scholarly journals A Graphical Control Chart for Monitoring Leaf count of Easter Lily to Support Crop Timing Decisions

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-70
Author(s):  
P.R. Fisher ◽  
R.D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Control Chart ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Average Daily Temperature ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Quantitative Models ◽  
Easter Lily ◽  
Intuitive Method ◽  
Over Time

A graphical control chart was developed to monitor leaf count of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) and make temperature recommendations based on predictions of a leaf unfolding rate (LUR) model. The graph allows observed and target leaf count to be compared visually over time. Timing of the visible bud stage, when flower buds are visible externally on the plant, is important to time flowering for the Easter sales period. The optimum LUR and average daily temperature required to achieve a target visible bud date can be read directly from the chart. The approach provides an intuitive method for transferring quantitative models to growers.

scholarly journals Graphical Tracking Leaf Count to Support Easter Lily Crop Timing Decisions

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 863B-863
Author(s):  
P.R. Fisher ◽  
R.D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Rate Model ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Easter Lily ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Intuitive Method ◽  
Bud Initiation

Timing of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) for sales is complex because the date of Easter and the number of leaves formed on plants before flower bud initiation vary from year to year. A process control chart was developed that uses a leaf unfolding rate model of Easter lily to control development rate towards flowering. The technique allows observed and target leaf count to be tracked on a graph and compared visually over time. The optimum leaf unfolding rate and average temperature can be read directly from the chart without the need for mathematical calculation. The approach provides an intuitive method for transferring quantitative models to growers and can be applied to other management problem areas.

scholarly journals Increase of Easter Lily Postharvest Flower Longevity with PBA Application to Young Flower Buds

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 459A-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Brent Pemberton ◽  
Yin-Tung Wang ◽  
Garry V. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Flower Longevity ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Easter Lily ◽  
Postharvest Life ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Shoot Emergence

Case-cooled bulbs of Lilium longiflorum `Nellie White' were potted on 4 Dec. 1995 and forced to flowering using standard growing procedures. Plants were illuminated from shoot emergence to visible bud with supplemental high-intensity-discharge sodium vapor light at 70 μmol·m–2·s–1 from 1700 to 2200 HR each day. When the first primary flower bud (first initiated flower bud most proximal on the shoot) was 5 to 7 cm long, each plant was treated with 3 ml of either de-ionized water or 500 mg·liter–1 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl)-9H-purine (PBA). Sprays were directed at the flower buds and associated bracts. When the tepals on the first primary flower bud split, plants were placed at 2°C in the dark for 0, 4, or 21 days. After storage, plants were placed in a postharvest evaluation room with constant 21°C temperature and 18 μmol·m–2·s–1 cool-white fluorescent light. The first three primary flowers on PBA-treated plants lasted significantly longer than corresponding flowers on control plants, but there was no difference between flowers at the fourth and fifth positions. Also, the total postharvest life of the five primary flowers on PBA treated plants was 3 days longer than those on control plants. Storage time inversely affected the postharvest longevity of the first three primary flowers, but had no effect on the longevity of the fourth or fifth primary flowers or total postharvest life of the five primary flowers. There were no significant interaction effects between PBA treatment and storage duration on primary flower longevity.

scholarly journals Preventing Postproduction Leaf Yellowing in Easter Lily

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan S. Han
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Commercial Products ◽  
Easter Lily ◽  
Leaf Yellowing ◽  
Further Development

Postproduction leaf yellowing of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) can be prevented by using growth regulators. Solutions containing benzyladenine (BA) reduced the percentage of yellow leaves in cold-stored plants, but solutions containing gibberellic acid (GA3) were not effective. Treatment with commercial products containing GA4+7 (Provide) or GA4+7 and BA (Promalin) nearly completely prevented the development of leaf yellowing. Concentrations as low as 25 mg·L-1 were effective. Leaf yellowing was prevented by growth regulators only on leaves that had been treated, indicating that the growth regulators were not mobilized in the plants. Growth regulator solutions halted further development of leaf yellowing when applied to plants that already had some chlorotic basal leaves. This result suggests that growth regulators need not be applied preventively. Treatment can be delayed until chlorotic lower leaves are first seen on plants. The striking effects of growth regulators in preventing leaf yellowing did not affect the development and opening of flower buds.

scholarly journals Forcing Characteristics of Easter Lily Bulbs Exposed to Elevated-ethylene and -carbon Dioxide and Low-oxygen Atmospheres

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A. Prince ◽  
Maria S. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Easter Lily ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Shoot Emergence ◽  
Plant Exposure

Exposure of bulbs of Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) to a maximum of 2 μl ethylene/liter during vernalization delayed flowering by 5 to 7 days and decreased the number of flower buds. Ethylene exposure for 5 days at 21C after vernalization accelerated shoot emergence and flowering by up to 3 days. No floral or plant abnormalities were observed after bulb exposure to ethylene. Exposure to atmospheres with 0%, 0.5%, or 1% O2 at 21C for up to 2 weeks before or 10 days after vernalization did not “significantly impair subsequent bulb forcing. Storage in 1% 02 at 21C for 1 week before vernalization resulted in nearly one additional secondary bud initiated per plant. Exposure to up to 15% CO2 at 21C for up to 2 weeks before or 10 days after vernalization did not significantly impair subsequent forcing.

scholarly journals Photoperiod, Chilling, and Light Quality during Daylight Extension Affect Growth and Flowering of Tissue-cultured Easter Lily Plants

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jay Holcomb ◽  
Robert Berghage
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Easter Lily ◽  
Hid Lamps

Easter lily plants (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.), derived from tissue culture and grown continuously, were subjected to various photoperiod and chilling treatments. Lilies grown with daylength extended either with high-intensity discharge (HID) or incandescent lights flowered in the same number of days, but had more flower buds with HID lamps. Flowering was delayed and plants produced more leaves as photoperiod was reduced from 16 to 12 hours. The numbers of leaves, primary, secondary, and tertiary flowers, and the time to flower were all significantly reduced as the duration of extended lighting was increased from 0 to 6 weeks. As the number of weeks of cooling at 5°C increased from 0 to 5, time to flower was significantly reduced.

scholarly journals Temperature Effects on Lily Development Rate and Morphology from the Visible Bud Stage until Anthesis

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 644-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Erwin ◽  
Royal D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Average Daily Temperature ◽  
The Difference

Day (DT) and night temperatures (NT) influenced Lilium longiflorum Thunb. `Nellie White' stem elongation and development rate from the visible bud stage (VB) until anthesis. Plant height increase after VB was a function of the difference (DIF) between DT and NT (DT-NT). Plant height increased 90% as DIF increased from - 16 to 16C. A cubic model described bud development rate as a function of temperature from 14 to 30C. A linear model adequately described bud development rate as a function of average daily temperature from 14 to 21C. Based on the linear model, bud development rate increased 0.05 per day for each 1C increase in average daily temperature. The base temperature for bud development, i.e., the temperature at which bud development rate was 0, was calculated as 3.5C.

scholarly journals 884 PB 302 PLANT REGENERATION FROM OVARY TISSUES OF EASTER LILY

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 560e-560
Author(s):  
Jodie L. Ramsay ◽  
Donald S. Galitz ◽  
Chiwon W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Soil Medium ◽  
Shoot Differentiation ◽  
Easter Lily

Influences of culture media, sucrose, and growth regulator concentrations on plant regeneration from Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum L.) were investigated. Ovary tissues excised from unopened flower buds (3-10 cm long) were cultured on either B-5 medium or MS medium containing 2, 5, or 10% sucrose, 0.8% agar or Phytagel, and varying concentrations of 2,4-D, kinetin, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and benzyladenine (BA). Callus formation from explants was more prolific on MS medium than on B-5 medium and when cultures were initially placed in the dark for 20 days. Cultures grew best when the medium contained 5% sucrose. Shoot differentiation from callus was maximum when MS medium contained 1 mg/liter 2,4-D and 2 mg/liter BA. Roots developed when shoots were placed on the same medium with 1 mg/liter 2,4-D, 0.1 mg/liter NAA and 0.1 mg/liter kinetin. Rooted plants were successfully transferred into soil medium in a greenhouse.

scholarly journals Cytokinin and Light Intensity Regulate Flowering of Easter Lily

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 976-977
Author(s):  
Yin-Tung Wang
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Easter Lily ◽  
Flower Bud Abortion

Lilium longiflorum Thunb. `Nellie White' plants were selected when their first flower buds reached 2 or 5 cm in length, sprayed with 2 mL of PBA at 0 or 500 mg·L–1, and then placed under 1440 or 60 μmol·m–2·s–1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) during flowering. PBA resulted in delayed anthesis and increased dry matter accumulation in flowers under the high PPF but had no effect under the low PPF. PBA did not decrease the severity of flower bud abortion under the low PPF. Application of PBA induced the formation of numerous bulbils in the leaf axils. Regardless of PPF, PBA-treated plants had less dry weight in the main bulbs than the control plants. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-9-(tetra-hydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purin-6-amine (PBA).

scholarly journals Timing of Gibberellin4+7 + Benzyladenine Sprays Influences Efficacy against Foliar Chlorosis and Plant Height in Easter Lily

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 902-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil P. Ranwala ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Flower Longevity ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Easter Lily

The effects of Promalin® [PROM; 100 mg·L–1 each of GA4+7 and benzyladenine (BA)] sprays on leaf chlorosis and plant height during greenhouse production of ancymidol-treated (two 0.5-mg drenches per plant) Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum Thunb. `Nellie White') were investigated. Spraying with PROM at early stages of growth [36 or 55 days after planting (DAP)] completely prevented leaf chlorosis until the puffy bud stage, and plants developed less severe postharvest leaf chlorosis after cold storage at 4 °C for 2 weeks. When PROM was sprayed on plants in which leaf chlorosis had already begun (80 DAP), further leaf chlorosis was prevented during the remaining greenhouse phase and during the postharvest phase. PROM caused significant stem elongation (23% to 52% taller than controls) when applied 36 or 55 DAP, but not when applied at 80 DAP or later. The development of flower buds was not affected by PROM treatments. Although PROM sprays applied at 55 DAP or later increased postharvest flower longevity, earlier applications did not. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine 6-amine (benzyladenine, BA); α-cyclopropyl-α-(p-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol).

scholarly journals ELONGATION OF LILIUM LONGIFLORUM BUDS AND PEDICELS IS LOCALIZED AT THE BUD BASE REGION

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1063b-1063
Author(s):  
Della Carbonaro ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Easter Lily ◽  
Time Course Experiment ◽  
Seasonal Flowering ◽  
Bud Growth

Success in the production of seasonal flowering plants requires adequate knowledge of plant growth patterns and rates. In Easter lilies, pedicel growth is one the components of final plant height. Flower bud growth rates are important from the standpoint of timing of anthesis. To learn more about the localization of growth in Easter lily flower buds and pedicels, we conducted a time course experiment. Buds and pedicels were marked at 1.2 mm intervals using an inked bolt. Distances between ink marks were determined at 3 day intervals. Results indicate that 30 mm flower buds elongate almost exclusively from basal regions of the bud. The basal 1.2 mm segment elongated 16 mm in 20 days, while the apical 1.2 mm segment elongated 0.75 mm in the same period. Larger buds (initially 90 mm) gave similar results, although bud tip growth rate increased to some degree just prior to flowering. Pedicel elongation occurred almost exclusively at the apical end of the pedicel, adjacent to the region of greatest bud growth.

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