A Leaf Disk Assay for Screening Sweet Cherry Genotypes for Susceptibility to Powdery Mildew

A detached leaf disk assay for screening sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) genotypes for susceptibility to powdery mildew (PM) [Podosphaera clandestina (Wallr.:Fr.) Lev.] was developed by evaluating the effects of photoperiod (24 hours light, 0 hours light, 14 hours light/10 hours dark), substrate nutrient content (sterile distilled water, 1% sucrose), leaf age (old, young, emergent), and leaf explant size (intact leaf, 30 mm, 20 mm) on PM growth on leaves from the susceptible cultivar Bing. The only parameter described that had a significant (P ≤ 0.001) effect on PM growth was leaf age. Old leaves, designated as the third fully expanded leaf from the basal end of current-year's shoot growth, were never infected with PM under controlled inoculations. In the absence of significant differences between treatments, those parameters with the highest treatment means were selected for subsequent evaluation. To test the leaf disk assay, 14 sweet cherry cultivars were screened in two experiments, and rated according to level of PM susceptibility. Rank sum comparison of results from cultivars used for leaf disk screening agreed with earlier field rankings of the same cultivars. The developed leaf disk assay greatly reduced the space required to screen sweet cherry cultivars, and was a repeatable and objective predictor of field resistance that may be useful for screening germplasm or breeding populations.

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Assessment of Severity of Powdery Mildew Infection of Sweet Cherry Leaves by Digital Image Analysis

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.36.1.107 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 107-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

James W. Olmstead ◽

Gregory A. Lang ◽

Gary G. Grove

Keyword(s):

Image Analysis ◽

Powdery Mildew ◽

Digital Image ◽

Digital Image Analysis ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Visual Assessment ◽

Accurate Method ◽

Leaf Disk

A personal computer-based method was compared with standard visual assessment for quantifying colonization of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) leaves by powdery mildew (PM) caused by Podosphaera clandestina (Wallr.:Fr.) Lev. Leaf disks from 14 cultivars were rated for PM severity (percentage of leaf area colonized) by three methods: 1) visual assessment; 2) digital image analysis; and 3) digital image analysis after painting PM colonies on the leaf disk. The third technique, in which PM colonies on each leaf disk were observed using a dissecting microscope and subsequently covered with white enamel paint, provided a standard for comparison of the first two methods. A digital image file for each leaf disk was created using a digital flatbed scanner. Image analysis was performed with a commercially available software package, which did not adequately detect slight differences in color between PM and sweet cherry leaf tissue. Consequently, two replicated experiments revealed a low correlation between PM image analysis and painted PM image analysis (r2 = 0.66 and 0.46, P ≤ 0.0001), whereas visual assessment was highly correlated with painted PM image analysis (r2 = 0.88 and 0.95, P ≤ 0.0001). Rank orders of the 14 cultivars differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) when PM image analysis and painted PM image analysis were compared; however, rankings by visual assessment were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those by painted PM image analysis. Thus, standard visual assessment is an accurate method for estimating disease severity in a leaf disk resistance assay for sweet cherry PM.

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Pmr1, a Gene for Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Sweet Cherry

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.37.7.1098 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 37 (7) ◽

pp. 1098-1099 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

James W. Olmstead ◽

Gregory A. Lang

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Powdery Mildew Resistance ◽

Single Gene ◽

The United States ◽

Pedigree Information ◽

Mildew Resistance ◽

Allelic State ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars

Most sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars grown commercially in the United States are susceptible to powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Podosphaera clandestina (Wall.:Fr.) Lev. Recently, hybrid populations segregating for resistance to powdery mildew were developed by crossing a mildew-resistant sweet cherry selection, PMR-1, with the susceptible cultivars Bing, Rainier, and Van. Although segregation within these populations indicated a single gene was responsible for the powdery mildew resistance conferred by PMR-1, the gene action could not be determined. Therefore, a reciprocal cross between `Bing' and `Van' was made to determine the allelic state of the susceptible parents used previously. All progeny (n = 286) from this cross were susceptible to powdery mildew. This information, combined with results from previous segregation data, indicate the powdery mildew resistance gene is inherited in a dominant manner and is present in PMR-1 in the heterozygous allelic state. We have named this gene Pmr1. Furthermore, in combination with known pedigree information, we have been able to predict the susceptibility of more than 60 additional commercial and recently released sweet cherry cultivars.

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Multi-year analyses on three populations reveal the first stable QTLs for tolerance to rain-induced fruit cracking in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

Horticulture Research ◽

10.1038/s41438-021-00571-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

José Quero-García ◽

Philippe Letourmy ◽

José Antonio Campoy ◽

Camille Branchereau ◽

Svetoslav Malchev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Confidence Intervals ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Linear Models ◽

Basic Research ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Phenotypic Variance ◽

Fruit Cracking ◽

The Stability ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars

AbstractRain-induced fruit cracking is a major problem in sweet cherry cultivation. Basic research has been conducted to disentangle the physiological and mechanistic bases of this complex phenomenon, whereas genetic studies have lagged behind. The objective of this work was to disentangle the genetic determinism of rain-induced fruit cracking. We hypothesized that a large genetic variation would be revealed, by visual field observations conducted on mapping populations derived from well-contrasted cultivars for cracking tolerance. Three populations were evaluated over 7–8 years by estimating the proportion of cracked fruits for each genotype at maturity, at three different areas of the sweet cherry fruit: pistillar end, stem end, and fruit side. An original approach was adopted to integrate, within simple linear models, covariates potentially related to cracking, such as rainfall accumulation before harvest, fruit weight, and firmness. We found the first stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for cherry fruit cracking, explaining percentages of phenotypic variance above 20%, for each of these three types of cracking tolerance, in different linkage groups, confirming the high complexity of this trait. For these and other QTLs, further analyses suggested the existence of at least two-linked QTLs in each linkage group, some of which showed confidence intervals close to 5 cM. These promising results open the possibility of developing marker-assisted selection strategies to select cracking-tolerant sweet cherry cultivars. Further studies are needed to confirm the stability of the reported QTLs over different genetic backgrounds and environments and to narrow down the QTL confidence intervals, allowing the exploration of underlying candidate genes.

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Self-incompatibility allele identification in Ukrainian sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars

Visnik ukrains'kogo tovaristva genetikiv i selekcioneriv ◽

10.7124/visnyk.utgis.15.2.873 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 150-158

Author(s):

Ya. I. Ivanovych ◽

N. V. Tryapitsyna ◽

K. M. Udovychenko ◽

R. A. Volkov

Keyword(s):

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Electrophoretic Analysis ◽

Self Incompatibility ◽

Incompatibility Group ◽

S Alleles ◽

Pcr Products ◽

Incompatibility Alleles ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

Consensus Primers

Aim. Ukrainian breeders have created a large number of sweet cherry cultivars, which still remain almost unexplored at the molecular level. The aim of our study was to identify the self-incompatibility alleles (S-alleles) in Ukrainian sweet cherry cultivars and landraces, and to elucidate, to which cross-incompatibility group the cultivars belong. Methods. The PCR was conducted using consensus primers to the first and second introns of S-RNAse gene and to the single intron of SFB gene. The electrophoretic analysis of the PCR products of the second intron of S-RNAse was carried out in agarose gel, whereas detection of fluorescently labeled DNA fragments of the first S-RNAse intron and the SFB intron was performed using a genetic analyzer. Results. The S-alleles of 25 Ukrainian sweet cherry cultivars and 10 landraces were identified. The S-alleles frequencies and affiliation of cultivars and landraces to the groups of cross-incompatibility were determined. The obtained data can be used in breeding programs and by planning of industrial plantings. Conclusions. In the study, 12 different S-alleles and 79 S-haplotypes were identified. The S1, S3, S4, S5, S6 and S9 alleles are the most widespread among Ukrainian sweet cherry cultivars and landraces. The high frequencies of S5 and especially of S9 alleles are characteristic for the Ukrainian cultivars and distinguish them from other European ones. For the Ukrainian sweet cherry cultivars, the XXXVII (S5S9) cross-incompatibility group appeared to be the most numerous.Keywords: Ukrainian sweet cherry cultivars, S-locus, Sgenotypes, self- and cross-incompatibility, Prunus avium.

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Development of tensile strength in compatible and incompatible sweet cherry graftings

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b04-167 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 83 (2) ◽

pp. 202-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Bjarne Hjelmsted Pedersen

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

The Self ◽

The Other ◽

Preliminary Work ◽

Cherry Rootstocks ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

Prunus Avium L

The tensile strengths of graftings between three selected sweet cherry cultivars and five selected cherry rootstocks were determined with an Instron instrument 6, 12, and 18 weeks after grafting and compared with the tensile strength of self-grafted rootstocks and graftings of rootstocks used as scions. The combination of sweet cherry cultivars and rootstocks was selected to provide a range of compatibility based on preliminary work. The tensile strengths of sweet cherry cultivars grafted on different rootstocks never exceeded the tensile strengths of the self-grafted rootstocks. Rootstocks grafted as scions on Prunus avium L. rootstocks and self-grafted rootstocks produced some of the strongest unions tested and also produced union strength much faster than any of the other combinations. The degree of compatibility was quantified and results indicated that if this value was below 0.2, measured 18 weeks after grafting, it corresponded to combinations with major risks of delayed incompatibility.Key words: tensile strength, grafting, compatibility, sweet cherry, Prunus avium.

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The Profile and Content of Polyphenols and Carotenoids in Local and Commercial Sweet Cherry Fruits (Prunus avium L.) and Their Antioxidant Activity In Vitro

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8110534 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 534 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Dominika Średnicka-Tober ◽

Alicja Ponder ◽

Ewelina Hallmann ◽

Agnieszka Głowacka ◽

Elżbieta Rozpara

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Sweet Cherries ◽

High Antioxidant Activity ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

Prunus Avium L

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the content of a number of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of fruits of selected local and commercial sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars. The experiment showed that the selected cultivars of sweet cherries differ significantly in the content of polyphenolic compounds and carotenoids. The fruits of commercial sweet cherry cultivars were, on average, richer in polyphenols (the sum of phenolic compounds determined chromatographically), flavonoids, as well as anthocyanins and were characterized by higher antioxidant activity when compared to the local, traditional cultivars. In the group of the traditional sweet cherry cultivars, particular attention could be paid to Black Late cv., showing the highest antioxidant activity of fruits. In the group of commercial sweet cherry cultivars, Cordia and Sylvia fruits could be recognized as being rich in bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity. Yellow skin cultivars were characterized by the highest concentrations of carotenoids. Strong positive correlations between the identified bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of fruits were also found. Although different cultivars of sweet cherries show a high variability in phenolics and carotenoids profiles as well as in the antioxidant activity of fruits, they all should be, similarly to other types of cherries, recognized as a rich source of bioactive compounds with an antioxidant potential.

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Genetic Diversity of Some Sweet Cherry Cultivars Based on Molecular Markers

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Agriculture ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:12405 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 153

Author(s):

Ioana Virginia Berindean ◽

Elena Tămaş ◽

Oana Maria Toderic ◽

Ioan Zagrai

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Rapd Markers ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Molecular Level ◽

Genetic Relationships ◽

Pcr Amplification ◽

High Level ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), originated around the Caspian and Black Sea, is an important fruit tree species of economic interest, and hence, breeding and conservation are requested (. Genetic analysis at the molecular level can be used effectively to study molecular polymorphism existing between intraspecific and interspecific tree species and phylogenetic relationships between them and their hybrids. The purpose of this study was to characterize and determine genetic relationships among the sweet cherry native genotypes belonging to Fruit Research & Development Station Bistrita, Romania, using RAPD markers. To eliminate the existence of possible synonyms from national romanian collection, we collect four Van cultivars, from four different national collection. For molecular analysis of the 16 varieties of sweet cherry were considered 13 RAPD primers selected from the literature. They were later used to determine the genetic variability at the molecular level using PAST program, and the dendrogram was generated based on Jaccard’s genetic distance. The dendrogram constructed by PAST software. The quantity and quality of the DNA obtained was suitable to achieve PCR amplification step. Only seven out of the 13 RAPD primers have generate polymorphic bands. The rest of seven were monomorphics. The most polymorphic primer was OPB10 which generated 11 bands from which 100% were polymorphic.Seven RAPD primers generated a high level of polymorphism which allowed to divide these cherry varieties into two groups according to their genetic geographical origin and the pedigree.

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Resistance of sweet cherry cultivars to fruit surface pitting

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p05-244 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 1197-1202 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Frank Kappel ◽

Peter Toivonen ◽

Sabina Stan ◽

Darrell-Lee McKenzie

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Industry Standard ◽

Sweet Cherries ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽

Fruit Surface ◽

Prunus Avium L

A recently developed technique was used to determine the susceptibility to fruit surface pitting of new sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars and compare them to an industry standard. The cultivars tested included Bing (industry standard), Cristalina, Lapins, Sandra Rose, Santina, Skeena, Sonata, Staccato, and Sweetheart. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity, injured, held at 1°C for 2 wk and then rated for fruit surface pitting. The cultivars Lapins, Skeena, Staccato, and Sweetheart had less pitting than Bing. Cristalina and Sonata tended to have similar levels of injury to Bing and Sandra Rose and Santina tended to have more severe pitting than Bing. Key words: Sweet cherries, cultivars, simulated pitting injury

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Fruit Characteristics of Autochthonous Sweet Cherry Cultivars (Prunus avium L.) from the Banjaluka Region

Агрознање ◽

10.7251/agren1704285r ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 285

Author(s):

Ljubomir Radoš ◽

Tanja Krmpot ◽

Fejzo Begović

Keyword(s):

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Fruit Characteristics ◽

Rich Diversity ◽

Production And Consumption ◽

Solids Content ◽

Individual Trees ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars

Banjaluka region is characterized by a very rich diversity of old and autochthonous sweet cherry cultivars, which represent a very important genetic potential for future breeding programs. Autochthonous sweet cherry cultivars are spontaneously propagated and used in very few areas for production and consumption in the fresh condition. A very small percentage of autochthonous cultivars are used in local markets or in some forms of processing. The main reason for this is the small number of individual trees whose fruits are used for own household and their poor management. In order to popularize the production and sale of autochthonous sweet cherry cultivars, during this research was perform the basic pomological measurements of the five most common autochthonous sweet cherry cultivars in the Banjaluka region (Ašlamka, Banjalučka crnica, Bjelica-Biljur, Cipov and Crveni hrušt). Pomological (the weight and dimensions of the fruit, weight and dimensions of the pit, dimension of the stalk and the firmness of the fruit flesh) and chemical (total soluble solids content of the fruit) fruit characteristics were determined. Results showed differences in investigated parameters between the cultivars.

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089 Inheritance of Powdery Mildew Resistance in Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.3.404a ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 404A-404

Author(s):

James W. Olmstead ◽

Gregory A. Lang ◽

Gary G. Grove

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Powdery Mildew Resistance ◽

Single Gene ◽

Genetic Resistance ◽

Segregation Ratio ◽

Washington State ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Mildew Resistance

Most sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars grown commercially in the Pacific Northwest U.S. are susceptible to powdery mildew caused by the fungus Podosphaera clandestina (Wall.:Fr.) Lev. The disease is prevalent in the irrigated arid region east of the Cascade Mountains in Washington State. Little is known about genetic resistance to powdery mildew in sweet cherry, although a selection (`PMR-1') was identified at the Washington State Unive. Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center that exhibits apparent foliar immunity to the disease. The objective of this research was to characterize the inheritance of powdery mildew resistance from `PMR-1'. Reciprocal crosses between `PMR-1' and three high-quality, widely-grown susceptible cultivars (`Bing', `Rainier', and ëVaní) were made to generate segregating progenies for determining the mode of inheritance of `PMR-1' resistance. Progenies were screened for susceptibility to powdery mildew colonization using a laboratory leaf disk assay. Assay results were verified by natural spread of powdery mildew among the progeny seedlings in a greenhouse and later by placement among infected trees in a cherry orchard. Progenies from these crosses were not significantly different (P > 0.05) when tested for a 1:1 resistant to susceptible segregation ratio, indicating that `PMR-1' resistance is conferred by a single gene, which we propose to designate as PMR-1.

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