scholarly journals Use of Irrigation Technologies for Citrus Trees in Florida

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly T. Morgan ◽  
Lincoln Zotarelli ◽  
Michael D. Dukes
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
The United States ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Evapotranspiration Estimation ◽  
Irrigation Technologies

Florida is the most important center of processed citrus (Citrus spp.) production in the United States, and all of the crop is irrigated. Irrigation systems include low-volume microirrigation, sprinkler systems, and subsurface irrigation. This review details the relative irrigation efficiencies and factors affecting irrigation uniformity such as design and maintenance. A wide range of soil moisture sensors (e.g., tensiometers, granular matrix, and capacitance) are currently being used for citrus in the state. The use of these sensors and crop evapotranspiration estimation using weather information from the Florida Automated Weather Network in irrigation scheduling are discussed. Current examples of scheduling tools and automated control systems being used on selected fruit crops in Florida are provided. Research data on the effect of irrigation scheduling, soluble fertilizer injection, and soil nutrient movement, particularly nitrate and the use of reclaimed water in Florida, are also reviewed. Concluding this review is a discussion of the potential for adoption of irrigation scheduling and control systems for citrus by Florida growers and future research priorities.

scholarly journals Use of Irrigation Technologies for Vegetable Crops in Florida

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Dukes ◽  
Lincoln Zotarelli ◽  
Kelly T. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Crop Irrigation

Major horticultural crops in Florida are vegetables, small fruit, melons, and tree fruit crops. Approximately half of the agricultural area and nearly all of the horticultural crop land is irrigated. Irrigation systems include low-volume microirrigation, sprinkler systems, and subsurface irrigation. The present review was divided into two papers, in which the first part focuses on vegetable crop irrigation and the second part focuses on fruit tree crop irrigation. This first part also provides an overview of irrigation methods used in Florida. Factors affecting irrigation efficiency and uniformity such as design and maintenance are discussed. A wide range of soil moisture sensors (e.g., tensiometers, granular matrix, and capacitance) are currently being used in the state for soil moisture monitoring. Current examples of scheduling tools and automated control systems being used on selected crops in Florida are provided. Research data on the effect of irrigation scheduling and fertigation on nutrient movement, particularly nitrate, are reviewed. Concluding this review is a discussion of potential for adoption of irrigation scheduling and control systems for vegetable crops by Florida growers and future research priorities.

scholarly journals Applied sport science and medicine of women’s rugby codes: a systematic-scoping review and consensus on future research priorities protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. e001108
Author(s):  
Omar Heyward ◽  
Stacey Emmonds ◽  
Gregory Roe ◽  
Sean Scantlebury ◽  
Keith Stokes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Consensus Method ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Delphi Consensus ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Sport Science ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scoping Reviews

Women’s rugby (rugby league, rugby union and rugby sevens) has recently grown in participation and professionalisation. There is under-representation of women-only cohorts within applied sport science and medicine research and within the women’s rugby evidence base. The aims of this article are: Part 1: to undertake a systematic-scoping review of the applied sport science and medicine of women’s rugby, and Part 2: to develop a consensus statement on future research priorities. This article will be designed in two parts: Part 1: a systematic-scoping review, and Part 2: a three-round Delphi consensus method. For Part 1, systematic searches of three electronic databases (PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, SPORTDiscus (EBSCOhost)) will be performed from the earliest record. These databases will be searched to identify any sport science and medicine themed studies within women’s rugby. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews will be adhered to. Part 2 involves a three-round Delphi consensus method to identify future research priorities. Identified experts in women’s rugby will be provided with overall findings from Part 1 to inform decision-making. Participants will then be asked to provide a list of research priority areas. Over the three rounds, priority areas achieving consensus (≥70% agreement) will be identified. This study has received institutional ethical approval. When complete, the manuscript will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. The findings of this article will have relevance for a wide range of stakeholders in women’s rugby, including policymakers and governing bodies.

scholarly journals Hedging in English texts written by lower secondary pupils attending Norwegian schools

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Jacob Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Language Learners ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Level ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
9Th Grade ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk

This study analyses the use of hedges in English texts written by year nine[1] pupils attending Norwegian lower secondary schools. Hedges are quantified in a corpus of 82 pupil texts using a taxonomy consisting of five hedging categories: Adaptors, Rounders, Plausibility Shields, Explicit Markers of Author Involvement and Verbal Fillers (Prince et al., 1980; Salager-Meyer, 1994; Holmes, 1986). As the pupils are school-level second language learners of English, each device is also deemed to be either accurately or inaccurately used based on grammar, well-formedness and appropriateness (Fetzer, 2004). The analyses are compared across topic, holistic ratings and formality. Texts in the corpus are written about two topics: sports and literary analyses of the novel Holes (Sachar, 1998). Texts about sports contain significantly more hedges than texts about Holes. Comparing accurate and inaccurate categories across holistic ratings, different results were produced when considering topic. Informally written texts about sports contain higher frequencies of accurately used devices than formally written texts about sports. The results suggest that topic and formality are the most significant factors affecting hedging use in this corpus. While hedging frequency overall does not seem to correlate with holistic ratings, overuse and inaccurate use of hedges seems to affect quality. Based on the results, it is argued that pupils may benefit from exposure to a wide range of accurately used devices. [1] “Year 9” is a term usually used in the UK, synonymous with “9th grade” used in the United States, for pupils aged 13-14.

scholarly journals Population structure of Drosophila suzukii and signals of multiple invasions into the continental United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle M Lewald ◽  
Antoine Abrieux ◽  
Derek A Wilson ◽  
Yoosook Lee ◽  
William R Conner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multiple Invasions

Drosophila suzukii, or spotted-wing drosophila, is now an established pest in many parts of the world, causing significant damage to numerous fruit crop industries. Native to East Asia, D. suzukii infestations started in the United States a decade ago, occupying a wide range of climates. To better understand invasion ecology of this pest, knowledge of past migration events, population structure, and genetic diversity is needed. To improve on previous studies examining genetic structure of D. suzukii, we sequenced whole genomes of 237 individual flies collected across the continental U.S., as well as several representative sites in Europe, Brazil, and Asia, to identify hundreds of thousands of genetic markers for analysis. We analyzed these markers to detect population structure, to reconstruct migration events, and to estimate genetic diversity and differentiation within and among the continents. We observed strong population structure between West and East Coast populations in the U.S., but no evidence of any population structure North to South, suggesting there is no broad-scale adaptations occurring in response to the large differences in regional weather conditions. We also find evidence of repeated migration events from Asia into North America have provided increased levels of genetic diversity, which does not appear to be the case for Brazil or Europe. This large genomic dataset will spur future research into genomic adaptations underlying D. suzukii pest activity and development of novel control methods for this agricultural pest.

Economic Sanctions in Flux: Enduring Challenges, New Policies, and Defining the Future Research Agenda

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-477
Author(s):  
Bryan R Early ◽  
Menevis Cilizoglu
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Policies

Abstract Policymakers employ economic sanctions to deal with a wide range of international challenges, making them an indispensable foreign policy tool. While scholarship on sanctions has tended to focus on the factors affecting their success, newer research programs have emerged that explore the reasons for why sanctions are threatened and initiated, the ways they are designed and enforced, and their consequences. This scholarship has yielded a wealth of new insights into how economic sanctions work, but most of those insights are based on sanctions observations from the 20th Century. The ways that policymakers employ sanctions have fundamentally changed over the past two decades, though, raising concerns about whether historically derived insights are still relevant to contemporary sanctions policies. In this forum, the contributors discuss the scholarly and policy-relevant insights of existing research on sanctions and then explore what gaps remain in our knowledge and new trends in sanctions policymaking. This forum will inform readers on the state of the art in sanctions research and propose avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Mutations Conferring QoI and SDHI Resistance in Alternaria solani Across the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell J. Bauske ◽  
Ipsita Mallik ◽  
S. K. R. Yellareddygari ◽  
Neil C. Gudmestad
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Parasitic Fitness ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Prevalent Mutation

The application of succinate dehydrogenase inhibiting (SDHI) and quinone outside inhibiting (QoI) fungicide chemistries is a primary tactic in the management of early blight of potato, caused by Alternaria solani. Resistance to QoIs in A. solani has been attributed to the F129L mutation, while resistance to SDHIs is conferred by five different known point mutations on three AsSdh genes. In total, 1,323 isolates were collected from 2013 through 2015 across 11 states to determine spatial and temporal frequency distribution of these mutations. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the presence of the F129L mutation. Molecular detection of SDHI-resistant isolates was performed using SDH multiplex PCR specific for point mutations in AsSdhB, AsSdhC, or AsSdhD genes and mismatch amplification analysis PCR detecting the point mutations in AsSdhB. Previous work in our research group determined that substitutions of histidine for tyrosine (H278Y) or arginine (H278R) at codon 278 on the AsSdhB gene were the most prevalent mutations, detected in 46 and 21% of A. solani isolates, respectively, collected in 2011 to 2012, and uniformly distributed among six sampled states. In contrast, the substitution of histidine for arginine (H134R) at codon 134 in the AsSdhC gene was the most prevalent mutation in 2013 through 2015, identified in 36% of isolates, compared with 7.5% of isolates recovered in 2011 to 2012. Substitutions of histidine for arginine (H133R) at codon 133 and aspartic acid for glutamic acid (D123E) at codon 123 in the AsSdhD gene were detected in 16 and 12%, respectively, in the A. solani population by 2015 and were recovered across a wide range of states, compared with 15 and 1.5% of isolates collected in 2011 to 2012, respectively. Overall, SDHI- and QoI-resistant isolates were detected at high frequencies across all years, with evidence of significant spatial variability. Future research will investigate whether these results are due to differences in parasitic fitness.

scholarly journals Industrial hemp and its potential

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARNAB BHOWMIK
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Hemp Fiber ◽  
Hemp Seed ◽  
Wide Range

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is an emerging high-value specialty crop that can be cultivated foreither fiber, seed, or cannabidiol (CBD). The demand for hemp and its products has been consistently onthe rise in the 21st century. The United States of America has reintroduced hemp and legalizedits production as an agricultural commodity through the 2018 Federal Farm Bill. Although thereis a renewed interest in the adoption of hemp due to the emerging market, its production in theUnited States remains limited partly because of unclear agronomic guidance and fertilizationrecommendations. This review article provides information on the current agronomic managementpractices that are available in the literature and identifies the future research needs for cultivating thismultipurpose crop to address the growing market demands. Hemp production could be beneficialif managed properly. Hemp fertilizer requirements vary in accordance with the type of hempgrown (seed, fiber, or CBD), soil, environmental conditions and requires a wide range of macro- andmicronutrients. Integrating management practices in hemp cultivation intended to build soil health ispromising since the hemp cropping system is suitable for crop rotation, cover cropping, and livestockintegration through animal waste applications. Hemp also has significant environmental benefitssince it has the potential to remediate contaminated soils through phytoremediation, convert highamounts of atmospheric CO2 to biomass through bio-sequestration, and hemp biomass for bioenergyproduction. This review identifies that most of the agronomic research in the past has been limitedto hemp fiber and, to some extent, hemp seed but not CBD hemp. With the increase in the globalmarkets for hemp products, more research needs to be conducted to provide agronomic guidelinesfor sustainable hemp production.

scholarly journals Development Management and Project Management: Contrast or Complement?

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-68
Author(s):  
Oleg Vasilyevich Tikhanychev
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Software Development ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Applied Software ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Control Automation

The subject of this research is the process of developing software for automated control systems. The object of research is the means of organizing software development. A generally recognized promising direction for increasing the efficiency of the use of organizational and technical systems is the automation of their management. A significant share of the effectiveness of any complex technical system is provided by its software. This primarily applies to the application software. The development of application programs is fraught with certain difficulties, primarily of an organizational nature. The generalized analysis showed that in world practice there is a fairly wide range of tools for organizing the program development process. These tools are proposed to be divided into two large groups with respect to the attitude to the process and the degree of detail on "project management tools" and "development controls". Each of the tools is effective for certain conditions of software development. The review article analyzes the factors affecting the effectiveness of the use of a particular tool, synthesized proposals on the expediency of using various control systems in different conditions of the development process. The analysis showed that for the conditions of the development of applied software for automated decision support systems, the most effective is the integrated use of process control automation tools.

scholarly journals Population genomics of Drosophila suzukii reveal longitudinal population structure and signals of migrations in and out of the continental United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle M Lewald ◽  
Antoine Abrieux ◽  
Derek A Wilson ◽  
Yoosook Lee ◽  
William R Conner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Genomic Dataset ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Whole Genomes

Abstract Drosophila suzukii, or spotted-wing drosophila, is now an established pest in many parts of the world, causing significant damage to numerous fruit crop industries. Native to East Asia, D. suzukii infestations started in the United States (U.S.) a decade ago, occupying a wide range of climates. To better understand invasion ecology of this pest, knowledge of past migration events, population structure, and genetic diversity is needed. In this study, we sequenced whole genomes of 237 individual flies collected across the continental U.S., as well as several sites in Europe, Brazil, and Asia, to identify and analyze hundreds of thousands of genetic markers. We observed strong population structure between Western and Eastern U.S. populations, but no evidence of any population structure between different latitudes within the continental U.S., suggesting there is no broad-scale adaptations occurring in response to differences in winter climates. We detect admixture from Hawaii to the Western U.S. and from the Eastern U.S. to Europe, in agreement with previously identified introduction routes inferred from microsatellite analysis. We also detect potential signals of admixture from the Western U.S. back to Asia, which could have important implications for shipping and quarantine policies for exported agriculture. We anticipate this large genomic dataset will spur future research into the genomic adaptations underlying D. suzukii pest activity and development of novel control methods for this agricultural pest.

scholarly journals Value of coastal habitats for exploited species: introduction to a theme set of articles

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 636-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rochelle D. Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Species Introduction ◽  
Coastal Habitats ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Census Techniques

Abstract Many exploited fish and invertebrate species use coastal habitats during one or more life-history stages as spawning, feeding, and nursery areas; yet, the value of these habitats has not been adequately characterized. As habitat availability can be a bottleneck for many populations, concerns about habitat effects on exploited species have been increasing. We have compiled nine articles presenting the state of knowledge and future research priorities regarding the importance of habitat for exploited species. Reviews from European habitats and several geographical locations throughout the United States demonstrate the influence of coastal habitats on survival, growth, and movement, especially during the early life-history stages, in a wide variety of species, spatial scales, and habitats. Moreover, many of these species contribute substantially to commercial landings, highlighting the importance of coastal habitats to population persistence and fishery yields. Management of fishery species can also be enhanced through modelling efforts incorporating habitat. Finally, there is a need for more effort in quantifying population demographics rates, creating comprehensive habitat maps, and developing better census techniques for complex hard bottom habitats; thus, future work is needed on the value of coastal habitats for exploited species.

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