scholarly journals 064 The History of Macadamia Nut Introduction and Development in Kenya

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 452B-452
Author(s):  
L.A. Wasilwa ◽  
N. Ondabu ◽  
G.W. Watani
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
History Of ◽  
Macadamia Nuts ◽  
Eastern Highlands ◽  
Central Kenya

The macadamia nut was introduced to the Kenyan highlands from Australia in the early 1960s. Seedlings were propagated at a nursery near Kiambu in central Kenya by Bob Harris and were subsequently distributed in the central and eastern highlands and later the western highlands. The majority of seedlings planted were one two species, Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche or M. tetraphylla L. S. A less common species, Macadamia ternifolia, was also planted. Several hybrids of M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla have been identified in the central and eastern highlands. A macadamia improvement research program was launched in the early part of 1980 by the Ministry of Agriculture. Since then, 30 trees of the seedlings planted in the later part of 1960s have been selected and evaluated in trial orchards located in the Kenyan highlands. Most of the recently planted orchards constitute of 10 clones that yield between 40 to 90 kg of nuts annually. Five high-yielding macadamia varieties from Hawaii were introduced to Kenya in the early 1980s. To date >90% of the cultivated macadamia trees in Kenya are either M. integrifolia or hybrids of M. integrifolia and M. tetraphylla. Until the late 1970s, there was no market for macadamia nuts in Kenya. Since then, several companies market this crop, which is mainly exported to Japan and Europe.

Seasonal patterns of fecundity and diet of roof rats in a Hawaiian macadamia orchard

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Tobin ◽  
AE Koehler ◽  
RT Sugihara
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Lepidopteran Larvae ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Animal Material ◽  
Macadamia Nuts

We determined seasonal patterns of fecundity and diet of roof rats (Rattus rattus) snap-trapped in an orchard of macadamias (Macadamia integrifolia), and assessed the implications for controlling rat damage to macadamia nuts. In all, 903 males, 756 females, and 16 rats of unidentified sex were captured between June 1990 and April 1991. Sex ratios varied from 1 : 1 only during August, when males outnumbered females (P < 0.05). Subadult rats were present throughout the study and comprised 31% of captures. Adult male roof rats were in reproductive condition throughout the year, and females bore young during every month of the study. Average monthly pregnancy rates varied from 8% to 54% and were highest in April. Mean prenatal litter size ranged from 3.0 to 6.5 among months. Macadamia nut was the dominant food item throughout the study, and was present in all 199 stomachs inspected, with a mean relative frequency of 85%. Insect fragments, primarily lepidopteran larvae, occurred in 66% of the stomachs, with a mean relative frequency of 8%. Moss was found in 48% of the stomachs, with a mean relative frequency of 4%. Grass seeds, fruit seeds and non-insect animal material were present in small amounts. These results show that, in areas with prolonged macadamia flowering and subsequent extended periods of nut availability, roof rats breed throughout the year on a diet consisting mostly of macadamia nuts. In such situations, growers may need to apply control measures throughout the crop cycle to keep rat damage at acceptable levels.

scholarly journals 581 Selection and Evaluation of Macadamia Nut (Macadamia integrifolia) Varieties and Hybrids in the Highlands of Kenya

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 546E-547
Author(s):  
L.A. Wasilwa ◽  
N. Ondabu ◽  
G.W. Watani ◽  
H. Mulli ◽  
S. Kiiru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Eastern Highlands

Several outstanding macadamia trees (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche, M. tetraphylla L. S. or hybrid of these two species) were selected from orchards established in the 1960s in the central and eastern highlands and evaluated over a period of 10 years. In the thrid year of these evaluations, clones from 30 high-yielding trees (40 to 90 kg) were propagated by grafting and trials were established in the central and eastern highlands. Three to five Hawaiian varieties were included as controls. Each trial consisted of five to 10 trees of each clone. Trees were evaluated for vigor, flowering, age of bearing, and yield. From these tests, a subset of 10 of the most outstanding clones were selected and evaluated in 25 field trials located in the Kenyan highlands. Most these clones started to bear 3 years after transplanting. Three distinct flowering patterns have been observed. Ten years after transplanting, yields ranged between 30 to 60 kg nuts/tree. The macadamia hybrids and M. tetraphylla performed best at the higher elevations (1700–1850 m), M. integrifolia clones performed best at elevations of 1500 to 1750 m. Only two Hawaiian varieties performed well and have been used in the breeding program. Most of the cultivated macadamia trees in Kenya are either M. integrifolia or hybrids. Cultivation of M. tetraphylla in Kenya is no longer recommended.

scholarly journals Extracts of Different Organs of Macadamia Nut Tree (Macadamia Integrifolia) Ameliorate Oxidative Damage in D-Galactose Accelerated Aging Model in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 7125-7135
Keyword(s):  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Aging Model ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Macadamia Nuts

Macadamia nut tree, Macadamia integrifolia (Maiden & Betche), is cultivated for the production of the edible macadamia nuts, which are a good source of monounsaturated fatty acids. We investigated the effect of ethanolic extracts of leaves, nuts, and nutshells of macadamia in D-galactose accelerated aging model in rats. Administration of D-galactose (150 mg/kg) in rats for 60 days resulted in impairment of cognitive function and motor coordination and caused an increase in oxidative stress and deterioration of liver and kidney functions. Macadamia nut extract ameliorated cognitive impairment induced by D-galactose as inferred from Morris water maze test and balance test using rotarod. Also, nut extract was superior to leaves and shell extract in reducing serum levels of malondialdehyde (50%), alanine transaminase (63%), aspartate transaminase (63%), total bilirubin (24%), creatinine (38%), and urea (16%) compared to animals that received no treatment. Chemical analysis showed that macadamia nut extract has a high percentage of oleic acid (81%) followed by palmitoleic acid (6.9%). This study encourages further investigation of the health benefits of macadamia nuts and the underlying mechanism of these effects.

scholarly journals A Hard Nut to Crack: Macadamia in Hawaii

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1405-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rietow
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Mauna Loa ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Nut Production ◽  
Macadamia Nuts ◽  
Commercial Plantation ◽  
Crop Area ◽  
Selection Of

The macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia) was introduced to Kapulena on the Hamakua Coast of Hawaii from Australia in 1881 by William Purvis. The first commercial plantation was established in Oahu but the commercial industry moved to Hawaii, the Big Island. By 1950, the largest producer was the Honakaa Sugar Company with 450 acres (182 ha). The development of new technology, including the selection of cultivars on grafted trees, resulted in an expansion of the industry. The Mauna Loa Company is now the world’s largest grower, processor, and marketer of macadamia nuts with over 10,000 acres (4047 ha). The industry now consists of ≈500 to 600 growers that are connected by ownership or contract to the two largest processor/marketers, Mauna Loa and Mac Farms. The Hawaiian macadamia industry is now relatively static. Crop area peaked in 1990 at 22,600 acres (9146 ha) and then gradually dropped to 17,000 acres (6880 ha) in 2006 where it has remained. In-shell nut production during the same period ranged from a low of 40 million pounds (18,148 t) in this past crop year (2010–11) to a high of 58 million pounds (26,315 t) in 2006–07. Competition among Hawaii, Australia, and Africa is now intense.

The Date and Circumstances of Olympiodorus of Thebes

Traditio ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Gillett
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Imperial Court ◽  
Political Narrative ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Western Half

Olympiodorus of Thebes is an important figure for the history of late antiquity. The few details of his life preserved as anecdotes in hisHistorygive glimpses of a career which embraced the skills of poet, philosopher, and diplomat. A native of Egypt, he had influence at the imperial court of Constantinople, among the sophists of Athens, and even outside the borders of the empire. HisHistory(more correctly, his “materials for history”) is lost, surviving only as fragments in the narratives of Zosimus, Sozomen, and Philostorgius, and in the rich summary given by the ninth-century Byzantine patriarch Photius. These remains comprise the most substantial narrative sources for events in the western Roman Empire in the early fifth century. Besides its value as a source, theHistoryis important as a monument to the vitality of the belief in the unity of the Roman Empire under the Theodosian dynasty. Olympiodorus wrote in Greek, and knowledge of his work is attested only in Constantinople, yet his political narrative, from 407 to 425, concerns only events in the western half of the empire. To understand the significance of these facts, it is necessary to set the composition of Olympiodorus's work in its proper context. Clarifying the date of publication is the first step toward this goal. Internal and external evidence suggests that the work was written in 440 or soon after, more than a decade later than the date of composition usually accepted. Taken with thematic emphases evident in the structure of theHistory, this revised dating explains why an eastern writer should have written a detailed account of western events in the early part of the century. Olympiodorus's account is a characteristic product of the highly literate class of eastern imperial civil servants, and of their genuine preoccupation with the relationship between the eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire at a time when both were threatened by the rise of the new Carthaginian power of the Vandals.

scholarly journals DIALOGICAL LINGUISTICS IN RUSSIA: THE HISTORY OF FORMATION AND THE CURRENT STATUS

2021 ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
N. N. Shpilnaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Interactional Theory ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Formation

The article is an outline of the development of Dialogical Linguistics in Russia. It represents its milestones of formation and the current state. Dialogical Linguistics is considered to be an integral linguistic branch, claiming the status of a distinct «research program» and comprises such sections as follows: Linguistics of Dialogical Text, Linguistic Theory of Replication, Interactional Theory of Dialogue, General Theory of Dialogue. In the final part of the article, the principles of dialogical modeling of linguistic objects are being formulated.

scholarly journals Incidence of steroid modified tinea in pediatric age group at tertiary centre in North India

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 677
Author(s):  
Savita Chaudhary ◽  
Chandni Jain ◽  
Gaurav Paliwal ◽  
Priyanka Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Common Species ◽  
North India ◽  
Topical Steroids ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
Atypical Form ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Tertiary Centre ◽  
History Of ◽  
Common Variety

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Uncontrolled use and abuse of topical steroids has led to increase in number of cases of superficial dermatophytosis of skin, hair and nail in pediatric age group as well. Our study aimed to analyse epidemiological and microbiological profile of steroid modified tinea (SMT) in pediatric age group.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Clinically diagnosed tinea childhood patients with history of usage of topical steroids in children were included in our study. Detailed history was taken and clinical examination along with KOH mount and culture was done.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> 112 patients were clinically diagnosed as tinea out of which 61cases gave the history of topical steroids and were included in our study. Most common age group was 12-18 years with female:male of ratio approximately 3:1 and disseminated and atypical form was the most common variety. KOH mount was positive in 73.2% cases and culture was positive in 69.6% cases. Most common species found out to be <em>Tinea mentagrophytes</em> followed by <em>Tinea rubrum</em>. Among non-dermatophyte group, <em>Candida</em> was the commonest.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> There is rise in incidence of dermatophytosis, especially steroid modified, atypical and disseminated.</p>

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