Location of reserves of mineral elements in seed protein bodies: macadamia nut, walnut, and hazel nut

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (17) ◽  
pp. 2072-2082 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. A. Lott ◽  
Mark S. Buttrose
Keyword(s):  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Large Protein ◽  
Edx Analysis ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Very High

This paper presents the results of thin-section, freeze-fracture, energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis, and chemical analysis studies of cotyledon tissue from dry seeds of macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia), walnut (Juglans regia), and hazel nut (Corylus avellana). Studies concentrated on mineral elements in the storage protein bodies. Protein bodies of macadamia nut contained no protein crystalloids but did contain some globoid crystals. Aqueous fixation of macadamia tissue appeared to result in a rapid solubilization of proteinaceous matrix material. EDX analysis of macadamia nut globoid crystals revealed the presence of P, K, and Mg in most cases but the occasional crystal was very high in calcium. Walnut protein bodies often contained many large protein crystalloids. Globoid crystals were present between the protein crystalloids and in the proteinaceous matrix. EDX analysis indicated the presence of P, K, and Mg as the main elements in walnut globoid crystals. Hazel nut protein bodies contained one or more small protein crystalloids, globoid crystals of various sizes, and proteinaceous matrix. Some protein bodies contained druse crystals. EDX analysis showed that the druse crystals were rich in calcium and thus are presumably calcium oxalate. EDX analysis of globoid crystals revealed the presence of elements consistent with the phytin-rich nature of globoid crystals. Variations in globoid crystal composition are discussed.

Thin-section, freeze-fracture, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis studies of the protein bodies of tomato seeds

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Spitzer ◽  
John N. A. Lott
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Protein Body ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Tomato Seed ◽  
Endosperm Tissue ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Edx Analysis

Protein bodies of dry seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) from radicle, hypocotyl, cotyledon, and endosperm tissue were extensively studied using thin-sectioning, freeze-fracturing and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. Protein bodies varied in size, were oval to circular in section, and generally consisted of a proteinaceous matrix, globoid crystal, and protein crystalloid components. Size, shape, and arrangements of globoid crystals and protein crystalloids varied even within the same cell. Globoid crystals were generally oval to circular in section. They were always surrounded by a proteinaceous matrix. In a given protein body the number present ranged from a few to numerous. A protein body generally contained only one protein crystalloid. In section, protein crystalloids were irregular or angular in shape. They were composed of substructural particles which formed lattice planes. EDX analysis of tomato seed globoid crystals revealed the presence of P, K, and Mg in all cases, a fact that is consistent with globoid crystals being phytin-rich. Rarely, small amounts of calcium were found along with P, K, and Mg in globoid crystals of each of the tissue regions considered. The distribution pattern of cells with Ca containing globoid crystals was random. Small amounts of Fe and Mn were also found in the globoid crystals of protein bodies from certain cell types. These two elements, unlike calcium, were specific in terms of their distribution. Globoid crystals from the protodermal cells often contained Mn and Fe. The globoid crystals from provascular tissue of radicle, hypocotyl, and cotyledon regions often contained Fe while globoid crystals in the first layer of large cells surrounding these provascular areas always contained Fe. Results from EDX analysis of the proteinaceous material from the protein bodies are presented and discussed as are variations in elemental content due to different fixations.

An energy dispersive x-ray analysis study of elemental loss from globoid crystals in protein bodies as a result of osmium tetroxide fixation

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (19) ◽  
pp. 2408-2414 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. A. Lott ◽  
J. S. Greenwood ◽  
C. M. Vollmer
Keyword(s):  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Edx Analysis ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Major Loss ◽  
Degree Of Extraction ◽  
Helichrysum Bracteatum

This study was undertaken to discover what elemental losses, if any, were occurring from globoid crystals in seed protein bodies during glutaraldehyde – osmium tetroxide fixation. Unfixed cotyledon and radicle tissue of Cucurbita maxima seed, or tissue after glutaral–dehyde–OsO4 treatment, was quick frozen in liquid N2, ground with a cold mortar and pestle, and low-temperature freeze-dried. Globoid crystals in the freeze-dried powder were subjected to energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. OsO4 fixation resulted in a major loss of P, Mg, and K from cotyledon globoid crystals and a major loss of P, Mg, K, and Ca from radicle globoid crystals. Despite the loss of elements, the OsO4-fixed globoid crystals were still electron dense. When globoid crystals from glutaraldehyde-fixed, dehydrated, and embedded cotyledon tissue were compared with globoid crystals from glutaraldehyde–OsO4-fixed, dehydrated, and embedded tissue, some extraction was found. The degree of extraction varied from complete loss of P, K, and Mg to loss of K only.Effects of glutaraldehyde–OsO4 fixation upon elemental composition of globoid crystals in several other species was also determined. Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) radicle tissue or cotyledon tissue from walnut (Juglans regia), hazelnut (Corylus avellana), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), golden everlasting daisy (Helichrysum bracteatum), cashew (Anacardium occidentale), pistachio (Pistacia vera), and the Western Australian red-capped gum (Eucalyptus erythrocorys) were fixed either in glutaraldehyde or in glutaraldehyde–OsO4. In these species, EDX analysis of globoid crystal sections showed that OsO4 fixation results in major loss of Mg, K, and Ca. Generally, phosphorus levels were reduced from control values as well. When carrying out EDX analysis studies of globoid crystals, we recommend (1) avoiding any use of OsO4, (2) keeping all fixation, washing, and dehydration times as short as possible, and (3) checking all observations with freeze-dried powders.

scholarly journals Assessing Fatty Acid Profiles of Macadamia Nuts

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim J. O’Hare ◽  
Hung Hong Trieu ◽  
Bruce Topp ◽  
Dougal Russell ◽  
Sharon Pun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Monounsaturated Fats ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Qualified Health Claims ◽  
Very High

The kernel of the macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia and M. tetraphylla) is very high in oil, accounting for about three -quarters of their mass. In the current investigation, oil extracts from 20 breeding accessions and 14 cultivars had a range of 12.3% to 17.0% saturated fat, averaging 14.2%. Although all samples were found to be very high in “healthy” monounsaturated fats, the level of saturated fat slightly exceeds that of many other nuts that are able to make qualified health claims. The lowest saturated fat content (12.3%) corresponded to 4.6 g saturated fat/50 g kernels, which was slightly greater than the 4.0 g maximum. Despite this, potential exists to develop a reduced-saturated fat macadamia by combining characteristics found in different lines. The current trial indicates that lower total saturated fat was associated with a stronger ability to partition C16 and C18 fats to their monounsaturated fatty acids, or to elongate C16:0 to C18:0 and subsequently desaturate C18:0 to C18:1. It was also observed that the pollinizer parent is likely to have an influence on saturated fat content, although this would need to be confirmed in controlled pollination trials. Macadamia varieties generally outcross, and because the edible kernel (embryo) is formed from a pollinated ovule, it is likely any future reduced-saturated fat line would also require a reduced-saturated fat pollinizer parent.

Calcium oxalate druse crystals and other inclusions in seed protein bodies: Eucalyptus and jojoba

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (17) ◽  
pp. 2083-2091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Buttrose ◽  
John N. A. Lott
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Structural Variation ◽  
Seed Protein ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Protein Body ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Edx Analysis ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Freeze Dried

Druse crystals of calcium oxalate are known to occur in some protein bodies of some plant seeds. This paper reports observations on crystals, and other contents, of protein bodies of Eucalyptus erythrocorys and Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba). Results are presented from thin section studies of glutaraldehyde–OsO4 fixed, dehydrated, and embedded tissue; freeze-fracture studies; energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis studies of freeze-dried tissue powders (Eucalyptus only); and chemical analysis studies of P, Mg, K, and Ca content (Eucalyptus only). Many Eucalyptus protein bodies contained large druse crystals rich in Ca but devoid of P, K, and Mg, and an occasional protein body from jojoba contained some dispersed crystals. Eucalyptus seeds were exceptionally high in Ca content. EDX analysis results provide evidence favouring the phytin-rich nature of globoid crystals in the two species. Structural variation in the globoid crystals was great, especially in jojoba. Eucalyptus, whose protein bodies contained very large globoid crystals rich in P, Mg, and K, was found to have higher levels of these elements than most species investigated to date.

scholarly journals Dynamics and Temperature Simulation in Multi-Axis Milling

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard Ungemach ◽  
Tobias Surmann ◽  
Andreas Zabel
Keyword(s):  
Surface Quality ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Dynamic Effects ◽  
Lightweight Construction ◽  
Surrounding Matrix ◽  
Simulation Systems ◽  
Very High

Lightweight extrusion profiles with reinforcement elements are promising news in the domain of lightweight construction. The machining of them suffers from several problems: Aside from the question of choosing a suitable tool, feed rate, and milling strategy, an excessive rise in temperature could lead to stress and even a distortion due to the differing thermal expansion of the reinforcement material and the surrounding matrix material. A simulation of the milling process could, in addition to force and collision calculations, recognize this case before manufacturing. For certain milling applications like seal surfaces, a certain roughness of the manufactured surface is necessary. In many other cases, a smooth surface of very high quality is desirable. Available simulation systems usually completely lack the simulation of dynamic effects, which have a great effect on the final surface quality, and therefore are not able to predict the resulting surface quality. In this paper simulation methods are presented that are capable of simulating the dynamic behavior of the tool in the milling process and the resulting flank and ground surface structures. Additionally, a fast temperature simulation for heterogeneous workpieces with reinforcement elements, which is based on the finite difference method and cellular automata, is introduced.

Globoids in Protein Bodies of Legume Seed Cotyledons

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
JNA Lott ◽  
MS Buttrose
Keyword(s):  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Protein Body ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Fixed Tissue ◽  
Edx Analysis ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
Legume Protein ◽  
Structure Lead ◽  
Published Research

Inclusions were found in protein bodies in cotyledons of seeds of each of five legume species (Acacia conferta, Cassia artemisioides, Clianthus formosus, Glycine max, Vicia faba). They were studied by a number of techniques: thin sectioning of fixed, embedded tissue; freeze-fracturing of unfixed tissue; chemical analysis of P, K, Mg and Ca content; and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of both sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue and freeze-dried tissue powders. The results of the studies presented in this paper, combined with a critical evaluation of the published research on legume protein body structure, lead us to believe that globoid crystals are a frequent occurrence in legume protein bodies. EDX analysis results indicate that electron-dense globoid crystals are rich in phytin and that phytin may also be present throughout the proteinaceous matrix portions of some legume protein bodies.

Cotyledonary Storage Proteins in Pisum sativum. IV. Effects of Sulfur, Phosphorus, Potassium and Magnesium Deficiencies

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Randall ◽  
JA Thomson ◽  
HE Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Total N ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Plant Yields

The quantitative and qualitative effects of deficiency of S, P, K or Mg on the cotyledonary proteins of pea seeds have been studied using chemical, immunological and electrophoretic techniques. Deficiency of S, P or K causes characteristic and consistent changes in the proportions of certain proteins both outside and inside protein bodies of mature seeds. Amongst the storage proteins in the protein bodies, S deficiency results in a relative decrease in legumin and in vicilin peak 3, accompanied by a relative increase in the predominant vicilin, peak 4. A quantitatively major cotyledonary protein of unknown function, located outside protein bodies and consisting of 22- kdalton polypeptides, is decreased by S deficiency. Deficiencies of P or K cause an increase in the quantitatively minor vicilin peak 3 and also a marked relative increase in legumin. Mg deficiency has little effect on the proportions of the storage proteins. The degree of nutrient deficiency is reflected in seed and plant yields. Total N and trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-insoluble N and the contents of some other mineral elements in the seed are given. A 10-fold increase in sulfur supply above the optimum for yield did not increase N or S in the TCA- insoluble fraction.

Statistical research on the fate of dietary mineral elements in dry and lactating cows IV. Chloride

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Paquay ◽  
F. Lomba ◽  
A. Lousse ◽  
V. Bienfet
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Chloride Excretion ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Very High ◽  
Matter Energy ◽  
Daily Milk

SUMMARYStatistical analyses were carried out on the data obtained under very strict conditions in metabolism stalls with 41 different rations fed to 127 adult non-pregnant dry cows, and with 14 other different rations fed to 35 adult non-pregnant lactating cows that had calved 2–6 months earlier and whose daily milk production ranged from 11 to 20 kg.The authors have calculated and studied the correlations between faecal and urinary losses of chloride, chloride excretion with the milk, digestible chloride and chloride balance and many other nutritive factors which were analysed for each of the 55 above mentioned experimental diets.The results show that the digestion and utilization of chloride is not influenced by the amount of ingested chloride at the time of the trial. The digestion is generally very high, negatively correlated with dry matter, energy, and pentosans intakes, and positively with nitrogen and potassium intakes. But the most important factor in the fate of dietary chloride seems to be the necessity for the cow to eliminate most of the time high amounts of potassium in the urines.

Comparison of Four Different Extraction Methods of Oil from Macadamia integrifolia

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 3382-3386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Qing Zhu ◽  
Li Jing Lin ◽  
Ji Hua Li ◽  
Guo Ti Lv ◽  
Mao Fang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Octadecadienoic Acid ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Extraction Rate ◽  
Hexadecenoic Acid ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Macadamia Nut

Four different extraction methods, solvent extraction, ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction and supercritical CO2 extraction, were used to extract oil from Macadamia integrifolia, which also named Macadamia nut oil. Fatty acid compositions of Macadamia nut oil were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed the highest extraction rate was 74.63% via Soxhlet extraction, while supercritical CO2 extraction was 70.53%, ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction was 57.19% and Solvent extraction was 50.37%. Six unsaturated fatty acids, including Z-9-Hexadecenoic acid, E-11-Hexadecenoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid, E-9-Octadecenoic acid and 9-eicosenoate, were identified in the oil by GC-MS．The relative extraction rate of unsaturated fatty acids were 36.53%, 44.21%, 60.62%, 56.81%, respectively. Though the extraction rate was the highest via Soxhlet extraction, the relative content of Z-9-Hexadecenoic acid and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid were both higher extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction than Soxhlet extraction, which were 15.38% and 1.55%,. As supercritical CO2 extraction has no solvent residual problem, it would be the trend of the development inSubscript text the future to extract Macadamia nut oil.

Structural changes in whole milk during the production of sterile concentrates: an electron microscope study

1970 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Board ◽  
Joan M. Bain ◽  
D. W. Gove ◽  
J. T. Mullett
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Large Protein ◽  
Casein Micelles ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Average Size

SummaryElectron microscopy was used to study the effect of addition of NaOH, forewarming, homogenization, concentration, and heat sterilization on the structure of whole milk during the production of 4 heat-sterilized concentrates that showed different degrees of physical stability. The samples were prepared for electron microscopy by adding fixative either to liquid or freeze-dried material, and then embedding for sectioning.Noticeable structural changes occurred during forewarming of samples containing added NaOH, during homogenization, and during heat sterilization. Addition of NaOH and forewarming decreased the closeness of packing of the subunits in the casein micelles. Homogenization reduced the average size of the fat globules, and protein became attached to their surfaces. Heat sterilization caused coalescence of protein. In non-homogenized sterilized concentrate with added NaOH, protein bodies of about 100 times the volume of the original casein micelles were formed; these were free-floating and the concentrate was stable. In non-homogenized sterilized concentrate with no added NaOH the protein bodies were about 15 times the size of the casein micelles and bridged to each other, thereby forming a sediment consisting of large irregular particles. Very large protein bodies containing fat globules formed during heat sterilization of the homogenized samples, both in the presence and in the absence of NaOH, and were responsible for the formation of sediment in these 2 products.Needle crystals observed in most samples were identifed as CaCO3. H2O by selected area diffraction; KC1 crystals were also detected.

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