scholarly journals Response of Potted Peach Trees to Pruning and Grass Competition

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1209-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Tworkoski
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Peach Trees

Peach [(Prunus persica (L.) Batsch., `Rutgers Redleaf'] trees were grown for two seasons in a greenhouse with three pruning treatments (none, shoot tips removed, and half the shoots removed) and three grass treatments (no grass competition; perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., `Linn'; and tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb, `Kentucky 31'). Competing grass reduced shoot growth, leaf area, and weight of fine roots in shallow soil, but did not affect the growth response to pruning. Regrowth from pruned trees was such that the shoot: root ratio was restored to that of unpruned trees. Leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis had decreased markedly by 48 hours after irrigation ceased in trees without competition (larger trees) and to a similar level by 96 hours in trees with competition (smaller trees). Apparently, the reduced leaf area of peach trees grown with grass competition delayed water stress. Leaf abscisic acid levels were not directly affected by grass competition but increased as leaf water potential decreased. Grass competition modified morphology and reduced tree size, but did not affect shoot growth following pruning.

scholarly journals Response of a clingstone peach cultivar to regulated deficit irrigation

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Sotiropoulos ◽  
Dimitrios Kalfountzos ◽  
Ioannis Aleksiou ◽  
Spyros Kotsopoulos ◽  
Nikolaos Koutinas
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Regulated Deficit Irrigation

Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) involves inducing water stress during specific fruit growth phases by irrigating at less than full evapotranspiration. The objectives of this research were to study the effects of RDI perfomed at stage II of fruit growth and postharvest, on productivity of clingstone peaches, fruit quality as well as photosynthetic rate and midday leaf water potential. The research was conducted in a commercial clingstone peach (Prunus persica L. Batch cv. A-37) orchard in Greece. Trees were irrigated by means of microsprinklers and their frequency was determined using local meteorological station data and the FAO 56 Pennman-Monteith method. Photosynthetic rate was measured by a portable infrared gas analyzer. Midday leaf water potential was measured by the pressure chamber technique. During the years 2005 and 2006, the treatment RDII with irrigation applied at growth stage II of the peach tree did not affect productivity, fresh and dry mass of fruits. RDII reduced preharvest fruit drop in comparison to the control. RDII as well as the combined treatment RDII plus RDIP with irrigation applied at postharvest, at both years reduced shoot length of the vigorous shoots inside the canopy. RDII in comparison to the control increased the soluble solids content of the fruits and the ratio soluble solids/acidity. However it did not affect fruit acidity and fruit firmness. RDII as well as RDII plus RDIP in 2006 increased 'double' fruits and fruits with open cavity in comparison to the control and RDIP. Water savings were considerable and associated with the climatic conditions of each year.

Divergence in plant water-use strategies in semiarid woody species

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael H. Nolan ◽  
Kendal A. Fairweather ◽  
Tonantzin Tarin ◽  
Nadia S. Santini ◽  
James Cleverly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Leaf Water Status

Partitioning of water resources amongst plant species within a single climate envelope is possible if the species differ in key hydraulic traits. We examined 11 bivariate trait relationships across nine woody species found in the Ti-Tree basin of central Australia. We found that species with limited access to soil moisture, evidenced by low pre-dawn leaf water potential, displayed anisohydric behaviour (e.g. large seasonal fluctuations in minimum leaf water potential), had greater sapwood density and lower osmotic potential at full turgor. Osmotic potential at full turgor was positively correlated with the leaf water potential at turgor loss, which was, in turn, positively correlated with the water potential at incipient stomatal closure. We also observed divergent behaviour in two species of Mulga, a complex of closely related Acacia species which range from tall shrubs to low trees and dominate large areas of arid and semiarid Australia. These Mulga species had much lower minimum leaf water potentials and lower specific leaf area compared with the other seven species. Finally, one species, Hakea macrocarpa A.Cunn ex.R.Br., had traits that may allow it to tolerate seasonal dryness (through possession of small specific leaf area and cavitation resistant xylem) despite exhibiting cellular water relations that were similar to groundwater-dependent species. We conclude that traits related to water transport and leaf water status differ across species that experience differences in soil water availability and that this enables a diversity of species to exist in this low rainfall environment.

scholarly journals 082 OFFSETTING EFFECTS OF REDUCED ROOT HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENTIN DROUGHT-STRESSED PEACH, OLIVE, CITRUS, AND PISTACHIO

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 439g-440
Author(s):  
M. Rieger
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Root Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Turgor Maintenance

Root hydraulic conductivity (Lp) and osmotic potential (π) were measured in young, drought-stressed and non-stressed peach (Prunus persica), Olive (Olea europea), Citrumelo (Citrus paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata) and Pistachio (Pistachia integerrima) plants. Drought stress reduced Lp 2.5 to 4.2-fold, depending on species, but π was reduced only in expanded citrumelo leaves and unexpanded olive leaves by 0.34 and 1.4 MPa, respectively. A simulation model of plant water uptake and leaf water relations was constructed to quantify the offsetting effects of reduced Lp and osmotic adjustment (OA) on turgor maintenance. For olive data, a 2.5-fold reduction of Lp caused a linear decrease in turgor pressure difference between stressed and non-stressed plants, such that the effect of OA was totally offset at a leaf water potential (stressed) of ≈ -3.0 MPa. For citrumelo, because the degree of OA was lower, the water potential at which the effects of OA and reduced Lp were offsetting with respect to turgor maintenance was ≈ -0.6 MPa. The analysis suggests that some level of stomatal closure would be necessary to extend the water potential range over which stressed plants maintain higher turgor than non-stressed plants for citrumelo. Conversely, no degree of stomatal closure would be required of stressed olive plants to maintain higher turgor than non-stressed counterparts over a physiologically meaningful range of leaf water potential.

INFLUENCE OF WATER STRESS CONDITIONING ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC WATER STRESS RESPONSE OF SWITCHGRASS (PANICUM VIRGATUM L.) AND TALL FESCUE (FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA SCHREB.)

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kiss ◽  
D. D. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Panicum Virgatum L ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Stress Cycles

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of water stress conditioning on the photosynthesis response of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to moisture deficiency. Tillers of the two species were grown in the same, controlled, environment and were subjected to three conditioning water stress cycles, or were kept well watered. After drought conditioning all plants were subjected to moisture deficiency while photosynthesis and leaf water potential were monitored. Measurements were taken between –0.8 and –4.0 MPa and the rate of water stress was 0.49 MPa/day. The conditioning of switchgrass produced a 26% reduction in the photosynthesis rate during drought, while that of tall fescue produced a 57% reduction in photosynthesis. Both species maintained elongation and photosynthesis down to lower leaf water potentials after drought conditioning than before conditioning. The conditioning water stress cycles decreased the leaf conductance, mesophyll resistance and transpiration of tall fescue plants after rewatering. The leaf water potential of conditioned switchgrass plants was lower upon rewatering after three conditioning water stress cycles than the leaf water potential of non-conditioned plants, while the leaf conductance, mesophyll resistance and transpiration of conditioned and non-conditioned tillers were equal. These data indicate an improvement in the drought tolerance of tall fescue and switchgrass plants, emphasize the importance of knowing the previous water stress history of the plants in moisture deficiency experiments, and help to choose proper irrigation management for switchgrass and tall fescue.

scholarly journals Rootstock Genotypes Shape the Response of cv. Pinot gris to Water Deficit

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Michele Faralli ◽  
Pier Lugi Bianchedi ◽  
Massimo Bertamini ◽  
Claudio Varotto
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Shallow Soils ◽  
Reduced Water

Understanding the physiological basis underlying the water stress responses in grapevine is becoming increasingly topical owing to the challenges that climate change will impose to grapevine agriculture. Here we used cv. Pinot gris (clone H1), grafted on a series of tolerant (1103Paulsen; P), sensitive (SO4) and recently selected (Georgikon28; G28, Georgikon121; G121, Zamor17; Z17) rootstocks. Plants were either subjected to reduced water availability (WS) or maintained at pot capacity (WW). Photosynthetic (light response curves), stomatal and in vivo gas exchange analysis were carried out as well as dynamics of daily water use (WU), leaf area accumulation with affordable RGB imaging pipelines and leaf water potential. Significant genotypic variation was recorded between rootstocks for most of the traits analyzed under optimal conditions with P and SO4 showing a more vigorous growth, higher CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and stomatal density per unit of leaf area than G28, G121, Z17 (p < 0.001). Under WS, rootstocks induced different water stress response in Pinot gris, with G28 and G121 showing a higher sensitivity of water use to reduced water availability (WS) (p = 0.021) and no variation for midday leaf water potential until severe WS. P, Z17 and to some extent SO4 induced a pronounced near-anisohydric response with a general WU maintenance followed by reduction in leaf water potential even at high levels of soil water content. In addition, G28 and G121 showed a less marked slope in the linear relationship between daily water use and VPD (p = 0.008) suggesting elevated sensitivity of transpiration to evaporative demand. This led to an insensitivity for total dry weight biomass of G28 and G121 under WS conditions (p < 0.001). This work provides: (i) an in-depth analysis for a series of preferable traits under WS in Pinot gris; (ii) a characterization of Pinot gris × rootstock interaction and a series of desirable traits under WS induced by several rootstocks; (iii) the potential benefit for the use a series of affordable methods (e.g., RGB imaging) to easily detect dynamic changes in biomass in grapevine and quickly phenotype genotypes with superior responses under WS. In conclusion, the near-isohydric and conservative behavior observed for G28 and G121 coupled with their low vigor suggest them as potential Pinot gris rootstock candidates for sustaining grapevine productivity in shallow soils likely to develop terminal stress conditions.

scholarly journals Irrigation Frequency Affects Zoysiagrass Rooting and Plant Water Status

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.L. Qian ◽  
J.D. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Leaf Rolling ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
Shoot Growth Rate

`Meyer' zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) was established on a silt loam soil in 27-cm-diameter × 92-cm-deep containers in a greenhouse to investigate the influence of irrigation frequency on turfgrass rooting and drought tolerance. Turf was irrigated daily or at the onset of leaf rolling with a water volume equal to the cumulative evapotranspiration of well-watered turf in small weighing lysimeters. After >90 days of irrigation treatments, a dry-down was imposed during which no additional water was applied for 55 days. A recovery period followed during which time turf was watered to maintain soil matric potential at greater than –30 kPa. Compared to turf irrigated daily, that watered at the onset of leaf rolling exhibited 1) 32% to 36% lower leaf water potential and 14% to 22% lower osmotic potential before the onset of drought; 2) 13% higher leaf water potential ≈40 days into dry-down; 3) more extensive rooting at 55- and 75-cm soil depths as indicated by 11% to 19% lower volumetric soil moisture content at the end of dry-down; 4) 25% to 40% lower shoot growth rate during irrigation and 13% to 33% higher shoot growth rate during dry-down; and 5) higher quality ratings during dry-down and recovery. Thus, deep, infrequent irrigation better prepares zoysiagrass for an oncoming drought than light, frequent irrigation.

scholarly journals TRANSPLANTING AND ORGANIC MULCH AFFECT GAS EXCHANGE AND GROWTH OF FIELD GROWN RED OAK (QUERCUS SHUMARDII BUCKLI.)

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 497C-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Bonds ◽  
Thayne Montague
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Predawn Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Organic Mulch ◽  
Quercus Shumardii

Balled in burlaped is a common method for moving large trees into landscapes and affects of transplanting on tree gas exchange and growth has been documented. Organic mulch provides many benefits and is often recommended for landscapes. Because little research has been conducted on affects organic mulch has on gas exchange and growth of transplanted and non-transplanted trees, this research investigated the effects transplanting and organic mulch have on gas exchange and growth of field grown red oak (Quercus shumardii) trees. In March 2003, 12 multi-trunked trees were selected from a tree farm near Lubbock, Texas, and six trees were dug using a tree spade and placed in their original location. Mulch at a depth of 10 cm was placed around the rootball of 3 transplanted and 3 nontransplanted trees and maintained at this depth the remainder of the experiment. Over the next three growing seasons predawn leaf water potential and midday stomatal conductance were measured on each tree every 1 to 3 weeks. At the end of every growing season shoot elongation, stem caliper and subsample leaf area were recorded. Our data indicates transplanting has a negative affect on gas exchange and growth of red oak. Each growing season gas exchange, shoot growth, and subsample leaf area were less for transplanted trees when compared to nontransplanted trees. Mulch also influenced gas exchange and growth of these trees. For nontransplanted trees with mulch, gas exchange and growth were reduced when compared to nonmulched, nontransplanted trees. For transplanted trees with mulch, predawn leaf water potential was less negative and subsample leaf area was greater when compared to transplanted trees with out mulch.

Yield and components of seed yield of indeterminate narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) subjected to transient water deficit

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Palta ◽  
Z. Plaut
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Pod Number

The effect of transient water deficits on seed yield and components of seed yield of narrow-leafed lupin was measured in plants grown in a controlled environment under simulated field conditions. Lupins were grown in large columns of soil and transient water deficits were induced at pod set on the mainstem and first-order apical branches by withholding water for a 5-day period. Soil water content, leaf water potential, turgor pressure, and leaf conductance declined similarly during each period of transient water deficit. Differences in these parameters were apparent 2 days after water was withheld, and over the 5-day period, leaf water potential declined to −1.3 MPa and leaf conductance fell to 44% of the well-watered controls. Total dry matter per plant was reduced by the transient water deficit treatments. The reduction resulted from less accumulation of dry matter on the first, second, and third order apical branches. Leaf area on these branches was also reduced by abscission of the leaves after the water deficit was released. Seed yield per plant after each period of transient water deficit was reduced by 30–33%, relative to the well-watered controls. The reduction was largely due to a reduction in seed yield on the branches, mainly because they had fewer pods and seeds per pod. Seed dry weight and harvest index were not significantly affected by each period of transient water deficit. We conclude that differences in final seed yield between the well- watered controls and the transient water deficit treatments resulted from differences in pod number and seeds per pod. Low dry matter accumulation and reduction in leaf area on the first- and second-order apical branches under the transient water deficit were associated with the differences. Whereas the differences in pod number generated differences in the size of the reproductive sink, the differences in leaf area generated differences in the source capacity for assimilates for pod set and pod-filling.

Diurnal and Spatial Variation in Leaf Water Potential and Leaf Conductance of Irrigated Peach Trees

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 291 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Olsson ◽  
FL Milthorpe
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
High Degree

Leaf water potential, conductance and relative water content were measured in three layers of the canopy of large peach trees during imgation cycles. In the top layer, leaf water potential decreased from early morning until the early afternoon reaching values ranging from about -1.8 MPa soon after irrigation to -2 5 MPa at the end of a drying cycle; leaf conductance (mean about 0.42 cm s-1) decreased slightly during this period but did not appear to be influenced by water potential at values higher than about - 1 .9 MPa. From early afternoon to late evening, leaf conductance continued to decrease and water potential increased. Similar cycles were noted in the middle and lower layers except that water potential was always higher and conductance lower. A high degree of exposure of leaves to insolation appeared to result in low potentials and high conductances. The adequacy of current imgation recommendations for high productivity is discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document