scholarly journals Evaluation of Morphological Traits Associated with Productivity in F1 Interspecific (Cucurbita maxima Duch. x C. moschata Duch.) Hybrid Processing Squash

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1156-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Uretsky ◽  
J. Brent Loy
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Lateral Branches

Interspecific hybrids can be produced from certain cross combinations of Cucurbita maxima x C. moschata. These hybrids have been used extensively as rootstocks for melon and watermelon grafting, but only occasionally for fresh market use. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of interspecific hybrids for use in pie processing in terms of morphological traits related to productivity. We used a bush-processing inbred line of C. maxima, NH65, as the female parent and two vining-processing cultivars of C. moschata, Long Island Cheese (LIC) and Dickinson Field (DF) as pollen parents to produce two interspecific hybrids with large orange fruit, potentially suitable for processing. A greenhouse study was conducted to compare internode lengths, main stem diameters, flowering patterns, and leaf area at first appearance of female flowers in NH65, LIC, DF, and two interspecific hybrids, NH65xLIC and NH65xDF. Plants were grown in 8.7 L nursery pots, watered and fertigated with drip tubing, and trellised to a single main stem. In LIC and DF, internode lengths increased rapidly beyond the fourth node before reaching a maximum by node 12. Internodes in NH65 did not exceed 3 cm until node 15, and average lengths never exceeded 4 cm. In interspecific hybrids, internode lengths mimicked bush plants for 6 or 7 internodes, remaining below 3 cm, but then increased rapidly to lengths approaching that of the vining cultivars after internode 10. Staminate flowers were more abundant than pistillate flowers in NH65, LIC and DF; whereas the interspecies hybrids produced primarily pistillate flowers. In NH65xLIC, the first pistillate flowers appeared on nodes 9–11, on average 38.3 days after transplanting (DAT), and in NH65xDF, on nodes 9–17, 42.3 DAT. First pistillate flowers in NH65 occurred on nodes 9–11, 34.3 DAT, compared with nodes 9–13, 39.3 DAT and nodes 17–21, 50.0 DAT, respectively, for LIC and DF. A field study was conducted for comparing flowering patterns and growth habits in NH65xLIC, NH65xDF, DF, LIC, NH65, and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD), a popular C. maxima processing winter squash. Stem length was short and petioles highly elongated in the two interspecific hybrids until about 34 DAT, such that plants exhibited a uniform, compact phenotype similar to NH65. Subsequently, stems elongated rapidly, with lengths approaching and occasional exceeding those in vine cultivars. In the two vining C. moschata cultivars, LIC and DF, 4–6 laterals developed near the base of plants, usually consisting of 12–30 nodes. NH65xLIC produced mostly short laterals (4–15 nodes) interspersed along much of the main stem, whereas NH65xDF produced numerous lateral branches, mostly ranging from 11 to 30 nodes long, between the base and about the halfway point along the main stem. Mature leaves were about twice as large in the two interspecific hybrids as in DF and GD; this together with differences in early growth habit and branching patterns contributed to a much faster leaf canopy cover in the interspecific hybrids in comparison with the vining cultigens.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Chlorimuron as a Growth Regulator for Peanut

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne E. Mitchem ◽  
Alan C. York ◽  
Roger B. Batts
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Vine Growth

Abstract Chlorimuron was evaluated as a growth regulator on peanut. Treatments included chlorimuron at a total of 8.8 g ai/ha applied once at 60,75, or 90 d after emergence (DAE) or in equal portions applied twice at 60 and 75, 60 and 90, or 75 and 90 DAE or three times at 60, 75, and 90 DAE. Daminozide at 950 g ai/ha applied 75 DAE was included as a comparison. In a year with excessive vine growth, daminozide and all chlorimuron treatments except 8.8 g/ha applied 90 DAE reduced cotyledonary lateral branch and main stem length at harvest 9 to 20 and 12 to 24%, respectively, due to suppression of internode length. Sequential applications of chlorimuron generally suppressed growth more than single applications. No improvement in row visibility at harvest was noted. In a dry year with limited vegetative growth, neither chlorimuron nor daminozide affected cotyledonary lateral branch or main stem length at harvest. Chlorimuron at 2.9 g/ha applied 60, 75, and 90 DAE reduced yield 18% at one of four locations; no other treatment affected yield. Chlorimuron at 8.8 g/ha applied 60 DAE or 4.4 g/ha applied 60 and 75 DAE reduced the percentage of fancy pods and extra large kernels at one or more locations. No treatment affected the percentage of total sound mature kernels. Results suggest chlorimuron has little to no potential for use as a growth regulator.

scholarly journals Effects of fertilizer and plant density on yield and quality of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-215
Author(s):  
Mahdi Faravani ◽  
Behjat Salari ◽  
Mostafa Heidari ◽  
Mohammad Kashki ◽  
Barat Gholami
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Lateral Branches

In order to understand the effect of organic fertilizer on yield of anise, an experiment was conducted in the form of split-plot in randomized complete block design with three replications in Mashhad, Khorasan Agriculture and Natural Resource Research Center. Four treatments of fertilization: the control, vermicompost - 5 t/ha, cow manure - 25 t/ha, and mineral fertilizer (NPK) - 60 kg/ha (the same rate of each nutrient) were applied as the main factor. The second factor was plant density, applied at three levels: 17, 25, and 50 plants/m2. The results showed a significant effect of fertilizer on the number of umbels per plant, number of umbellets per umbel and canopy cover. Plant density had a significant effect on grain yield, biological yield, the number of lateral branches, essential oil percentage and yield of essential oil. Seed and essential oil yield were the highest in the case of the application of vermicompost and plant densities of 50 and 25 plants/m2 respectively.

A Precision Pruning Strategy for Improving Efficiency of Vibratory Mechanical Harvesting of Apples

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1565-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Long He ◽  
Yaqoob Majeed ◽  
Matthew David Whiting ◽  
Manoj Karkee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Vibratory System ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Labor Requirements ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Canopy Management

Abstract. The state of Washington is the biggest fresh market apple ( Borkh.) producer in the U.S., and the state’s annual apple production has exceeded 60% of the national production. Due to the extensive labor requirements for harvesting fresh market apples, there is burgeoning demand for mechanical harvest solutions. Our transdisciplinary studies on mechanical harvest systems for apples have shown that fruit removal efficiency (FRE) with a vibratory system can be improved with precision canopy management. In this study, we evaluated the effect of precision pruning strategies on FRE in two groups (106 and 107, respectively) of randomly selected horizontal branches of ‘Jazz/M.9’ apple trees in a commercial orchard. Fruiting lateral branches were pruned to either shorter than 15 cm (guideline 1, G1) or 23 cm (guideline 2, G2). Harvest tests were conducted using a shake-and-catch harvester prototype developed by Washington State University with a fixed vibrating frequency of 20 Hz and shaking duration of 5 s. FRE for branches treated with G1 was significantly higher (91%) than FRE for branches treated with G2 (81%). We recorded a negative relationship between FRE and lateral shoot length. FRE was up to 98% when shoots were shorter than 5 cm, and FRE was only 56% for shoots of 25 cm or longer. We developed a shoot diameter-to-length index (S-index) to better understand the effect of shoot size on FRE. FRE was as high as 98% when the S-index was greater than 0.15. In addition, mechanically harvested fruit quality was assessed by categorizing the fruit into Extra Fancy, Fancy, and Downgrade fresh market classes based on USDA standards; however, no significant difference was found between the two treated groups. These results suggest that pruning lateral fruiting branches to less than 15 cm or to an S-index greater than 0.03 is required to achieve FRE of 85% with no negative impacts on fruit quality. Keywords: Canopy management, Fresh market fruit, Fruit removal efficiency, Mechanical harvest, Shoot pruning severity.

scholarly journals Line × Tester Analysis for Morphological and Fruit Biochemical Traits in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Using Wild Relatives as Testers

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Combining Ability ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
General Combining Ability ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Biochemical Traits ◽  
Positive Heterosis

Wild relatives of eggplant are commonly exploited for eggplant improvement, but the genetic improvement relies on the information of the genetic basis of inheritance of traits. In this study, two eggplant lines, one with oriental and another with occidental cytoplasm, were crossed with four testers representing three wild species, namely, Solanum insanum, S.anguivi, and S. lichtensteinii. The Line × Tester cross produced a total of eight interspecific hybrids. Parents and their hybrids were evaluated for 3 biochemical, 12 morphological, and 8 Tomato Analyzer-based descriptors. A significant amount of variation was noticed for all 23 traits studied. The higher values for the specific combining ability (SCA) component were determined as compared to the general combining ability (GCA) component. The testers were more significant for most of the traits than the cultivated varieties. Positive heterosis was determined for the 12 characteristics and negative heterosis for the 11 attributes. Overall, S.anguivi, and S. lichtensteinii were better for the biochemical traits’ improvement, whereas S. insanum was a better tester for the morphological traits.

SEPTORIA CANKER OF INTRODUCED AND NATIVE HYBRID POPLARS

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (6) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Bier
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Hybrid Poplars ◽  
Septoria Musiva ◽  
Lateral Branches

Studies have shown that Septoria musiva Peck, a North American fungus which occurs commonly as a leaf-spotting parasite on native poplars, produces cankers, in addition to leaf injury, on certain introduced poplars (Populus Rasumowskyana Schneid., P. Petrowskyana Schneid., and P. berolinensis Dipp.), and the native hybrids, Northwest and Saskatchewan poplar.Field observations and inoculation experiments demonstrated that most of the inoculum for spring infection arises from ascospores of a Mycosphaerella stage, and that the fungus enters the stems through mechanical wounds uninjured lenticels, leaf petioles, or stipules. Incipient cankers occur in the bark of the current year's wood, soon girdling leading and side shoots. They later spread from lateral branches into the main stem, developing into perennial cankers which ultimately girdle and kill the trees.

scholarly journals Influence of plant growth stage on resistance to anthracnose in Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis)

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar E. Falconi ◽  
Richard G. F. Visser ◽  
Sjaak van Heusden
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Lupinus Mutabilis ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Flower Stage ◽  
Necrotic Spots ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, is the most destructive fungal disease of Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) in Ecuador and of other lupin species around the world. Symptoms of necrotic spots occur throughout the main stem, and infection progresses to cause bending of the main stem and lateral branches, resulting in yield loss. Although there is no known anthracnose resistance, this study aims to assess tolerance of Andean lupin and investigate lupin–C. acutatum interactions. Two Andean lupin genotypes, I-450 Andino and I-451 Guaranguito, were inoculated on the meristematic section of the main stem, either by spraying or by pipetting C. acutatum spores on to an artificial wound. Although the two methods gave similar results, spraying is the preferred method because it mimics natural pathogen infection. Plant-pathogen interactions were assessed at five different phenological stages (leaf stages 2–3, 4–5, 6–7, 8–9, and 10–11) with three C. acutatum isolates by using a 0–5 scale to assess disease symptoms. In both genotypes, anthracnose symptoms were greater at early seedling stage (2–3-leaf stage), decreasing significantly in early vegetative phase (6–7-leaf stage) and increasing again when the flower stage began (10–11-leaf stage). However, the tolerance of these two Andean lupin genotypes to anthracnose was not equally expressed at all developmental stages. We recommend, in a breeding program, that screening for anthracnose first occurs at the 6–7-leaf stage (6 weeks old) and again when flowering starts at the 10–11-leaf stage (10 weeks old) so that the overall tolerance can be determined. This method could be used in lupin breeding programs for improving resistance to anthracnose.

scholarly journals Base temperature for node emission and plastochron determination in tomato species and their hybrids

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-315
Author(s):  
André Ricardo Zeist ◽  
Juliano Tadeu Vilela de Resende ◽  
Marcos Ventura Faria ◽  
André Gabriel ◽  
Israel Felipe Lustosa da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Solanum Pennellii ◽  
Solanum Habrochaites ◽  
Tomato Species ◽  
Wild Accessions

Abstract: The objective of this work was to estimate the base temperature for node emission and plastochron determination in wild species of tomato, in the Redenção cultivar, and in their respective interspecific F1 hybrids. The wild accessions Solanum pimpinellifolium AF 26970, Solanum galapagense LA-1401, Solanum peruvianum AF 19684, Solanum habrochaites var. hirsutum PI-127826, Solanum habrochaites var. glabratum PI-134417, and Solanum pennellii LA-716; the cultivar Redenção (Solanum lycopersicum); and their respective interspecific hybrids were evaluated, on the transplanting dates 12/22/2015, 2/12/2016, and 4/6/2016. The base temperature was estimated using the least mean squared error of the linear regression between the number of nodes and the accumulated thermal sum. The plastochron for the main stem and the first three lateral stems was estimated using the base temperature. The base temperature for node emission and plastochron determination varied from 4.5 to 14.8°C. The species S. habrochaites var. hirsutum accession PI-127826, S. habrochaites var. glabratum accession PI-134417, and their hybrids with the Redenção cultivar showed the lowest base temperatures and plastochron for the main stem, whereas the remaining wild species and interspecific hybrids had a base temperature near that of cultivated tomato. Wild species and interspecific hybrids of tomato show a great variation in base temperature for node emission and plastochron determination.

Reciprocal differences of morphological and DNA characters in interspecific hybridization in Cucumis

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Feng Chen ◽  
Fei Yun Zhuang ◽  
Xian An Liu ◽  
Chun Tao Qian
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybridization ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Maternal Transmission ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reciprocal Differences

Plant materials with different ploidy levels from a series of reciprocal crosses between a wild Cucumis species (Cucumis hystrix Chakr., 2n = 2x = 24) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., 2n = 2x = 14) were used to investigate reciprocal differences in morphology, fertility, and DNA characteristics. Diameter of the stem, length of the petiole, and shape and size of the leaves of the hybrids were intermediate when compared with their parents. The length of the internode of the main stem showed maternal transmission in all hybrids, but the branching number and appearance of the first female flower showed paternal transmission. The differences in fertility of reciprocal plants were significant. When C. hystrix was used as the female parent, the diploid (2n = 2x = 19) hybrids set fruit without seeds, whereas the amphidiploid (2n = 4x = 38) plants produced fruits with viable seeds. However, when cucumber was used as the female parent, both tetraploid and diploid hybrid plants were highly sterile and did not set fruits. To further investigate variation in hybrid genomes, 21 arbitrary primers were used for random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Reciprocal differences were detected for 15 primers. The banding patterns were different among the four types of hybrids, but there was no significant difference in the total and (or) average numbers of bands observed. We suggest that the differences in random amplified polymorphic DNA banding patterns of the hybrids are probably related to the paternal- and (or) maternal-transmitted morphological characteristics in the reciprocal cross.Key words: Cucumis, interspecific hybridization, reciprocal differences, random amplified polymorphic DNA markers, paternal and (or) maternal transmission.

A new hybrid between blue spruce and white spruce

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1693-1700 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Hanover ◽  
Ronald C. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Hybrid Seed ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Picea Pungens ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

Controlled pollinations were made within and between blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in 1967 and 1968. Interspecific hybrids were obtained and verified by comparative measurements of several traits. The cross was successful when either species was used as the female parent. Hybrid seed germinated more rapidly than that of either species and hybrid seedlings showed some heterosis for early growth. Also, hybrid seedlings had needles intermediate between, and significantly different from, the parental seedlings. Growth form of the hybrid was quite variable compared with that of either species. Further evidence for the successful crossing of blue spruce and white spruce was provided by biochemical analyses of monoterpene compounds in the parents and progeny.

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