scholarly journals 581 Selection and Evaluation of Macadamia Nut (Macadamia integrifolia) Varieties and Hybrids in the Highlands of Kenya

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 546E-547
Author(s):  
L.A. Wasilwa ◽  
N. Ondabu ◽  
G.W. Watani ◽  
H. Mulli ◽  
S. Kiiru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Eastern Highlands

Several outstanding macadamia trees (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche, M. tetraphylla L. S. or hybrid of these two species) were selected from orchards established in the 1960s in the central and eastern highlands and evaluated over a period of 10 years. In the thrid year of these evaluations, clones from 30 high-yielding trees (40 to 90 kg) were propagated by grafting and trials were established in the central and eastern highlands. Three to five Hawaiian varieties were included as controls. Each trial consisted of five to 10 trees of each clone. Trees were evaluated for vigor, flowering, age of bearing, and yield. From these tests, a subset of 10 of the most outstanding clones were selected and evaluated in 25 field trials located in the Kenyan highlands. Most these clones started to bear 3 years after transplanting. Three distinct flowering patterns have been observed. Ten years after transplanting, yields ranged between 30 to 60 kg nuts/tree. The macadamia hybrids and M. tetraphylla performed best at the higher elevations (1700–1850 m), M. integrifolia clones performed best at elevations of 1500 to 1750 m. Only two Hawaiian varieties performed well and have been used in the breeding program. Most of the cultivated macadamia trees in Kenya are either M. integrifolia or hybrids. Cultivation of M. tetraphylla in Kenya is no longer recommended.

scholarly journals 064 The History of Macadamia Nut Introduction and Development in Kenya

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 452B-452
Author(s):  
L.A. Wasilwa ◽  
N. Ondabu ◽  
G.W. Watani
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
History Of ◽  
Macadamia Nuts ◽  
Eastern Highlands ◽  
Central Kenya

The macadamia nut was introduced to the Kenyan highlands from Australia in the early 1960s. Seedlings were propagated at a nursery near Kiambu in central Kenya by Bob Harris and were subsequently distributed in the central and eastern highlands and later the western highlands. The majority of seedlings planted were one two species, Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche or M. tetraphylla L. S. A less common species, Macadamia ternifolia, was also planted. Several hybrids of M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla have been identified in the central and eastern highlands. A macadamia improvement research program was launched in the early part of 1980 by the Ministry of Agriculture. Since then, 30 trees of the seedlings planted in the later part of 1960s have been selected and evaluated in trial orchards located in the Kenyan highlands. Most of the recently planted orchards constitute of 10 clones that yield between 40 to 90 kg of nuts annually. Five high-yielding macadamia varieties from Hawaii were introduced to Kenya in the early 1980s. To date >90% of the cultivated macadamia trees in Kenya are either M. integrifolia or hybrids of M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla. Until the late 1970s, there was no market for macadamia nuts in Kenya. Since then, several companies market this crop, which is mainly exported to Japan and Europe.

Comparison of Four Different Extraction Methods of Oil from Macadamia integrifolia

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 3382-3386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Qing Zhu ◽  
Li Jing Lin ◽  
Ji Hua Li ◽  
Guo Ti Lv ◽  
Mao Fang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Octadecadienoic Acid ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Extraction Rate ◽  
Hexadecenoic Acid ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Macadamia Nut

Four different extraction methods, solvent extraction, ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction and supercritical CO2 extraction, were used to extract oil from Macadamia integrifolia, which also named Macadamia nut oil. Fatty acid compositions of Macadamia nut oil were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed the highest extraction rate was 74.63% via Soxhlet extraction, while supercritical CO2 extraction was 70.53%, ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction was 57.19% and Solvent extraction was 50.37%. Six unsaturated fatty acids, including Z-9-Hexadecenoic acid, E-11-Hexadecenoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid, E-9-Octadecenoic acid and 9-eicosenoate, were identified in the oil by GC-MS．The relative extraction rate of unsaturated fatty acids were 36.53%, 44.21%, 60.62%, 56.81%, respectively. Though the extraction rate was the highest via Soxhlet extraction, the relative content of Z-9-Hexadecenoic acid and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid were both higher extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction than Soxhlet extraction, which were 15.38% and 1.55%,. As supercritical CO2 extraction has no solvent residual problem, it would be the trend of the development inSubscript text the future to extract Macadamia nut oil.

scholarly journals MODELING THE OCCURRENCE OF THE FLOWERING PEAK OF MACADAMIA NUT (MACADAMIA INTEGRIFOLIA)

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1262b-1262
Author(s):  
Sam-Gwang Hwang ◽  
Kent D. Kobayashi ◽  
Mike A. Nagao
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Total Solar Radiation ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Flowering Season ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Starting Date

The objective of this study was to develop models to predict the occurrence of the flowering peak of macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia). At Hilo and Kona, weather and `Ikaika' flowering data were collected. The best model that described the time from the starting date of the flowering season to the highest flowering peak was days = 249.15 + 0.12 (total growing degree days) - 5.81 (maximum temperature) - 6.26 (minimum temperature). The model predicted the highest peak 4 days before it occurred at Hilo and 4 days after it occurred at Kona. Two statistical models, one for each location, were developed to predict the time from the starting date of the flowering season to the first peak. At Hilo, the best model was days = 118.61 - 0.11 (total growing degree days) + 0.000168 (total solar radiation). The model predicted the first peak 1 day before it occurred in the field. The best model at Kona was days = (-156.34) + 12.67 (minimum temperature) + 0.01 (total growing degree days). The model predicted the first peak on the day it occurred in the field. These models may aid growers in predicting the flowering peak so that bees can be brought into orchards at the proper time to increase cross-pollination.

scholarly journals Olive Cultivars in Spain

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Barranco ◽  
Luis Rallo
Keyword(s):  
Olea Europaea ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Germplasm Bank ◽  
Restricted Distribution ◽  
Olive Cultivars ◽  
Olea Europaéa

The diversity and antiquity of the cultivars, their restricted distribution and the limited use of rootstocks characterize cultivated olive (Olea europaea L.) plant material in Spain. An exploration survey identified 262 different cultivars, which have been introduced in the Olive Germplasm Bank in Córdoba, Spain. Evaluation of this germplasm, field trials and a breeding program are in progress.

scholarly journals 111 Successful in Vitro Micropropagation of Purported Blight-resistant Chestnuts (Castanea spp.)

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 460E-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Miller-Roether ◽  
Paul E. Read ◽  
Erika Szendrak
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Shoot Multiplication ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
In Vitro Micropropagation

The American Chestnut Foundation (ACF) has conducted a breeding program aimed at developing blight-resistant chestnut trees exhibiting the phenotype of American Chestnut (Castanea dentata). We developed a protocol for in vitro micropropagation and multiplication of candidate blight-resistant plants from the ACF breeding program. The protocol included forcing dormant shoots to budbreak, culture establishment, shoot multiplication, inducing a functional root system on the microcuttings produced by this system and establishment of autotrophic plants. Because Castanea spp. is recalcitrant to rooting, a unique bilayer method of rooting was developed. The unique bilayer consisted of a clear basal medium of 50% DKW and 50% WPM (Long and Preece), with a continuous level of 0.01 mg IBA/L and 0.2 mg BA/L. The clear basal medium was over-laid with an opaque layer. Rooting response occurred for 27 of the 31 genotypes at various frequencies. Rooted plantlets were planted in 50% peat: 50% perlite in order to become autotrophic and acclimated. Acclimated trees were planted in 10″ × 2″ Deepots® and placed in the greenhouse. These trees exhibited a very vigorous functional root system. Acclimated trees were hardened off, placed in cold storage (≈4-5 °C) for 5 months. All trees placed in cold storage broke dormancy for spring growth and ≈100 trees were sent to ACF for planting into field trials.

Location of reserves of mineral elements in seed protein bodies: macadamia nut, walnut, and hazel nut

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (17) ◽  
pp. 2072-2082 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. A. Lott ◽  
Mark S. Buttrose
Keyword(s):  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Large Protein ◽  
Edx Analysis ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Very High

This paper presents the results of thin-section, freeze-fracture, energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis, and chemical analysis studies of cotyledon tissue from dry seeds of macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia), walnut (Juglans regia), and hazel nut (Corylus avellana). Studies concentrated on mineral elements in the storage protein bodies. Protein bodies of macadamia nut contained no protein crystalloids but did contain some globoid crystals. Aqueous fixation of macadamia tissue appeared to result in a rapid solubilization of proteinaceous matrix material. EDX analysis of macadamia nut globoid crystals revealed the presence of P, K, and Mg in most cases but the occasional crystal was very high in calcium. Walnut protein bodies often contained many large protein crystalloids. Globoid crystals were present between the protein crystalloids and in the proteinaceous matrix. EDX analysis indicated the presence of P, K, and Mg as the main elements in walnut globoid crystals. Hazel nut protein bodies contained one or more small protein crystalloids, globoid crystals of various sizes, and proteinaceous matrix. Some protein bodies contained druse crystals. EDX analysis showed that the druse crystals were rich in calcium and thus are presumably calcium oxalate. EDX analysis of globoid crystals revealed the presence of elements consistent with the phytin-rich nature of globoid crystals. Variations in globoid crystal composition are discussed.

scholarly journals Macadamia Volatiles Affect the Attraction of the Moth Gymnandrosoma Aurantianum to (E)-8-Dodecenyl Acetate the Main Component of its Sex Pheromone

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Campuzano ◽  
Edi A Malo ◽  
Jaime Gomez ◽  
Guillermo López-Guillén ◽  
Leopoldo Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Binary Mixture ◽  
Central America ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Number Of Males

Abstract The macadamia nut borer moth Gymnandrosoma aurantianum, is the main pest of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) in Central America. This study investigates the effect of the host (M. integrifolia) on attraction of G. aurantianum to its sex pheromone. Y-Tube bioassays showed that females G. aurantianum were attracted to volatiles from M. integrifolia leaves and flowers, while males responded to volatiles from flowers. Both sexes had significantly different electroantennographic responses (EAG) to the extracts of volatiles from flowers, fruits and leaves and (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate (main component of the sex pheromone of G. aurantianum). Females G. aurantianum exhibited electroantennographic responses by CG-EAD to phenylacetaldehyde, (1Z)-3-methylbutanal oxime and (E)-β-ocimene, while the males showed antennal activity in response to phenylacetaldehyde, (1E)-3-methylbutanal oxime, (1Z)-3-methylbutanal oxime, present in the extracts of M. integrifolia. The EAG dose-response with ocimene (mix of isomers) showed that female antennal activity increases as the dose increases, while with males, the highest dose elicited a response that was significantly different from the control. In field tests, the mixture (ocimene/(E)-8-dodecenyl acetate) with the proportion of 10:1 was the treatment that captured the highest number of males and females. Also, we observed that the lowest number of male captures was obtained with the proportion of 1:1, compared to the traps baited with only (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate. These results suggest that the binary mixture of ocimene plus (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate in a proportion of 10:1 could be an option for monitoring this pest because we obtained captures of both sexes.

scholarly journals HYPERMEDIA INFORMATION SYSTEM TO DIAGNOSE PROBLEMS OF MACADAMIA NUT

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1157b-1157
Author(s):  
Kent D. Kobayashi ◽  
H.C. Bittenbender ◽  
Howard H. Hirae
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Apple Macintosh ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Access Information ◽  
Extension Personnel

Growers and extension personnel need an easy to use method to help diagnose common problems of macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia). The Apple Macintosh®) computer and the software HyperCard® provides one such system. We developed a hypermedia stack (file) that gives users the two options of helping diagnose a problem or providing additional information on a problem and its solution. Twenty-three of the most common problems of macadamia nut in Hawaii are coveted including insects, diseases, nutritional deficiencies, harvest, postharvest handling, herbicide injury, poor flowering, and premature nut drop.With the first option, the program asks the user on what part of the tree does the problem exist--leaves, flowers, nuts, branches, trunk, roots, or the entire tree. It then displays pictures of symptoms of problems specific to that part of the tree, and the user indicates whether these symptoms are present. The program gives the user additional information on the problem, its cause, conditions conducive to the problem, and possible solutions to resolve the problem. With the second option, i.e., if the user already knows the name of the problem, the additional information and solution are shown immediately. This program provides growers and extension personnel with a simple, quick, computerized tool to diagnose problems and access information and solutions.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF RACEME THINNING AND GIRDLING ON FRUIT SET OF MACADAMIA NUT

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1105d-1105
Author(s):  
Gary R. Ueunten ◽  
Kent D. Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Phloem Transport ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Premature fruit drop of Macadamia integrifolia is a major limitation to yield. This study investigated the effects of raceme thinning and branch girding on find fruit set of macadamia nut 'Ikaika' and 'Keaau'. Eleven-year old grafted trees grown near Hilo, Hawaii were used. Racemes were thinned to 1, 2, or 4 racemes per branch two weeks after anthesis. The base of half these branches was girdled when the racemes were thinned.Premature fruit drop occurred during the 97 and 151 days following anthesis for `Keaau' and `Ikaika', respectively. Peak fruit drop occurred within 70 days after anthesis for both cultivars. Raceme thinning and girdling had no effect on final fruit set (nuts/branch) of `Ikaika' 151 days after anthesis. There was a significant interaction between raceme thinning and girdling on final fruit set of `Keaau'. Branches with four racemes set more fruit than branches with one or two racemes. Raceme thinning and girdling had no effect on fruit retention (% of initial fruit set retained through final fruit set per branch) of `Ikaika'. There was a significant interaction between girdling and raceme thinning on fruit retention of `Keaau'. Branches with four racemes had greater fruit retention than branches with one or two racemes. Premature fruit drop may be altered on individual branches by altering raceme load and limiting phloem transport of assimilates into the girdled branch.

Development of Baits for Population Management of Subterranean Termites

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan-Yao Su
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Chitin Synthesis ◽  
Lethal Time ◽  
Frequent Site ◽  
Adequate Evaluation ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Royal Pair ◽  
Ground Monitoring

The objective of bait application envisioned by early researchers was to eliminate the source of infestation, the colony, but because of the lack of adequate evaluation tools, results of field trials with mirex baits in the 1960s were mostly inconclusive. On-the-ground monitoring stations and mark-recapture protocol developed in the 1970s marked the turning point in the field studies of termite baits. Results of field studies with metabolic inhibitors and chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) in the 1990s indicated that a bait toxicant has to be slow-acting and nonrepellent, and its lethal time has to be dose independent. A recent discovery that termites return to the central nest to molt and CSI-poisoned termites die near the royal pair further explains the success of CSI baits in eliminating colonies. Owing to the availability of durable baits that require less-frequent site inspection, more termite control professionals have adopted baiting systems in recent years.

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