scholarly journals Estimation of Daily Water Requirements for Potted Ornamental Crops

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-456
Author(s):  
C.D. Stanley ◽  
B.K. Harbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Growing Conditions

Methodology was developed to estimate water requirements for production of 20 different potted ornamental plant species with practical application for water conservation in commercial operations. Water requirement prediction equations were generated using pan evaporation to estimate evaporative demand along with plant canopy height and width and flower height as input variables. Coefficients of determination (R2) for the prediction equations among plant species ranged from 0.51 to 0.91, with the lower values mostly associated with plant species with an open or less-uniform growth habit. Variation in water use among different cultivars of marigold also was associated with differences in cultivar growth habit. Estimation of the daily water requirements of potted Reiger begonia and Ficus benjamina using their developed prediction equations was compared to actual water use under common growing conditions to demonstrate the implementation of the method for plant species differing in growth habit.

Water Requirements and Conservation Alternatives for Northern Communities

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (S2) ◽  
pp. 65-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
B C Armstrong ◽  
D W Smith ◽  
J J Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Rate Structure ◽  
Individual Household

This paper reviews water requirements and the alternatives for water conservation in small, relatively remote northern communities. Requirements are examined in terms of basic needs and desires for sanitation from an individual household and a community perspective. Presented are factors which influence water use such as the method of delivery, household plumbing, socio-economic aspects, rate structure, climate and plumbing codes. Similarly, factors which influence water conservation are identified. Outlined in detail are current methods of reducing water use within the northern household.

scholarly journals Quantification of Daily Water Requirements of Container-Grown Calathea and Stromanthe Produced in a Shaded Greenhouse

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Beeson ◽  
Jianjun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Closure Model ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Production Period ◽  
Best Fit

Irrigating plants based on their water requirements enhances water use efficiency and conservation; however, current irrigation practices for container-grown greenhouse plants largely relies on growers’ experiences, resulting in leaching and/or runoff of a large amount of water. To address water requirements of greenhouse-grown plants, this study adapted a canopy closure model and investigated actual evapotranspiration (ETA) of Calathea G. Mey. ‘Silhouette’ and Stromanthe sanguinea Sond. from transplanting to marketable sizes in a shaded greenhouse. The daily ETA per Calathea plant ranged from 3.55 mL to 59.39 mL with a mean cumulative ETA of 4.84 L during a 224 day growth period. The daily ETA of S. sanguinea varied from 7.87 mL to 97.27 mL per plant with a mean cumulative ETA of 6.81 L over a 231 day production period. The best fit models for predicting daily ETA of Calathea and Stromanthe were developed, which had correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.82 and 0.73, respectively. The success in modelling ETA of the two species suggested that the canopy closure model was suitable for quantifying water use of container-grown greenhouse plants. Applying the research-based ETA information in production could reduce water use and improve irrigation efficiency during Calathea and Stromanthe production.

Conservative water use under high evaporative demand associated with smaller root metaxylem and limited trans-membrane water transport in wheat

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémy Schoppach ◽  
Diego Wauthelet ◽  
Linda Jeanguenin ◽  
Walid Sadok
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Mercury Chloride ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Efficient Breeding

Efficient breeding of drought-tolerant wheat (Triticum spp.) genotypes requires identifying mechanisms underlying exceptional performances. Evidence indicates that the drought-tolerant breeding line RAC875 is water-use conservative, limiting its transpiration rate (TR) sensitivity to increasing vapour pressure deficit (VPD), thereby saving soil water moisture for later use. However, the physiological basis of the response remains unknown. The involvement of leaf and root developmental, anatomical and hydraulic features in regulating high-VPD, whole-plant TR was investigated on RAC875 and a drought-sensitive cultivar (Kukri) in 12 independent hydroponic and pot experiments. Leaf areas and stomatal densities were found to be identical between lines and de-rooted plants didn’t exhibit differential TR responses to VPD or TR sensitivity to four aquaporin (AQP) inhibitors that included mercury chloride (HgCl2). However, intact plants exhibited a differential sensitivity to HgCl2 that was partially reversed by β-mercaptoethanol. Further, root hydraulic conductivity of RAC875 was found to be lower than Kukri’s and root cross-sections of RAC875 had significantly smaller stele and central metaxylem diameters. These findings indicate that the water-conservation of RAC875 results from a root-based hydraulic restriction that requires potentially heritable functional and anatomical features. The study revealed links between anatomical and AQP-based processes in regulating TR under increasing evaporative demand.

scholarly journals RESEARCH ON TURFGRASS WATER USE IN ARIZONA

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1183c-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Mancino
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Wastewater Effluent ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Limited Supply ◽  
Economic Worth

Arizona's golf and sod industry generates $280 M year-1 in revenue and surpasses the vegetable, cotton and dairy industries. Despite the economic worth of turf, a need still exists to conserve the limited supply of potable water in this harsh Sonoran Desert environment. Mandatory water conservation programs have been developed for many sectors of the Arizona economy. To meet this challenge, the turfgrass industry and government bodies have begun to contribute to the development of research programs which reduce turfgrass water requirements and dependence upon potable water. Current research includes a) determining the minimum water requirements of higher quality turf under conditions of high temperatures and vapor pressure deficits; b) the turfgrass potential of grasses with lower water requirements than bermudagrass; c) the development of a statewide weather station network to predict daily turfgrass water use; and d) determine management strategies for turfgrass irrigated with wastewater effluent. The overall goal of these programs is to produce high quality and functional turf with 20 to 50 percent less water.

SORGHUM AND BARLEY IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA: GRAIN YIELD RESPONSE TO IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZER

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. HOBBS ◽  
K. K. KROGMAN
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Seasonal Water Use

The seasonal water requirements of irrigated grain sorghum, the interaction between water use and applied N fertilizer, and the comparative water use efficiences of sorghum and barley were determined in southern Alberta over a 3-yr period. Peak daily water use of 6 mm for sorghum was 1 mm lower than that determined previously for barley. Seasonal water use (500 mm) was 20% greater than for barley because of sorghum’s longer growing season. Under adequate irrigation, both sorghum and barley responded linearly to applied N up to 80 kg/ha, but when water was restricted, sorghum showed less response than barley. Water-use efficiency (kg of grain/m3 of water used) decreased for both crops with increasing water availability but maximum yields were achieved under irrigation. When sorghum was favored with a long, warm growing season, it produced as much grain (6900 kg/ha) and used water as efficiently (1.25 kg/m3) as did barley.

scholarly journals REDUCE LEACHATE WITH MODIFIED CONTAINER DESIGN

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 647f-647
Author(s):  
D.C. Fare ◽  
C.H. Gilliam ◽  
P.L. Carter ◽  
D.M. Lauderdale
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
Drainage Hole ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Container Nurseries ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Hole Number

Potential exists for reduced water use and improved water quality in container nurseries through redesign of the container to minimize leaching. `Celebrate' poinsettias were grown in trade gallon containers with modified drainage hole number and size. Irrigation was applied when an individual container's medium decreased to 80% of container capacity; a gravimetric method was used to determine daily water requirements. Containers with one drainage hole in the center bottom reduced applied water (13%) and leachate volume (90%) compared to standard nursery containers (4 drainage holes in the side and one in the center bottom). Plant quality was similar with these treatments.

scholarly journals Water Conservation, Growth, and Water Use Efficiency of Container-grown Woody Ornamentals Irrigated Based on Daily Water Use

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1308-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron L. Warsaw ◽  
R. Thomas Fernandez ◽  
Bert M. Cregg ◽  
Jeffrey A. Andresen
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Woody Ornamentals ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
The Difference

Irrigation scheduling based on plant daily water use (DWU) to conserve water without adversely affecting plant growth compared with a traditional irrigation rate was investigated for 25 common container-grown woody ornamentals. Ten different taxa were grown in 2006 and 2007 and five in 2008 in 10.2-L (No. 3) containers. Overhead irrigation was applied in four treatments: 1) a control irrigation rate of 19 mm (1.07 L per container) per application (control); 2) irrigation scheduled to replace 100% DWU per application (100DWU); 3) irrigation alternating every other application with 100% replacement of DWU and 75% DWU (100-75); and 4) irrigation scheduled on a three application cycle replacing 100% DWU followed by two applications of 75% DWU (100-75-75). Irrigation applications were separated by at least 24 h. Daily water use was calculated by measuring the difference in volumetric moisture content 1 h and approximately 24 h after irrigation. The three DWU treatments reduced total irrigation applied 6% to 75% compared with the control depending on treatment and species, except for Buddleja davidii ‘Guinevere’ in which total irrigation applied by the 100DWU, 100-75, and 100-75-75 treatments was 26%, 10%, and 5%, respectively, greater than the amount applied to the control. Final growth index [(plant height + width A + width B)/3] of all DWU treatments was greater than or equal to the control for all taxa. Forsythia ×intermedia ‘New Hampshire Gold’, Hydrangea arborescens ‘Dardom’, Hydrangea paniculata ‘Unique’, and Weigela florida ‘Wilma’ had higher water use efficiencies (estimated as the change in growth index per liter of water applied) at lower irrigation treatment volumes with no differences in growth index or growth index increase, indicating that further irrigation reductions may be possible without affecting growth. PourThru electrical conductivity of H. arborescens ‘Dardom’, Spiraea fritschiana ‘Wilma’, and Viburnum ×burkwoodii ‘Chenaultii’ measured in 2007 did not accumulate to damaging levels. Final plant size of all taxa under DWU treatments was the same or greater than the control and substantially less water was applied under DWU treatments except for B. davidii ‘Guinevere’.

scholarly journals Water Conservation in the Urban Landscape

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 549E-549
Author(s):  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Larry Rupp
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Landscape Water ◽  
Peak Summer

As populations become increasingly urbanized, landscape water conservation becomes more important. Landscape water consumption can increase municipal water use up to 4-fold during the growing season, and account for half the total yearly water use. Landscape water conservation is important in decreasing peak summer water demand to reduce the strain on delivery systems, and to reduce total demand so that development of new sources can be forestalled. Potential water savings from existing landscapes can be estimated by comparing historical usage gleaned from water meter readings to plant water needs estimated from reference evapotranspiration. Estimating water needs for turf is straightforward because of the few species involved and the uniformity of turf landscapes. Estimating water needs of woody plants is more difficult because of the heterogeneity of woody plants and how they are used, and woody plants respond to evaporative demand differently than turfgrass. Many woody plants will actually use less water as reference evapotranspiration increases due to stomatal closure induced by high leaf-air vapor pressure gradients. Landscape water is then conserved by either applying water more effectively in scheduling when and how long to irrigate based on estimating water use again from reference evapotranspiration, or by replacing areas in turfgrass with plants more-adapted to the existing conditions. Encouraging water conservation by end users is the final and largest challenge. Automated irrigation systems makes wasting water easy, while conserving water takes more effort. Education is the key to successful landscape water conservation.

The implications of climate change on residential water use: a micro-scale analysis of Portland (OR), USA

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Shandas ◽  
Meenakshi Rao ◽  
Moriah McSharry McGrath
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Residential Water Use ◽  
Residential Water

Social and behavioral research is crucial for securing environmental sustainability and improving human living environments. Although the majority of people now live in urban areas, we have limited empirical evidence of the anticipated behavioral response to climate change. Using empirical data on daily household residential water use and temperature, our research examines the implications of future climate conditions on water conservation behavior in 501 households within the Portland (OR) metropolitan region. We ask whether and how much change in ambient temperatures impact residential household water use, while controlling for taxlot characteristics. Based on our results, we develop a spatially explicit description about the changes in future water use for the study region using a downscaled future climate scenario. The results suggest that behavioral responses are mediated by an interaction of household structural attributes, and magnitude and temporal variability of weather parameters. These findings have implications for the way natural resource managers and planning bureaus prepare for and adapt to future consequences of climate change.

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