scholarly journals 564 Screening Commercial Peat and Peat-based Products for the Presence of Ericoid Mycorrhizae

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 493B-493
Author(s):  
Mark Starrett
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Ericoid Mycorrhizae ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Test Plants ◽  
Ericoid Fungi

A study was conducted to investigate the presence of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi in select peat and peat-based products. Vaccinium corymbosum, a known host of ericoid fungi, was used as a model plant. Peat and peat-based products were obtained from all major sources that supply the northeastern United States. Seedling roots were examined and average percent colonization was determined for each sample. Results indicate that these fungi are present in the majority of peat and peat-based media tested. Seedlings grown in some of the selected media exhibited an increased percentage of colonized root cells. Mycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots of test plants were isolated. These fungi exhibited typical ericoid fungal growth characteristics.

Screening Commercial Peat and Peat-based Products for the Presence of Ericoid Mycorrhizae

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
Nicole R. Gorman ◽  
Mark C. Starrett
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Model Plant ◽  
Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Ericoid Mycorrhizae ◽  
Ericoid Fungi

Abstract Pieris floribunda (Pursh) Benth. & Hook., a known host of ericoid fungi, was used as a model plant to investigate the presence of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi in select peat and peat-based products. After growing in each medium for 75 days, roots of seedlings were examined and average percent colonization was determined for each sample. Results indicate that these fungi are present in the majority of peat and peat-based media tested. Seedlings grown in some of the selected media had a greater percentage of root cells colonized by ericoid mycorrhizae than others in the study.

Nitrogen Acquisition Efficiency of Ericoid Mycorrhizae in High-bush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Plants

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 467f-468
Author(s):  
Wei Qiang Yang ◽  
Barbara L. Goulart ◽  
K. Demchak
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Extracellular Protease ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Nitrogen Acquisition ◽  
Ericoid Mycorrhizae ◽  
Extracellular Protease Activity

In laboratory and growth room experiments, protease activity among a diverse group of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (isolated from two native and two commercial blueberry sites) was screened via a sensitive fluorescent assay and the efficiencies of mycorrhizal symbionts to use organic (a protein) and inorganic N were determined. There were differences in extracellular protease activity among mycorrhizal isolates within the same genera. Two isolates from a native blueberry site showed the highest extracellular protease activity. Plants inoculated with these two isolates produced more dry weight as compared to the control or plants inoculated with other isolates with lower protease activity when protein was used as the sole nitrogen source. These results suggested that some of the mycorrhizal isolates from native blueberry sites might be more efficient in acquiring soil organic N than those isolated from commercial blueberry sites. This possibility was further examined by using 15N and the results from 15N labeling will be discussed. Our study indicated that it was possible to isolate and identify ericoid mycorrhizal fungal strains which might be useful to increase the host's ability to utilize soil organic N sources.

Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi: cellular and molecular bases of their interactions with the host plant

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 557-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Perotto ◽  
Renato Peretto ◽  
Antonella Faccio ◽  
Andrea Schubert ◽  
Paola Bonfante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Ericoid Mycorrhizae ◽  
Ericoid Fungi

A number of soil-borne fungi are able to form typical ericoid mycorrhizae with plants belonging to Ericales. Together with Hymenoscyphus ericae, the first isolate from roots of ericaceous plants, other fungal species belonging to the genus Oidiodendron and many sterile mycelia have been recognized as mycorrhizal by several authors. A high genetic diversity was even found when a population of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi isolated from a single plant of Calluna vulgaris was analysed with morphological and molecular techniques. Ericoid fungi have a relevant saprotrophic potential, as they can degrade several organic polymers present in the soil matrices. Different cell wall degrading enzymes, which are part of this arsenal and are produced in vitro by several ericoid fungi, have been investigated biochemically. Immunocytochemical studies on the production of pectin degrading enzymes during the infection process of host and non-host plants suggest that regulation mechanisms for the production of cell wall degrading enzymes in vivo may be a crucial step for the establishment of successful mycorrhiza with host plants. Key words: ericoid mycorrhizae, cell wall degrading enzymes, polygalacturonase, DNA-RAPD techniques.

Deciphering the Chitin Code in Plant Symbiosis, Defense, and Microbial Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 583-607
Author(s):  
Devanshi Khokhani ◽  
Cristobal Carrera Carriel ◽  
Shivangi Vayla ◽  
Thomas B. Irving ◽  
Christina Stonoha-Arther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Beneficial Microbes ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Structural Polymer

Chitin is a structural polymer in many eukaryotes. Many organisms can degrade chitin to defend against chitinous pathogens or use chitin oligomers as food. Beneficial microorganisms like nitrogen-fixing symbiotic rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi produce chitin-based signal molecules called lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and short chitin oligomers to initiate a symbiotic relationship with their compatible hosts and exchange nutrients. A recent study revealed that a broad range of fungi produce LCOs and chitooligosaccharides (COs), suggesting that these signaling molecules are not limited to beneficial microbes. The fungal LCOs also affect fungal growth and development, indicating that the roles of LCOs beyond symbiosis and LCO production may predate mycorrhizal symbiosis. This review describes the diverse structures of chitin; their perception by eukaryotes and prokaryotes; and their roles in symbiotic interactions, defense, and microbe-microbe interactions. We also discuss potential strategies of fungi to synthesize LCOs and their roles in fungi with different lifestyles.

scholarly journals The Effect of Vigor of a Bearing Shoot in ‘Bluecrop’ Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) on Growth Characteristics of Shoots and Fruits

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 598-603
Author(s):  
Yeuseok Kwon ◽  
Sung-Hee Lee ◽  
Hyunman Shin ◽  
Sang-Yeong Nam ◽  
Youngjae Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Highbush Blueberry

scholarly journals Cytogenetic impact of sodium chloride stress on root cells of Vigna radiata L. seedlings

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jabeen Farheen ◽  
Simeen Mansoor
Keyword(s):  
Mitotic Division ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Ecological Problem ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Metaphase Stage ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Root Tip Cells

AbstractObjectivesThe high salinization stress to seedling is the substantial ecological problem in the ongoing era. It negatively influences the growth that retard mitotic division by enhancing aberrations in nuclear chromatin. In the light of these views, the current work was designed to investigate the response of Vigna seedlings root tip cells to the presence of NaCl ions.Materials and methodsNM-92 and NM19-19 seeds were imbibed separately in distilled water for 24 h and allowed to grow into 0, 50, 150, 250, and 350 mM NaCl solution for 24 h. Excised root tips were stained, and slides were scored at 100× objective for the mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberrations.ResultsOur data demonstrated that as NaCl molarity increased, the MI was declined along with various chromatin abnormalities. The 150 mM of NaCl showed more lagging (69%) of chromosomes during anaphase in NM19-19. The highest stickiness at metaphase stage (68%) was found in 250 mM NaCl in variety NM19-19. However, both varieties were differed non-significantly for c-mitosis that was recorded 99% at 350 mM NaCl concentration.ConclusionsThe NaCl ions toxicity induced various cytological anomalies in seedling roots that adversely affect the growth of Vigna seedlings.

scholarly journals Towards Growth of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Independent of a Plant Host

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1919-1924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Hildebrandt ◽  
Katharina Janetta ◽  
Hermann Bothe
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Hyphal Coils ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Root Tissues

ABSTRACT When surface-sterilized spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus intraradices Sy167 were germinated on agar plates in the slightly modified minimum mineral medium described by G. Bécard and J. A. Fortin (New Phytol. 108:211-218, 1988), slime-forming bacteria, identified as Paenibacillus validus, frequently grew up. These bacteria were able to support growth of the fungus on the agar plates. In the presence of P. validus, hyphae branched profusely and formed coiled structures. These were much more densely packed than the so-called arbuscule-like structures which are formed by AMF grown in coculture with carrot roots transformed with T-DNA from Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The presence of P. validus alone also enabled G. intraradices to form new spores, mainly at the densely packed hyphal coils. The new spores were not as abundant as and were smaller than those formed by AMF in the monoxenic culture with carrot root tissues, but they also contained lipid droplets and a large number of nuclei. In these experiments P. validus could not be replaced by bacteria such as Escherichia coli K-12 or Azospirillum brasilense Sp7. Although no conditions under which the daughter spores regerminate and colonize plants have been found yet, and no factor(s) from P. validus which stimulates fungal growth has been identified, the present findings might be a significant step forward toward growth of AMF independent of any plant host.

Quantifying the growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: usefulness of the fractal dimension

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Juge ◽  
Annie Champagne ◽  
Andrew P. Coughlan ◽  
Nicolas Juge ◽  
Lael Parrott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Growth Cycle

The present study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to investigate the use of the fractal dimension (FD) to quantify the growth and development of undisturbed, fully functional arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) hyphae developing in vitro. The majority of the work focused on the model AM fungus Glomus intraradices DAOM 181602. The time course study and final measurements of an intact mature extraradical mycelium allowed us to compare the development of the mycelium and the FD value. The final FD value of 1.62 for the mature mycelium is similar to that obtained for highly branched root systems and tree crowns. The FD method was used to characterize the morphology of germinative and presymbiotic hyphae in the presence of stimulatory (strigolactone GR-24, 0.1 µmol·L–1 and bisphenol A, 10 µmol·L–1) and inhibitory (NaCl, 80 mmol·L–1) molecules, and the extraradical phase in the presence of an inhibitory molecule (NaCl, 80 mmol·L–1). Where possible, results were compared with those obtained using the traditional grid-line (GL) technique. The FD approach allowed treatment effects to be accurately quantified, both in germinative and extraradical phases. In the second case, this technique provided a single quantitative value of extraradical hyphal growth that included runner hyphae (RH) networks, and fine-branching (FB) ramifications. This is in contrast to the GL technique, which provides a value for the estimation of RH, but which is not suitable for accurately measuring FB hyphae. Given the ease with which the FD values can be calculated, and the fact that this method can provide a single value for the quantification of extraradical hyphal growth and development, we suggest that this method is useful for in vitro studies. Furthermore under certain situations of germinative or presymbiotic growth, it may be used in concert with the GL method to provide a greater degree of information about hyphal morphology. The usefulness and limits of the FD method at different stages of the AM fungal growth cycle are discussed.

An investigation of the growth characteristics of oil-palm (Elaeis guineensis) suspension cultures using 31P NMR

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 1141-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Hughes ◽  
S. M. Bociek ◽  
J. N. Barrett ◽  
R. G. Ratcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Suspension Culture ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
31P Nmr ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

High-resolution 31P nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) spectra are reported for oil-palm (Elaeis guineensis) cells in suspension culture. The spectra are a signicant improvement on the results that have appeared for other cultures and they are comparable with the spectra of the meristematic tissue in seedling roots. The NMR technique was used in parallel with other analytical methods to investigate the growth characteristics of the suspension culture, indluding the effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.

scholarly journals VEG-01: Veggie Hardware Validation Testing on the International Space Station

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gioia D. Massa ◽  
Nicole F. Dufour ◽  
John A. Carver ◽  
Mary E. Hummerick ◽  
Raymond M. Wheeler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Microgravity Environment ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
International Space ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Validation Testing ◽  
Test Plants

AbstractThe Veggie vegetable production system was launched to the International Space Station with three sets of test plants for an initial hardware validation test, designated VEG-01. VEG-01A and B featured the crop ‘Outredgeous’ red romaine lettuce, while VEG-01C tested ‘Profusion’ zinnia plants for longer duration growth and flowering characteristics. Irrigation of plants in all three growth studies presented a challenge, with lettuce suffering from inadequate water and zinnia suffering from excess water. Direct plant pillow watering by crew members enabled plant growth, and returned samples from the first crop, VEG-01A, indicated that food safety was acceptable. VEG-01B plants at harvest were split to allow for on-orbit crew consumption as well as science sample return. Direct-watered zinnias suffered fungal growth and other physiological stresses, but two plants survived and these produced numerous flowers. The VEG-01 series allowed a large amount of data on system performance, human factors, procedures, microbiology, and chemistry of space-grown plants to be gathered. Observations from these tests are helping to drive future hardware modifications and provide information on food crop growth and development in a microgravity environment.

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