scholarly journals 337 Determining Suitable Chilling Conditions for Deciduous Fruit Trees in Iraq

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 501B-501
Author(s):  
Makki A. Al-Kahafaji
Keyword(s):  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Chilling Temperature ◽  
North Central ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Deciduous Fruit ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Determining Factor

This study was conducted during two season (1993-1994) to formulate a suitable mathematical model to determine optimal chilling conditions for deciduous fruit trees from different areas of Iraq (Baghdad, Diyala, Karbala, and Naynawa). A hygrothermograph was utilized to record the average chilling temperature: Baghdad (571), Diyala (874), Karbala (548), and Naynawa (1206). Temperature information gathered 1982-1994 from weather forecasting records also proved beneficial to our study. The model designed for this project was then used to measure optimal chilling conditions of deciduous fruit trees in 11 areas of Iraq: 1000-1200 h in northern areas (Douhook, Sulaymaniyah, Arbeel Naynawa); 700-800 h in the north central areas (Al-Taameen, Salah al din, Diyala), 500-600 h in the middle and south centeral areas (Baghdad, Karbala, Babil, Al-Najaf, Wasit), and 200 h in the southern areas (Al Qadissiyah, Thi-qar, Misan, Basrah). The chilling temeperature differences recorded in the central areas were due primairly to variations in water surface and plant coverage. Temperature proved to be the determining factor for chilling hours accumulations recorded during the growing seasons.

scholarly journals The University of South Alabama Mesonet and Coastal Observing System: A Technical and Statistical Overview

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1417-1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sytske K. Kimball ◽  
Madhuri S. Mulekar ◽  
Shailer Cummings ◽  
Jack Stamates
Keyword(s):  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sensor Failure ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
System A ◽  
The University ◽  
Mexico Coast ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract The University of South Alabama Mesonet consists of 26 sites across the north-central Gulf of Mexico coast. Although the original purpose of the mesonet was monitoring landfalling tropical systems, meteorological data are collected and disseminated every 5 min year-round to serve a multitude of purposes, including weather forecasting, education, and research. In this paper a statistical analysis and like-sensor comparison demonstrates that variables, measured by different sensor types or by sensors at different heights, correlate well. The benefits of sensor redundancy are twofold, offering 1) backup sensors in the case of sensor failure during severe weather and 2) the ability to perform a large number of internal consistency checks for quality control purposes. An oceanographic compliment to the University of South Alabama Mesonet system, which was deployed by NOAA’s Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) to measure surface waves and ocean currents in an area south of Mobile, Alabama, is described. A preliminary comparison of mesonet wind data and ocean wave data show good agreement, offering promising opportunities for future research.

scholarly journals Agricultural production responding to climate change in the north central coast of vietnamidentified bythe amount of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PET)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh ◽  
Mai Kim Lien
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Central Coast ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North

Climate change is driving dangerous and more unpredictable weather. It has broken historical records of hydro-meteorological observations, consequently leading challenges in operational forecasting. In order to improve crop yield and reduce impacts of climate change on agricultural production, it is necessary to obtain sources of weather information. The estimations of rainfall and PET can enable us to identify plant growth and water supply capacity for any plant in the mountainous areas at Quy Hop District, Nghe An (one part of the North Central Coast) on a monthly basis. The updated information on weather forecasting technology and the application of modern technology responding to climate change in Quy Hop provided results related to cumulative rainfall chart. It can forecast accurately the plant growth and the best time for watering plants and plays an important role in the agricultural production.  

Epidemiology of Melampsoramedusae leaf rust of poplars in the north central United States

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Widin ◽  
A. L. Schipper Jr.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
North Central ◽  
East Central ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The North ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Poplar Leaf ◽  
Populus Spp

Development of the aecial and uredial stages of Melampsoramedusae leaf rust of poplar in relation to the phenology of its hosts (Populus spp. and Larix spp.) was monitored from March until October during two consecutive growing seasons in central Iowa, east central Minnesota, and north central Wisconsin. Both years, in Wisconsin, larch needles flushed in early May and poplar leaves flushed in mid-May to late May. Aeciospores of M. medusae were found on spore traps only at the Wisconsin site (within the natural range of larch) from May 19 until the end of June in 1975 and 1976. Uredospores were present in the north central United States from mid-June through late September during both years. Temperatures between 15° and 20 °C and periods of precipitation favored uredospore production. Poplar leaf rust was found successively later at more southerly locations.

scholarly journals Prototipo de estación agrometeorológica de monitoreo de datos climatológicos

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Andrés De León-Castrejón ◽  
Pedro Pablo Hernández-Estrada ◽  
David Heriberto Noriega-Cantú ◽  
Alfonso Villegas-Vergara
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Climatological Data ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
The North ◽  
Technological University ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Very High

One of the limitations in agricultural production in the State of Guerrero is the various events of meteorological disasters, with the case of recurrent drought, hurricane winds, high rainfall that cause floods and very high daytime temperatures that directly affect annual crops (corn, beans and sorghum) and perennials (mango, lemon, avocados). In the entity there is little accurate and timely agroclimatic information that serves as a determining factor in the decision-making process of production processes. The present study has the purpose of developing a prototype of low-cost agrometeorological station. The data can be monitored via the Internet 24 hours a day, from the climate variables, such as: environmental temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, solar and ultraviolet radiation, wind speed and direction. With the storage of these climatological data, information will be obtained that contributes to the prevention of diseases and pests in the cultivation of corn, fruit trees and vegetables of economic importance. Reason for which the National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research and the Technological University of the North Region of Guerrero, are joining forces in the development of a prototype of agrometeorological station.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF THIDIAZURON (TDZ) ON FRUITING OF TEMPERATE TREE FRUITS

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSÉ LUÍS PETRI ◽  
ENIO SCHUCK ◽  
GABRIEL BERENHAUSER LEITE
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Kiwi Fruit ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Deciduous Fruit ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Tree Fruits

Thidiazuron (TDZ) is a phenylurea like citokinin on cell division fruit growth and fruit shape in some deciduous fruit trees. The effects of TDZ applied during flowering on apple cultivars 'Gala' and 'Fuji" were evaluated during seven growing seasons with annual applications on the same trees. The effects on pear and kiwi fruit trees were also evaluated. Every year, TDZ significantly increased fruit set and fruit weight on apple trees. The seven-year average of the fruit set from TDZ at 10 mg.L-1 was 112.7% while the control was only 51.3%. TDZ did not affect the number of clusters. The fruit weight increased 7.0% and 18.3% when the trees were sprayed with TDZ at 10 mg.L-1 and 5 mg.L-1, respectively. TDZ also increased fruit yield per tree by 28.7% and 41.8% for the 10 mg.L-1 and 5 mg.L-1 treatments, respectively. TDZ reduced the seed number per fruit and the calcium content in the flesh fruit, but increased the fruit firmness. The fruit set increased significantly on pear cultivar Packm's Triumph treated with TDZ, and reduced the seed numbers per fruit. TDZ applied at 12.5 mg.L-1 increased fruit weight by 47,4% on "Monty" kiwi.

scholarly journals Terral de Vicuña, a Foehnlike Wind in Semiarid Northern Chile: Meteorological Aspects and Implications for the Fulfillment of Chill Requirements in Deciduous Fruit Trees

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1183-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Montes ◽  
José A. Rutllant ◽  
Anita Aguirre ◽  
Luisa Bascuñán-Godoy ◽  
Cristóbal Juliá
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
North Central ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Local Agriculture ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Deciduous Fruit ◽  
Hourly Basis

AbstractThe terral de Vicuña is a warm and dry wind that flows down the Elqui Valley in north-central Chile typically at dawn and early morning. Given that most terral episodes occur in austral winter when chill accumulation by deciduous fruit trees proceeds, negative effects on agriculture may be expected. During 11 (2004–14) winters a meteorological characterization of terral winds and the assessment of their impact on chill accumulation, by the modified Utah Model and the Dynamic Model, were performed. Within this period, 67 terral days (TD) were identified as those in which nighttime to early morning wind direction and speed, air temperature, and relative humidity reached defined thresholds on an hourly basis (terral hours). Most frequent TD featured 6–9 consecutive terral hours; duration is considered here as a proxy for their intensity. Synoptic-scale meteorological analysis shows that 65% of moderate and strong terral events develop as a cold, migratory anticyclone drifts poleward of the study area, coinciding with the onset of a midtropospheric ridge over central Chile, bringing southwest winds on top of the Andes (~500-hPa level). The remaining 35% are either associated with 500-hPa easterlies (foehn like), with prefrontal conditions ahead of a trough driving northwest 500-hPa winds, or with transitional 500-hPa westerlies. Assessments of chill accumulation during TD show that, although present average and cold winter conditions do not represent a major TD hazard to local agriculture, lower chill accumulation associated with anomalously high nocturnal temperatures could be significantly more important during present and future warmer winters.

scholarly journals Revisiting climate change effects on winter chill in mountain oases of northern Oman

2020 ◽  
Vol 162 (3) ◽  
pp. 1399-1417
Author(s):  
Andreas Buerkert ◽  
Eduardo Fernandez ◽  
Beke Tietjen ◽  
Eike Luedeling
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Winter Chill ◽  
Deciduous Fruit ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
Chilling Hours ◽  
Chill Portions

Abstract For centuries, traditional high-altitude oases in Oman have depended on the cultivation of deciduous fruit trees. This study explores the effects of climate change on winter chill (estimated as Chilling Hours—CH and Chill Portions—CP), a prerequisite to overcoming dormancy and initiating flowering, in three Omani oases. The results are compared with findings from an earlier study which reported a decrease in the numbers of CH in high-elevation oases by an average of 1.2–9.5 CH year−1 between 1983 and 2008. Location-specific weather data were obtained by merging 15 years of in situ recordings with 28 years of observations from an official weather station near the top of the investigated watershed. Between 1991 and 2018, scenarios of the past few decades show chill reductions by 75, 35 and 18% when estimated in CP at the oases of Masayrat ar Ruwajah (1030 m a.s.l.), Qasha’ (1640 m a.s.l.), and Al ‘Ayn (1900 m a.s.l.), respectively. Over the course of the twenty-first century, the lowest-elevation oasis at Masayrat ar Ruwajah is projected to lose virtually all winter chill, whereas, despite significant chill losses, conditions are expected to remain viable for some of the currently grown species in the higher-elevation oases. These projected changes will compromise the cultivation of temperate fruit trees in the near future, affecting the sustainability of Omani oases. Our methods support results from earlier work performed at these locations and provide an updated procedure for assessing climate change effects on temperature-dependent systems.

scholarly journals MODELS TO ESTIMATE CHILLING ACCUMULATION UNDER SUBTROPICAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN BRAZIL

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaiane Goveia Milech ◽  
Silvia Scariotto ◽  
Maximiliano Dini ◽  
Flavio Gilberto Herter ◽  
Maria do Carmo Bassols Raseira
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Deciduous Fruit ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Chilling Units ◽  
Chilling Hours

Chilling requirement is a characteristic that limits temperate fruit crops cultivation under subtropical climate. Several mathematic models, differing on the relative value of chilling units have been developed, in order to estimate the chilling accumulation on a given site. The present work compared eight of these models using data from hourly temperatures from May to August, from a period of 11 years, collected in Pelotas, RS, Brazil, aiming to characterize the region regarding the chilling accumulation for the cultivation of deciduous fruit trees and it also had as objective to check if a model using average temperatures is suitable enough to be used when hourly temperatures were not available. The eight tested models were: Chilling Hours (≤7.2°C); Chilling Hours (≤11°C); Utah; Low Chill; Dynamic; Mean Temperatures; Positive Utah and Taiwan. The results showed large differences between years, regardless of the used model. However, the Taiwan and Low Chill models seemed more suitable for the estimation of the accumulation of cold in the Pelotas region. The Medium Temperatures model can be used as a valid option since it has a high correlation with the other models and easy data availability.

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