Efficacy and Estimated Annual Cost of Common Weed Control Methods in Landscape Planting Beds

Organic mulch is commonly used in landscape planting beds to improve plant growth and reduce competition from weed species. Although many different mulch materials have been evaluated in landscape, forestry, or agricultural settings, there have been no previous reports concerning the maintenance costs associated with different mulch materials from a weed control perspective. Trials were conducted at two locations in Florida to estimate the annual maintenance costs associated with pine bark nuggets (bark derived from pine species not specified) and pine straw mulch [mix of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) and slash pine (Pinus taeda) needles] with and without the use of a granular preemergence herbicide when maintained at similar depths in schilling’s holly (Ilex vomitoria ‘Schilling’s Dwarf’) shrub beds and asiatic jasmine (Trachelospermum asiaticum ‘Minima’) groundcover beds. Weed coverage and residual mulch depth were tracked over time, with maximum and minimum thresholds (20% and 2 inches, respectively) set as triggers for maintenance activities. Results showed that the addition of herbicide (trifluralin + isoxaben) had little to no impact on weeding frequency or time when plots were mulched, but did reduce hand weeding frequency and time compared with nontreated, nonmulched plots. Both mulch materials used alone reduced hand weeding frequency and time compared with herbicide-only treatments. Although results varied by bed type and location, pine bark generally provided greater weed control compared with pine straw and required fewer mulch additions and less mulch by volume. Results from this study suggests that using pine bark nuggets as mulch may result in lower maintenance costs and weed pressure compared with pine straw when both are applied and maintained at 2-inch depths.

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Mulches: Durability, Aesthetic Value, Weed Control, and Temperature

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-10.1.43 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 43-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

W.A. Skroch ◽

M.A. Powell ◽

T.E. Bilderback ◽

P.H. Henry

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Longleaf Pine ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Pine Needles ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Shortleaf Pine ◽

Weed Species ◽

Aesthetic Value ◽

Complete Control ◽

Organic Mulch

Abstract Five organic mulches (pine bark, hardwood bark, cedar chips, longleaf pine needles, shortleaf pine needles), used alone or in combination with two inorganic mulches (black polyethylene, woven polypropylene), were evaluated over two years for weed control, durability, aesthetic value, and influence upon soil temperature. Organic mulches reduced total weed counts by 50% compared to control plots. and underlaying organic mulches with polyethylene resulted in complete control. Polypropylene, used in combination with organic mulch, was ineffective in controlling perennial weed species. Pine bark was the most durable organic mulch, requiring the least replenishment (70% initial volume) after 630 days. Durability of organic mulches increased when underlaid with polyethylene. Longleaf pine needles were rated most attractive, and underlying organic materials with either polyethylene or polypropylene enhanced appearance. Organic mulches reduced maximum daily temperatures at the soil surface by 2.2–3.3°C (4–6°F) and increased minimum daily temperatures by 1.1–2.2°C (2–4°F). However, the type of organic mulch did not affect temperatures at the soil surface.

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Mulch Type and Depth, Herbicide Formulation, and Postapplication Irrigation Volume Influence on Control of Common Landscape Weed Species

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech04208-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 65-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Debalina Saha ◽

S. Christopher Marble ◽

Brian J. Pearson ◽

Héctor E. Pérez ◽

Gregory E. MacDonald ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Weed Species ◽

Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽

Euphorbia Hirta ◽

Eclipta Prostrata ◽

Pine Straw ◽

Spray Formulation ◽

Irrigation Volume ◽

Large Crabgrass

Mulch is often applied in landscape planting beds for weed control, but little research has focused specifically on mulch and preemergence (PRE) herbicide combinations. The objectives of this research were to determine the efficacy of herbicide + mulch combinations and which factors significantly affected weed control, including herbicide formulation and posttreatment irrigation volumes. Additional objectives were to determine efficacy derived from mulch or herbicides used alone under herbicide + mulch combinations and to identify differences in the additive (herbicide + mulch combinations) or singular (herbicide or mulch) effects compared with the use of herbicides or mulch only. Large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), garden spurge (Euphorbia hirta), and eclipta (Eclipta prostrata) were used as bioassay species for prodiamine, dimethenamid-P + pendimethalin, and indaziflam efficacy, respectively. The experiment consisted of a factorial treatment arrangement of two herbicide formulations (granular or spray applied), three mulch types [hardwood chips (HWs), pine bark (PB), and pine straw (PS)], two mulch depths (1 and 2 inches), and three levels of one-time, posttreatment irrigation volumes (0.5, 1, and 2 inches). Three sets of controls were used: the first set included three mulch types applied at two depths receiving only 0.5-inch irrigation volume, the second set included only two herbicide formulations and three one-time irrigation volumes, whereas the last set received no treatment (no herbicide or mulch) and only 0.5-inch irrigation volume. High levels of large crabgrass and garden spurge control (88% to 100%) were observed with all herbicide + mulch combinations evaluated at mulch depths of 1 inch or greater. When comparing mulch types, the best eclipta control was achieved with hardwood at 2 inches depth. The spray formulation of indaziflam outperformed the granular formulation in most cases when used alone or in combination with mulch. Overall, the results showed that spray formulations of prodiamine and dimethenamid-P + pendimethalin were more effective than granular formulations when applied alone, whereas indaziflam was more effective as a spray formulation when used both alone and in combination with mulch. Increasing irrigation volume was not a significant factor for any of the herbicide + mulch combinations when evaluating overall weed control.

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EFFECT OF SEVERAL HERBICIDES ON GERMINATION, SURVIVAL, AND EARLY GROWTH OF CARAGANA AND ON WEEDS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps65-092 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 45 (5) ◽

pp. 477-486

Author(s):

R. Grover

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Early Growth ◽

The Other ◽

Weed Species ◽

Other Hand ◽

Weed Seeds ◽

Caragana Arborescens ◽

Hand Weeding ◽

Greenhouse Tests

Several pre-emergence herbicides were tested, both in the greenhouse and in the field, for tolerance to germinating and 1-year-old seedlings of caragana (Caragana arborescens Lam.) and for effectiveness in controlling weeds.Dinoseb (4,6-dinitro-o-sec-butylphenol) and its alkanolamine salt at 8 lb/ac, trifluralin (alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at 4 to 6 lb/ac, DCPA (dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate) at 15 lb/ac, swep (methyl 3,4-dichlorocarbanilate) at 6 to 9 lb/ac, and Tenoran (N-4-(p-chlorophenoxy)-phenyl-1,1-dimethylurea) at 6 lb/ac gave satisfactory weed control with no injury to germinating caragana seedlings. Liquid formulations of dinoseb or dinoseb-amine were more effective than the granular dinoseb formulation at rates of 8 lb/ac or less. Mixtures of dinoseb, trifluralin, and DCPA were also effective and these may be used where a wider weed species spectrum is encountered.Trifluralin at 6 lb/ac and mixtures of granular dinoseb at 8 to 12 lb/ac with DCPA at 10 lb/ac also provided satisfactory weed control with no injury to 1-year-old caragana seedlings.In the greenhouse tests, pre-emergence applications of trifluralin, diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide), swep, DCPA, and DMPA (Q-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) O-methyl isopropylphosphoramidothioate) did not retard the germination of weed seeds, but the young weed seedlings were either killed or retarded in growth as the experiments progressed. On the other hand, linuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea), dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile), and dinoseb affected the emergence of weed seedlings. The weeds surviving the dinoseb treatment grew well. Hand-weeding stimulated the germination of more weed seeds.

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Weed Management Strategies in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum): A Review

Agricultural Reviews ◽

10.18805/ag.r-1996 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Akashdeep Singh ◽

S. S. Rana ◽

Anju Bala

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Cicer Arietinum ◽

Weed Management ◽

Management Practices ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Detailed Knowledge ◽

Basic Requirement ◽

Weed Species ◽

The World ◽

Hand Weeding

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is one of the most important pulse crops but it’s productivity in India is quite low. There are various reasons for low productivity. Weed control is the basic requirement and the major component of crop management. Weeds on an average reduce the crop yield by 40-87 per cent. Deciding time to control weeds requires detailed knowledge of the weed populations in the field. Different management practices like altering spacing, competitive cultivars, etc. can help in enhancing the productivity. With the world entering the precision-farming era, more emphasis is being put on the use of post-emergence herbicides. Application of two or more herbicide at the same time or as a double knockdown and integrating with hand-weeding provides desirable control of different weed species besides reducing the hazard of chemical weed control.

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EFFECT OF WEED COMPETITION AND WEED CONTROL PROGRAMS ON RUTABAGA YIELD

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps80-134 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 60 (3) ◽

pp. 917-922 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. A. IVANY

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Test Area ◽

Weed Competition ◽

Weed Species ◽

Control Programs ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Hand Weeding ◽

Better Than ◽

Weed Removal

The effects of different periods of weed competition and of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), niclofen (2,4-dichloro-phenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether), and cultivations were studied for effects on yield of rutabaga (Brassica napobrassica Mill. ’York’). Delaying weed removal for 4 wk after crop emergence significantly reduced yields of marketable and total roots compared with plots kept weed-free all season. Delayed weeding beyond 4 wk resulted in progressively greater reductions in yield. Rutabagas kept weed-free for 2, 4, 6, and 8 wk from crop emergence by once-weekly weeding gave yields comparable to those kept weed-free all season. Herbicide treatments without hand-weeding gave significantly lower yields than those with one hand-weeding. The use of three hand-weedings with herbicides was not significantly better than herbicides with one hand-weeding. Level of weed control was dependent on weed species present in the test area; however, a combination of trifluralin and niclofen gave a broader spectrum of control and better crop yields than either used alone.

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Effects of weed control through cowpea intercropping on mayze morphology and yield

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582007000300001 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 433-441 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

J.K.O. Gomes ◽

P.S.L. Silva ◽

K.M.B. Silva ◽

F.F. Rodrigues Filho ◽

V.G. Santos

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Weed Control ◽

Control Method ◽

The Other ◽

Weed Species ◽

Mean Values ◽

Maize Cultivars ◽

Poaceae Family ◽

Maize Yields ◽

Hand Weeding

Intercropping combined with competitive maize cultivars can reduce the use of herbicides to control weeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of intercropping cowpea and maize, as well as hand-weeding on maize morphology and yield. The experimental design was in randomized complete blocks, with treatments arranged in split-plots and five replications. The plots consisted of four maize cultivars (BA 8512, BA 9012, EX 4001, EX 6004) and the split-plots consisted of the following treatments: no-weeding; twice hand-weeding (20 and 40 days after sowing); and intercropping with cowpea ('Sempre Verde' cultivar), both maize and cowpea sown at the same time. The variables evaluated were: maize fresh green ears and grain yield; characteristics of internodes, leaves, tassels, ears, grains; plant height and ear insertion height; number of weed plants and species; fresh and dry biomass of weed species and cowpea. Ten weed species were outstanding during the experiment, many of them from the Poaceae family. No interactions were found between weed control method and maize cultivars for most variables evaluated; and plants from hand-weeded split-plots showed superior mean values compared to plants from non-weeded and intercropped split-plots, both not differing from each other. The cowpea was inefficient in controlling weed, reducing the maize yields and not producing any grain. The maize cultivars 'BA 8512' and 'BA 9012 showed the highest mean green ear yield, and the highest grain yield in hand-weeded, no-weeded and intercropped split-plots. On the other hand, the maize cultivar 'EX 6004' showed such high means only in no-weeded and intercropped split-plots. 'EX 4001 presented the worst means in these variables for hand-weeded, no-weeded ant intercropped split-plots.

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Broadleaf Weed Control in Winter-Sown Lentil (Lens culinaris)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-13-00184.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 56-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hassan Karimmojeni ◽

Ali Reza Yousefi ◽

Per Kudsk ◽

Amir Hossein Bazrafshan

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Critical Period ◽

Lens Culinaris ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Effective Control ◽

Weed Species ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

Free Treatment ◽

Hand Weeding ◽

Herbicide Management

Winter sowing of lentil results in higher yields than a spring-sown crop. However, when lentil is winter-sown, the critical period of weed control is extended and might require sequential herbicide management strategies to obtain maximum yields. The efficacy of POST alone or soil applied followed by (fb) POST herbicides or hand weeding were evaluated in 2002 and 2003. Trifluralin (PPI) or pendimethalin (PRE) were applied at planting, and pyridate or oxyfluorfen were applied POST at the three- to four-leaf stage of lentil. The lowest level of weed biomass was recorded with all treatments, except pyridate alone in both years, pendimethalin PRE fb pyridate in 2002, and oxyfluorfen in 2003. Application of pyridate or oxyfluorfen POST alone resulted in lower yields. In 2002, trifluralin PPI or pendimethalin PRE fb one hand weeding or pendimethalin fb pyridate resulted in yields similar to the weed-free treatment. In 2003, yields were similar to the weed-free treatment, except pyridate or oxyfluorfen alone and trifluralin PPI fb oxyfluorfen. Weed species observed in the present study required sequential management to achieve both effective control and maximum lentil yield.

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ORGANIC BLUEBERRY PRODUCTION AND OBSERVATIONS IN GEORGIA

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.3.891a ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 891a-891 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gerard Krewer ◽

Danny Stanaland ◽

Oscar Liburd ◽

Jerry Larson ◽

Roosevelt McWilliams ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gibberellic Acid ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Weed Control ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Fire Hazard ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Plastic Mulch ◽

Free System ◽

Pine Straw ◽

Working Together

Georgia has an excellent window for organic blueberry production since much of the crop ripens ahead of production in the northern U.S. Major challenges facing Georgia organic blueberry growers are weed control, organic fertilization, insect control and disease control. A team of Georgia growers, extension agents and scientists are working together to solve these production problems. Since 2002 a series of experiments have been conducted on blueberry establishment and maintenance. Various mulch materials were tested. On young plants, pine straw produced the highest yields, but pine bark and landscape fabric were also successful. With the pine straw treatment, a respectable yield of 0.97 kg/plant occurred 24 months after planting. In addition, a bed shaper–plastic mulch layer was modified by developing a removable center. Using this system, beds are formed, plants are mechanically transplanted, plants are pruned to 75 mm, and plastic is then pulled over the stem. This produces a fairly tight fit around the stem and a nearly weed free system except for weeds growing from the edges. On mature plants, pine bark and wheat straw were tested. Wheat straw produced excellent weed control and improved blueberry growth in year one and two. However, pine bark mulch provided the best weed control in year three. Various organic burn down compounds such as vinegar, Xpress, Alldown, and Matran 2 were tested for winter weed control efficacy. In these trials Matran 2 was the most effective, and the product also performed well on woody weeds that were winter pruned, allowed to resprout and then treated. A propane torch was also tested, but discarded because of the fire hazard. Entrust insecticide was tested for thrips control and gibberellic acid for fruit set. Thrips populations were low, so no effect on fruit set was noted from Entrust. Gibberellic acid significantly improved fruit set.

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Influence of Pine Bark Substrate Age on Performance and Leaching of Nursery Preemergence Herbicides

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci13748-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 896-902 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cody J. Stewart ◽

S. Christopher Marble ◽

Brian Jackson ◽

Brian J. Pearson ◽

P. Christopher Wilson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Weed Species ◽

Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽

Weed Growth ◽

Cardamine Flexuosa ◽

P Leaching ◽

High Level ◽

Preemergence Herbicides ◽

Substrate Age

The objective of these experiments was to determine if preemergence herbicides perform similarly across pine bark that was aged for varying lengths of time including 0, 4, 8, and 12 months after bark removal from harvested trees. Three preemergence herbicides were evaluated for three separate weed species, including 1) Cardamine flexuosa With. (bittercress) with isoxaben, 2) Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (large crabgrass) with prodiamine, and 3) Oxalis stricta L. (woodsorrel) with dimethenamid-P. Leaching of herbicides through substrates was evaluated for prodiamine. Weed growth in the various substrates was variable, but few differences were detected in weed growth among the pine bark substrates evaluated. For isoxaben and prodiamine, weed control was similar among the pine bark substrates in most cases when label rates were applied. Although some differences were detected in prodiamine performance across different pine bark ages, a high level of control was achieved in all cases at rates well below manufacturer recommendations. Prodiamine leaching was minimal in all substrates. It would be recommended that growers test substrates for physical properties before use so that irrigation and other production inputs could be modified if needed. In most cases, growers should expect similar performance of preemergence herbicides regardless of pine bark substrate age.

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Effect of weed management practices and organic sources of nitrogen supplementation on weed density and yield of wheat

FLORA AND FAUNA ◽

10.33451/florafauna.v27i1pp55-60 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bhupesh Kumar Mishra ◽

Santosh Pandey

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Weed Management ◽

Management Practices ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Poultry Manure ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Control Methods ◽

Weed Species ◽

Weed Density ◽

Hand Weeding

The different weed control methods (two hand weeding at 25 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) and one hand weeding at 25 DAS along with unweeded control ), organic sources of nitrogen (vermicompost, poultry manure, city manure and FYM) and their interaction were compared for their efficiency on various weed species and yield of wheat. Two hand weeding (W2) gave significantly maximum weed control. This was followed by one hand weeding at 25 DAS and control. These weed control methods significantly enhanced the yield and yield components of wheat. Among organic sources of nitrogen vermicompost (M1) recorded minimum weed density, weed dry weight and maximum yield, followed by poultry manure, city manure and FYM.

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