scholarly journals Quantification of Daily Water Requirements of Container-Grown Calathea and Stromanthe Produced in a Shaded Greenhouse

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Beeson ◽  
Jianjun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Closure Model ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Production Period ◽  
Best Fit

Irrigating plants based on their water requirements enhances water use efficiency and conservation; however, current irrigation practices for container-grown greenhouse plants largely relies on growers’ experiences, resulting in leaching and/or runoff of a large amount of water. To address water requirements of greenhouse-grown plants, this study adapted a canopy closure model and investigated actual evapotranspiration (ETA) of Calathea G. Mey. ‘Silhouette’ and Stromanthe sanguinea Sond. from transplanting to marketable sizes in a shaded greenhouse. The daily ETA per Calathea plant ranged from 3.55 mL to 59.39 mL with a mean cumulative ETA of 4.84 L during a 224 day growth period. The daily ETA of S. sanguinea varied from 7.87 mL to 97.27 mL per plant with a mean cumulative ETA of 6.81 L over a 231 day production period. The best fit models for predicting daily ETA of Calathea and Stromanthe were developed, which had correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.82 and 0.73, respectively. The success in modelling ETA of the two species suggested that the canopy closure model was suitable for quantifying water use of container-grown greenhouse plants. Applying the research-based ETA information in production could reduce water use and improve irrigation efficiency during Calathea and Stromanthe production.

scholarly journals Daily Evapotranspiration of Guzmania ‘Irene’ and Vriesea ‘Carly’ Bromeliads Produced in a Shaded Greenhouse

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1814-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Beeson ◽  
Jianjun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Closure Model ◽  
Foliage Plants ◽  
Ornamental Foliage Plants ◽  
Daily Evapotranspiration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Production Period

Bromeliads are important ornamental foliage plants, but until now, their daily water use during production was unknown. Using a canopy closure model developed for container-grown woody ornamental plants, in this study we investigated actual evapotranspiration (ETA) of Guzmania ‘Irene’ and Vriesea ‘Carly’ from tissue-cultured liners grown in 15-cm containers to marketable sizes in a shaded greenhouse. The mean daily ETA of Guzmania ‘Irene’ ranged from 4.02 to 66.35 mL per plant, and the mean cumulative ETA was 16.66 L over a 95-week production period. The mean daily ETA of Vriesea ‘Carly’ varied from 3.98 to 59.89 mL per plant, and the mean cumulative ETA was 15.52 L over the same production period as the Guzmania cultivar. The best-fit models for predicting daily ETA of the two bromeliads were developed, which had correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.79 for Guzmania ‘Irene’ and 0.68 for Vriesea ‘Carly’. The success in the model of ETA for both bromeliads suggested that the canopy closure model was equally applicable to container-grown ornamental foliage plants produced in greenhouse conditions. The daily ETA and cumulative ETA values represent research-based information on water requirements, and, when applied, could improve irrigation practices in bromeliad production. This study also showed that roots per se of the two epiphytic bromeliads were able to absorb water and nutrients from a peat-based container substrate and support their complete life cycles.

scholarly journals ↵​Effect of Drip Irrigation Combined Organic Mulching on Water Productivity and Yield of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ashok Kumar ◽  
M. Navaneetha ◽  
B. Aravind ◽  
T.M. Rajesh ◽  
M. Pravallika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Crop Water Requirement ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Use Efficiency

Background: The main challenge confronting both rainfed and irrigated agriculture is to improve water use efficiency (WUE) and sustainable water use for agriculture. A field experiment was conducted during early summer season of 2020 to study the effect of drip irrigation combined with organic mulching on soil moisture, growth, yield of tomato grown on alfisols at the college farm of College of Agricultural Engineering, Madakasira, Ananthapuramu district of Andhra Pradesh. Methods: The experiment was laid out in completely randomized block design (CRBD) with seven treatments comprising of various organic mulches. The treatments were T1 - Sawdust + Irrigation based on daily crop water requirement, T2 - Ragi straw + Irrigation based on daily crop water requirement, T3 - Groundnut shells + Irrigation based on daily crop water requirement, T4 - Groundnut shells + Irrigation once in every two days, T5 - Saw dust + Irrigation once in every two days, T6 - Ragi straw + Irrigation once in every two days and T7 - Control (without mulch) + Irrigation based on daily crop water requirement. All the treatments were replicated thrice. The plot size of each treatment was 4m × 2.5m. Result: The results revealed that throughout the crop growth period, T3 - Groundnut shells + Irrigation based on daily water requirement maintained soil higher moisture content to an extent of 132-146% as compared to control T7 (Control + Daily water requirement). The fruit yield obtained with T3 - Groundnut shells + Irrigation based on daily water requirement was significantly higher (8.8 t/ha) as compared to control T7 (Control + Daily water requirement) (7.6 t/ha). The highest water use efficiency (39.6 kg/ha/mm) was noted with T4 - Groundnut shells + Irrigation once in every two days), whereas T7 (Control + Daily water requirement) registered minimum WUE (16.3 kg/ha/mm). Weed dry matter and weed index was found to be higher (50% to 100%) in T7 (Control + Daily water requirement) throughout the crop growth period as compared to all the treatments applied with organic mulches. Our results indicated that T3 - (Groundnut shells + Irrigation based on daily crop water requirement) resulted in the highest plant height, number of fruits per plant and high water use efficiency as compared to without mulching. Further, under irrigation water constraints, groundnut shells mulch and drip irrigation once in two days was found to be effective in attaining higher WUE.

SORGHUM AND BARLEY IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA: GRAIN YIELD RESPONSE TO IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZER

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. HOBBS ◽  
K. K. KROGMAN
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Seasonal Water Use

The seasonal water requirements of irrigated grain sorghum, the interaction between water use and applied N fertilizer, and the comparative water use efficiences of sorghum and barley were determined in southern Alberta over a 3-yr period. Peak daily water use of 6 mm for sorghum was 1 mm lower than that determined previously for barley. Seasonal water use (500 mm) was 20% greater than for barley because of sorghum’s longer growing season. Under adequate irrigation, both sorghum and barley responded linearly to applied N up to 80 kg/ha, but when water was restricted, sorghum showed less response than barley. Water-use efficiency (kg of grain/m3 of water used) decreased for both crops with increasing water availability but maximum yields were achieved under irrigation. When sorghum was favored with a long, warm growing season, it produced as much grain (6900 kg/ha) and used water as efficiently (1.25 kg/m3) as did barley.

Water demand and water use efficiency of winter barley in Hungary

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Z. Varga-Haszonits ◽  
E. Enzsölné Gerencsér ◽  
Z. Lantos ◽  
Z. Varga
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Use Efficiency

The temporal and spatial variability of soil moisture, evapotranspiration and water use were investigated for winter barley. Evaluations were carried out on a database containing meteorological and yield data from 15 stations. The spatial distribution of soil moisture, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency (WUE) was evaluated from 1951 to 2000 and the moisture conditions during the growth period of winter barley were investigated. The water supply was found to be favourable, since the average values of soil moisture remained above the lower limit of favourable water content throughout the growth period, except for September–December and May–June. The actual evapotranspiration tended to be close to the potential evapotranspiration, so the water supplies were favourable throughout the vegetation period. The calculated values of WUE showed an increasing trend from 1960 to 1990, but the lower level of agricultural inputs caused a decline after 1990. The average values of WUE varied between 0.87 and 1.09 g/kg in different counties, with higher values in the northern part of the Great Hungarian Plain. The potential yield of winter barley can be calculated from the maximum value of WUE. Except in the cooler northern and western parts of the country, the potential yield of winter barley, based on the water supply, could exceed 10 t/ha.

scholarly journals Shade Intensity Influences Water Use and Growth of Three Viburnum Species

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjina Shrestha ◽  
Janet C. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Necrosis ◽  
Growth Quality

Water use, growth, and leaf necrosis of Burkwood viburnum, Korean spice viburnum, and leatherleaf viburnum were evaluated on plants grown in 0 (full sun), 30, or 60% shade during 2010 and 2011. In both years, total water use of Burkwood viburnum decreased with increased shade intensity. Water use of leatherleaf viburnum was lowest in 0% and highest in 30% shade. Daily water use was lower in 0% than in 30 or 60% shade for leatherleaf viburnum plants in August of both years and September of 2010 due to greater leaf necrosis, leaf abscission, and less growth in height and width. In both years, growth in height and width, and leaf number at harvest generally increased in all three species with increased shade intensity. All species had a larger leaf area, stem dry weight, and root dry weight in 30 and 60% than in 0% shade. Shade intensity did not influence root to shoot (R/S) ratio in Burkwood viburnum in 2010, but in 2011, a curvilinear relationship occurred between R/S ratio and shade intensity. Root to shoot ratio of Korean spice and leatherleaf viburnum decreased linearly in 2010 but curvilinearly in 2011 with increasing shade. Leaf necrosis ratings were lower in shaded plants of all three species in both years. Results indicate that greater plant growth, quality, and water use efficiency occurs when these three viburnum species are grown in shade than when they are grown in full sun.

scholarly journals ESTIMATIVA DA EXIGÊNCIA HÍDRICA DO AMENDOIM USANDO UM MODELO AGROMETEOROLÓGICO

Irriga ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hildeu Ferreira da Assunção ◽  
João Francisco Escobedo
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Bowen Ratio ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Peanut Crop ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Use Efficiency

ESTIMATIVA DA EXIGÊNCIA HÍDRICA DO AMENDOIM USANDO UM MODELO AGROMETEOROLÓGICO Hildeu Ferreira da Assunção1; João Francisco Escobedo21Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Jataí, Jataí, GO, [email protected] de Recursos Naturais, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP  1 RESUMO Considerando-se os aspectos tecnológicos atuais adotados em manejos da água, do solo e nutrição de plantas, bem como em controles integrados de pragas, doenças e de plantas infestantes, conduziu-se um ensaio com o cultivo do amendoim irrigado por gotejamento, na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, em Botucatu-SP, objetivando quantificar o consumo hídrico diário exigido pela cultura. Durante o ensaio, foram monitorados o potencial matricial do solo e os elementos meteorológicos: precipitação pluvial, temperatura do ar, umidade relativa, saldo de irradiância solar e fluxo de calor no solo. Tais medidas foram imprescindíveis para a estimativa diária da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), usada no modelo agrometeorológico do balanço de água no solo. O modelo estimou, no período entre a semeadura e a emergência, uma evapotranspiração acumulada de9 mm; e da emergência até o início do florescimento, um consumo hídrico de67 mm. Já na fase de florescimento, a evapotranspiração acumulada foi de166 mm; do florescimento até a maturação, o consumo foi de124 mm; e no intervalo entre a maturação e a colheita, ainda houve um consumo de46 mm. Durante o ciclo, a cultura do amendoim consumiu412 mm, dos quais246 mm de água foram fornecidos via irrigação. A chuva ocorrida no período foi de352 mm, com um excedente hídrico de186 mm. A produtividade foi de 3,15 t ha-¹ de grãos, a 15% de umidade, exprimindo uma eficiência de uso da água de0,764 kg m-³. UNITERMOS: razão de Bowen, balanço hídrico, irrigação, eficiência de uso da água.  ASSUNÇÃO, H. F. da; ESCOBEDO, J. F. USE OF AN AGROMETEOROLOGICAL MODEL TO COMPUTING THE PEANUT WATER REQUIREMENTS  2 ABSTRACT In the experimental area of the Department of Environmental Sciences (21.85° S; 48.43° W; 786 m), in the School of Agronomical Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, an experiment was carried out using peanut (Arachis hypogaea L), cv. IAC-TATU-ST, to quantify the crop daily water requirements. During the peanut crop cycle, the environmental variables, such as rainfall, air temperature, air relative humidity, soil matric potential, soil heat flux and radiation balance, have been registered continually. These measurements were used to calculate the daily crop evapotranspiration, by the Bowen ratio method. The water replacement required by the peanut crop was done the dripping irrigation system, oriented by a dynamic agrometeorological model that computes the entrance and exit of water in the soil. During the peanut crop cycle,9.0 mm of water was used from sowing to emergence;67.0 mm of water, in the growth stage;166.0 mm, in the flowering stage;124.0 mm in the final stage and46.0 mm from physiological maturity to harvest. Oot of412.0 mm of the total consumption,246.0 mm of water was supplied by irrigation and166.0 mm by the rain. The grain yield was 3.15 t ha-¹ for 15% of humidity, and the water use efficiency was0.764 kg m-³.  KEYWORDS: water balance, Bowen ratio, irrigation, water use efficiency

Water use by irrigated potatoes on a duplex soil

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Rab ◽  
ST Willatt
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Perched Water Table ◽  
Tuber Bulking ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
High Yields

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum cv. Sebago) were grown near Melbourne on a duplex soil during November-May under 3 irrigation schedules: TI, wet (irrigated every 5-9 days); T2, medium (irrigated every 12-1 7 days); and T3, dry (irrigated every 36 days). Root distribution was studied for the plants from the tuber setting stage in January, through flowering to tuber bulking in March; root growth was different in all treatments, significantly (P < 0.05) so on some occasions. The wet treatment T1 had more deep roots early in the growing season (January) than did the drier treatments but, by late February, root length was greatest in the driest treatment. During the latter part of February and March total root length per unit ground area diminished in all treatments, but the reduction was less in the drier treatments (T2 and T3). Root length densities ranged from 7.5 to 40 km/m3. Leaf area index of the crop in T1 was always significantly greater than those of T2 and T3. Between late December and late March the average daily water use for the crop was 5.4, 3.7 and 2.2 mm day-1 for TI, T2 and T3 respectively and, from these data, the relative evapotranspiration rates were calculated as 0.94, 0.66 and 0.38 respectively. Yields of tubers, harvested in May 1983, from T2 and T3, were at least 60% less on a fresh weight basis than from T1. Tuber water percentage at harvest was not affected by different irrigation treatments. Water use efficiency was slightly greater for T1 than for T2 and T3. We conclude that, on this soil, frequent light irrigations are necessary to obtain high yields of potatoes, but care must be taken because of the potential problem of a perched water table.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield Response of Isatis indigotica to Regulated Deficit Irrigation in a Cold and Arid Environment

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3510
Author(s):  
Chenli Zhou ◽  
Hengjia Zhang ◽  
Fuqiang Li ◽  
Zeyi Wang ◽  
Yucai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Regulated Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Use Efficiency

Water resource scarcity is an important factor restricting the sustainable development of agriculture in Northwest China. Regulated deficit irrigation can conserve water while maintaining high crop yields. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of regulated deficit irrigation on the photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and water use efficiency of woad (Isatis indigotica) under mulched drip irrigation from 2017 to 2019 in a cold and arid area of the Hexi Oasis irrigation region, China. Sufficient water was supplied during the seedling stage. The control consisted of adequate water supplied during the other growth stages, whereas mild, moderate, and severe water deficits were imposed during the vegetative growth period, and a mild and moderate water deficit was imposed during the fleshy root growth stage. A mild water deficit was imposed during the fleshy root maturity period. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance under moderate and severe water deficit were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared with the control, respectively, during the vegetative growth period. The economic yield of mild water deficit during the vegetative growth and mild water deficit during the vegetative growth and fleshy root growth did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from that of the control. Other treatments caused a 6.74–17.74% reduction in the economic yield of woad. The water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency were the highest in the mild water deficit during the vegetative growth period and the fleshy root growth period. Therefore, the application of a continuous mild deficit from the vegetative growth stage to the fleshy root growth stage with sufficient water supplied during other growth periods is recommended as the optimal irrigation regime for maximum yield, water use efficiency, and water-saving of woad.

scholarly journals Study on the Water Supply and the Requirements, Yield, and Water Use Efficiency of Maize in Heilongjiang Province Based on the AquaCrop Model

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 2665
Author(s):  
Tangzhe Nie ◽  
Yang Jiao ◽  
Yi Tang ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Tianyi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Heilongjiang Province ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
The West ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Aquacrop Model ◽  
Use Efficiency

Agricultural irrigation depends heavily on freshwater resources. Under the context of increasingly severe water shortages, studying the relationship among crop water requirements (ETc), actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa), irrigation water requirements (Ir), yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) would be beneficial to improve the agricultural application of irrigation water. Based on the daily data of 26 meteorological stations in Heilongjiang Province from 1960 to 2015, this study used the calibrated AquaCrop model to calculate the ETc, ETa, Ir, and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in different hydrological years (extremely dry years, dry years, normal years, and wet years) along with WUE to evaluate the mass of yield produced per unit mass of crop evapotranspiration (ET) under rainfed and irrigated scenarios. The results showed that ETc and ETa decreased first and then increased from the west to the east during the four types of hydrological years. Irexhibited a decreasing trend from the west to the east. Compared with the irrigation scenario, the rainfed scenario’s average yield only decreased by 2.18, 0.55, 0.03, and 0.05 ton/ha, while the WUE increased by 0.32, 0.4, 0.33, and 0.21 kg/m3 in the extremely dry years, dry years, normal years, and wet years, respectively. The results indicated that in the normal and wet years, the WUE was high in the central regions, and irrigation did not significantly increase yield; further, we determined that irrigation should not be considered in these two hydrological years in Heilongjiang Province. In the extremely dry and dry years, irrigation was necessary because it increased the yield, even though the WUE decreased. This study provides a theoretical basis for studying the regional irrigation schedule in Heilongjiang Province.

Crop coefficient, water requirements, yield and water use efficiency of sugarcane growth in Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 102-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente de P.R. da Silva ◽  
Bernardo B. da Silva ◽  
Walker G. Albuquerque ◽  
Cícera J.R. Borges ◽  
Inajá Francisco de Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Use Efficiency
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