precipitates. The material contained 27-49% organic matter (1.9 x C), co-precipitated from the humic substances of drainage water. Iron was by far the most abundant element. If all Fe is contained in ferrihydrite (66% Fe), this mineral constituted 35-63% (mean 46%) of the precipitate while aluminium hydroxide (34% Al) constituted 0.7-9% (mean 5%). Even though most drainage waters were rich in S (commonly above 40 mg l<sup>-1</sup>, the maximum S concentration of the precipitates was only 1.9% and the mean at 0.7%. Sulphur-containing minerals jarosite and schwertmannite were not detected in the SEM images, either, suggesting that these minerals are not precipitated from AS drainage waters. Dissolved heavy metals are leached from AS soils but they were not markedly co-precipitated in our samples. The mean concentration of Cd was only 1 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> and Ni 12 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, Cr 33 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, Cu and Zn 32 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> while Mn was more abundant, 355 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>. In our peaty AS soils there is thus substantial mobilization of Fe and a flux out of the soil and a new solid phase is formed in the drainage pipes and ditches constituting mostly of iron hydroxide and humic substances. If dredged, application of this material onto the fields seems not to pose major environmental hazards.</p>

Scientific Results of the BRYOTROP Expeditioni to Zaire and Rwanda 1. The ecology of epiphytic bryophytes on Mt. Kahuzi (Zaire)

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Peter Frahm
Keyword(s):  
Life Form ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Ph Measurements ◽  
Tropical Mountains ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Forest Line

Along a transect from 900 m to 3300m elevation, various ecological parameters concerning epiphytic bryophytes have been studiesd. The most characteristic life form between 900 and 2300 m elevation is the dendroid, which is interpreted as an adaptation to better gas exchange under the unfavourable conditions (low light, high air humidity) of the rain forest. Above 2500 m, cushions are the predominant lif form. The cushion are 2-5 cm high but can reach 50 cm at the forest line. In spectacular cases, moss balls are formed up to 1 m in diameter. PH measurements of the bark of host trees revealed values between 4.1 and 6.2, which is in accordance with result from South America and SE-Asia. The bryophyte cover on soil is very low (<5%) below 2700 m but raises to 90% in the subalpine ericaceous belt, but not in the subalpine Senecio-belt. The percentage cover of bryophytes on bark increases from 5 to 80% in the transect with increasing elevation, and the light intensity increases from <1% to 50%. The mean annual temerature decreases continously from 20.6°C at 900 m elevation to 2.5° at 4500 m elevation. This allows a comparison of the growth conditions of bryohyte species occurring disjunct in the oceanic parts of the temperate regions and the tropical mountains. The phytomass of epiphytic bryophytes per m² and per ha increases synchronously in the transect. There is a sudden increase from 8-44 kg/ha in 900-1300 m to 100-600 kg/ha in elevationis between 1900 and 2900 m. Maximum values of 6 tonnes/ha are found at the forest line , being 750 time higher than the lowest value in the lower part of the transect. The water storing capacity of epiphytic bryophytes is 20-60 1/h at elevations between 900 and 1300 m, 130-2000 1/ha between 1900 and 2900 m and 18000 1/ha at the forest line. The latter is 18% of the estimated rainfall.

An in situ mini lysimeter with a removable ion exchange resin trap for measuring nutrient losses by leaching from grazed pastures

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Sakadevan ◽  
MJ Hedley ◽  
AD Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Grazed Pastures

This study describes the construction, installation and evaluation of an in situ mini-lysimeter with a removable ion exchange resin trap for measuring nutrient losses by leaching from grazed pastures. The resin trap efficiently removed solutes from simulated drainage water at a flow rate of 14 mm h-1. Over 88% of each of the solutes was removed from synthetic nutrient solution containing 1.65 mM nitrate-N, 1.65 mM ammonium-N, 0.25 mM sulfate-S (SO2-4-S) and 0.6 mM potassium. In a further test of the system, sulfate leached in simulated rainstorm events from two undisturbed soil cores, taken from legume based pastures of contrasting superphosphate (SSP) fertilizer history following 495 mm of simulated rainfall, was all recovered using the resin trap. Seven times more SO2-4 (21.2 kg S ha-1) was leached and recovered from the resin trap of the core collected from the high fertility (HF, 375 kg SSP ha-1 year-1) site than from the low fertility (LF, 125 kg SSP ha-1 year-1) site (3.1 kg S ha-1). As part of the field evaluation of the technique, lysimeters with resin traps were placed in the field at four sites (8 lysimeters/site) contrasting in fertilizer history, landslope, and dung and urine return. Two additional lysimeters with drainage collection reservoirs (vessels) and eight soil solution samplers were placed on each site to collect drainage water and soil solution. The amount of SO2-4 present in drainage water was more closely related (1:1, R2 = 0.861) to the amount of SO2-4 collected by the resin traps over a period of 9 months than estimates made using soil solution samplers (1:1, R2 = 0.829). The advantages of the resin trap technique over alternative methods for estimating SO4-S leaching losses from field soils are discussed, as are applications of the technique for studying nutrient losses and cycling in grazed pastures.

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