scholarly journals (125) Effect of Organic Residues on Shoot and Root Growth of Apple Tree

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1061D-1061
Author(s):  
Davide Neri ◽  
Gianpaolo Mascanzoni ◽  
Paolo Sabbatini ◽  
Franco Zucconi ◽  
James Flore
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Organic Residues ◽  
Mature Compost ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Old Trees

To simulate soil sickness, 1-year-old trees of `Golden Delicious' (grafted on M9 and M106) were grown in rhizotrons (1 × 1-m and 0.5-m depth) with different plant residues content, at Ravenna, Italy. Sandy loam soil was used as a substrate. Fine-grounded wood from apple and peach residues (6 kg per rhizotron) was mixed to the substrate and considered as main treatment. Mature compost (1% and 2.5% in volume) was added or not to the substrate with the organic residues and considered as subtreatment. The application of residues was localized either near the soil surface (0–25 cm) or deeper in the soil profile (25–50 cm). In each rhizotron, four trees on the same rootstock were planted and each soil treatment was replicated twice. After 2 years, the roots were accurately excavated (washing off the soil with water), and growth was measured. The presence of apple residues near the soil surface induced a 5% to 20% reduction of shoot growth. The reduction per plant dry weight was higher when trees were grafted on M106. At root level, the presence of residues increased the root migration in the search for fresh niches, enhancing root crossing and anastomosis. Both these shoot and root conditions are typical of replant diseases symptoms. The localization of apple residues in the lower part of the profile reduced the symptoms and so did the addition of compost. The peach residues did not affect shoot growth when compared to the control, but the shoot-to-root ratio was reduced, indicating a tendency to increase root migration.

Phytotoxicity of Glyphosate to Italian Ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum)and Red Clover(Trifolium pratense)

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Segura ◽  
S. W. Bingham ◽  
C. L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Clover Seed

The phytotoxicity of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] on seeds (protected or non-protected with soil) and seedlings of Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorumLam.) and red clover(Trifolium pratenseL.) was studied in the greenhouse. Percent germination of Italian ryegrass seeds covered with soil was significantly reduced with glyphosate applied at 4 kg/ha. The direct treatment over the seeds on the soil surface was more toxic, reducing the number of established seedlings at dosages of 3 and 4 kg/ha. In the two red clover seed treatments, germination was significantly reduced with 2 kg/ha of herbicide. Even though germination was reduced at intermediate rates of glyphosate, shoot growth and tillering were improved and yields of dry weight were equivalent to that of untreated plants. Postemergence applications of glyphosate were phytotoxic to both species with the effects becoming more pronounced at increasing dosages. However, at equal dosage, red clover was less susceptible than Italian ryegrass. The patterns of foliar absorption and translocation of14C from14C-glyphosate was similar in Italian ryegrass and red clover.14C was translocated throughout the plants and exhibited apoplastic and symplastic movement.

Examination of the Penetration of Enteric Viruses in Soils under Simulated Conditions in the Laboratory

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 197-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Unsaturated Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Coxsackievirus B3 ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Sand Column ◽  
Loam Soil

In two different unsaturated soil columns percolated with artificial rainwater under simulated aerated conditions, transport of coxsackievirus B3 and adenovirus 1 below 3.5 cm under the soil surface could not be demonstrated. The viruses were applied to the columns as seeded sewage sludge. Under saturated conditions transport of water-suspended coxsackievirus B3 was faster in a soil column with sandy loam soil than in a diluvial sand column.

Subsurface Application and Shallow Incorporation of Herbicides on Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Wiese ◽  
E. B. Hudspeth
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Loam Soil

In a 3-year study on four soil types, subsurface application just ahead of a planter with a device that removed the top from the bed, applied a band of spray, and covered the band with soil reduced weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) obtained with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methylmercapto-s-triazine (prometryne), 3-(hexahydro-4,7-methanoindan-5-yl)-1,1-dimethylurea (norea), dimethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA), and 1,1-dimethyl-3(α,α,α,-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea (fluometuron) compared to applications on the soil surface. This machine improved weed control with α,α,α,-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin). Shallow incorporation, with two helical blades, after planting increased weed control with trifluralin, diuron, and DCPA by 10% or more over the surface applications. This incorporator increased weed control obtained with prometryne and norea 5%. Very shallow incorporation, with metal tines, after planting improved weed control obtained with trifluralin and DCPA 18 and 11%, respectively. Weed control with norea was increased 7%, but metal tines did not appreciably affect weed control obtained with prometryne, diuron, or fluometuron. Compared to surface applications, incorporation increased cotton injury with diuron, norea, prometryne, and fluometuron on sandy loam soil.

Ammonia volatilization from surface-applied livestock slurry as affected by slurry composition and slurry infiltration depth

2006 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. SOMMER ◽  
L. S. JENSEN ◽  
S. B. CLAUSEN ◽  
H. T. SØGAARD
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Fertilizer Value ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Water Values ◽  
Slurry Composition

Volatilization of ammonia (NH3) from slurry applied in the field is considered a risk to the environment and reduces the fertilizer value of the slurry. To reduce volatilization a better understanding of the slurry–soil interaction is needed. Therefore, the present study focuses on measuring NH3 volatilization as affected by differences in infiltration. Livestock slurries with different dry matter (DM) composition and viscosity were included in the experiments by using untreated cattle and pig slurry, pig slurry anaerobically digested in a biogas plant and pig slurry anaerobically digested and physically separated. NH3 volatilization was measured using dynamic chambers and related to infiltration of the livestock slurries in the soil by measuring chloride (Cl−) and Total Ammoniacal Nitrogen (TAN=ammonium (NH4+)+NH3) concentrations in soil at different depths from 0·5 to 6·0 cm from the soil surface. The slurries were applied to sandy and sandy-loam soils packed in boxes within the chambers. There were no significant differences in relative volatilization of NH3 from untreated cattle and pig slurries, but anaerobic digestion of pig slurry increased volatilization due to increases in pH. However, physical separation of the digested slurry reduced the volatilization compared with untreated slurry, due to increased infiltration. In general, the volatilization decreased significantly with increased infiltration. The present study shows that NH3 volatilization from applied slurry can be related to infiltration and that infiltration is related to slurry composition (i.e. DM content and particle size distribution) and soil water content. The infiltration of liquid (measured by Cl− infiltration) was affected by soil water potential, therefore, Cl− infiltrated deeper into the sandy loam soil than the sandy soil at similar gravimetric soil water values. Dry matter (DM) and large particles (>1 mm) of the slurry reduced infiltration of liquid. A high proportion of small particles (<0·025 mm) facilitated infiltration of TAN.

scholarly journals Influence of wood-derived biochar on the physico-mechanical and chemical characteristics of agricultural soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed S.F. Ahmed ◽  
Vijaya Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Specific Influence ◽  
And Chemical Properties

AbstractAmendment of soil with biochar has been shown to enhance fertility and increase crop productivity, but the specific influence of biochar on soil workability remains unclear. Select physico-mechanical and chemical properties of clay loam and sandy loam soils were measured after amendment with wood-derived biochar of two particle size ranges (0.5-425 and 425-850 µm) at five dosages ranging from 0.5 to 10% dry weight. Whereas the clay loam soil workability decreased when the finer wood-derived biochar was applied at rates of 6 or 10%, soil fertility was not enhanced. The sandy loam soil, due to Proctor compaction, significantly decreased in bulk density with 6 and 10% wood-derived biochar amendments indicating higher soil resistance to compaction.

Comparison of direct drilling, reduced cultivation and ploughing on the growth of cereals

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Elliott ◽  
F. B. Ellis ◽  
F. Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Tillage Operations

SummaryAn experiment on spring barley (cvs Impala and Julia) on sandy loam soil near Oxford was made from 1969 to 1973 to compare mouldboard ploughing, deep and shallow tined cultivation followed by conventional seed-bed preparation, and direct-drilling.In 1969 fewer barley plants on the direct-drilled plots than on cultivated plots gave fewer fertile ears/m2 and significantly less grain. In 1970, 1972 and 1973 yields did not differ between treatments. In 1971 there were more ears/m2 and more grain was obtained from direct-drilled than from ploughed plots. Mean grain yields over 5 years did not differ significantly between cultivation treatments. Ploughing and deep tine cultivation resulted in better shoot growth early in the season, more straw and more dicotyledonous weeds than direct-drilling. In comparable tillage operations on the same farm considerably less energy was needed for direct-drilling than for mouldboard ploughing and conventional seed-bed preparation.

scholarly journals Organic Matter Application Improves Posttransplant Root Growth of Three Native Woody Shrubs

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Guckenberger Price ◽  
Amy N. Wright ◽  
Kenneth M. Tilt ◽  
Robert L. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nondestructive Method ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The need for reliable planting techniques that encourage posttransplant root growth in adverse conditions has prompted research into planting above soil grade (above-grade). Container-grown Morella cerifera (L.) Small (syn. Myrica cerifera L.) (wax myrtle), Illicium floridanum Ellis (Florida anise tree), and Kalmia latifolia L. (mountain laurel) plants were planted in Horhizotrons (root observation chambers) in a greenhouse in Auburn, AL, on 1 Mar. 2006, 6 June 2006, and 3 Jan. 2007, respectively. The experiment was repeated with all three species being planted 18 June 2007. Horhizotrons contained four glass quadrants extending away from the root ball providing a nondestructive method for measuring root growth of the same plant into different rhizosphere conditions. Each quadrant was filled with a native sandy loam soil in the lower 10 cm. The upper 10 cm of the quadrants were filled randomly with: 1) milled pine bark (PB); 2) peat (P); 3) cotton gin compost (CGC); or 4) more native soil with no organic matter (NOM). Horizontal root lengths (HRL, length measured parallel to the ground from the root ball to the root tip) of the five longest roots visible along each side of a quadrant were measured weekly for M. cerifera and I. floridanum and biweekly for K. latifolia. These measurements represented lateral growth and penetration of roots into surrounding substrates on transplanting. When roots of a species neared the end of the quadrant, the experiment was ended for that species. M. cerifera had the fastest rate of lateral root growth followed by I. floridanum and then by K. latifolia. In most cases, roots grew initially into the organic matter rather than the soil when organic matter was present. In general, HRL and root dry weight (RDW) of I. floridanum and K. latifolia were greatest in PB and P, whereas for M. cerifera, these were greatest in P. Differences in root growth among substrates were not as pronounced for M. cerifera as for the other species, perhaps as a result of its rapid increase in HRL. Increased root growth in PB and P may be attributed to the ideal physical and chemical properties of these substrates. Results suggest that planting above soil grade with organic matter may increase posttransplant root growth compared with planting at grade with no organic matter.

scholarly journals 322 Influence of Mycorrhiza and an Isoflavonoid on Plant Growth and Gas Exchange of Potatoes Started from Minitubers

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 498C-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.T. Davies ◽  
J.N. Egilla ◽  
J.C. Miller ◽  
J.A. Saraiva Grossi
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Russet Norkotah ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

The influence of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices and reduced levels of G. intraradices treated with the isoflavonoid formononetin was tested on growth and gas exchange of container-grown potato plants. Tissue culture-produced minitubers of Solanum tuberosum cv. Russet Norkotah and Russet Norkotah selection TX112 were subjected to four treatments: 1) G. intraradices at 750 propagules per container, 2) G. intraradices at 376 propagules per container, 3) G. intraradices at 376 propagules per container treated with the isoflavonoid formononetin, and 4) noncolonized plants. Plants were grown under glasshouse conditions in 1500-mL containers containing a sterilized sand: sandy loam soil, and fertilized with Long Ashton nutrient solution modified to supply phosphorus at 11 ug P/mL. The experiment was initiated on 4 May 1998 and terminated on 27 Aug. 1998, during which the plants were exposed to adverse high temperatures (mean high: 30.7 °C). Both cultivars responded similarly to mycorrhizal treatments. Formononetin enhanced growth of myocorrhizal plants and increased total colonization, arbuscule, and hyphae development. Only formononetin-treated mycorrhizal plants had increased shoot growth. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were generally greatest with reduced levels of mycorrhiza and formononetin treated mycorrhizal plants.

scholarly journals A bioassay technique to study clomazone residues in sandy loam soil

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Gajic-Umiljendic ◽  
Ljiljana Radivojevic ◽  
Tijana Djordjevic ◽  
Katarina Jovanovic-Radovanov ◽  
Ljiljana Santric ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Bioassay Test ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Bioassay Technique

A bioassay test was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of maize, sunflower and barley to clomazone residues in sandy loam soil. Clomazone was applied at different rates from 0.12 to 12 mg a.i./kg of soil. The parameters measured 14 days after treatment were: shoot height, fresh and dry weight, and content of pigments (carotenoids, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b). The results showed that the lowest clomazone concentration caused a significant reduction in all measured parameters for barley and sunflower shoots. Fresh weight of maize shoots was not sensitive to clomazone residual activity in soil while the other parameters were highly inhibited. Nomenclature: clomazone (2-(2-chlorbenzyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one), maize (Zea mays L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

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