scholarly journals Winter Survival and Second-year Spring Yields of Day-neutral Strawberry Are Influenced by Cultivar and the Presence of Low Tunnels

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn M. Orde ◽  
Rebecca Grube Sideman
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
First Year ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Plant Survival ◽  
San Andreas ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Low Tunnels ◽  
Direct Market

Day-neutral (DN) strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) cultivars have potential to produce high yields in New England and greatly extend the period of regional strawberry production each year. However, DN strawberries have primarily been evaluated as an annual crop in cold climates; thus, winter hardiness and subsequent second-year spring yields are not well understood. Separate DN plantings were established as dormant bare-rooted plants in Durham, NH (U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zone 5b) in 2017 and 2018. During their first year of growth and fruit production, plants were grown under one of two cover treatments: a plastic-covered low tunnel or the traditional open field environment (open beds). In November, plants were covered with either straw much (Winter 2017–18) or rowcover (Winter 2018–19) for low-temperature protection during the winter months. In the spring of the second year when winter protection was removed, the same cover treatments (low tunnel or open bed) were re-administered to plants. Plant survival was affected by year and cultivar, with average survival rates of 82% and 98% in Spring 2018 and Spring 2019, respectively. Plant survival ranged from 34% (‘Monterey’) to 99% (‘Aromas’) in 2018, and 92% (‘Albion’) to 100% (‘San Andreas’ and ‘Seascape’) in 2019. Cultivar significantly affected total and marketable yields in both years, and marketable yields ranged from 35.8 to 167.3 g/plant in 2018 and 121.6 to 298.6 g/plant in 2019. The greatest marketable yields were produced by ‘Aromas’, ‘Cabrillo’, ‘San Andreas’, ‘Seascape’, and low-tunnel ‘Sweet Ann’. In 2019, ‘Cabrillo’, ‘San Andreas’, and ‘Seascape’ produced greater marketable yields during the 6-week second-year season than they had during the plants’ first year of fruit production the previous year, which spanned 18 weeks. Low tunnels hastened fruit ripening in the spring and result in earlier fruit harvests, and in 2019, marketable yields were significantly greater under low tunnels for the first 1 to 3 weeks, depending on cultivar. Total and marketable yields were unaffected by low tunnels in 2018, but were significantly greater under low tunnels in 2019. For cultivars in the 2019 experiment, the increase in marketable yield under low tunnels (compared with open beds) ranged from 92.3 to 166.5 g/plant, except for Sweet Ann, for which marketable yields were 256.6 g/plant greater under low tunnels than on open beds. Using a conservative direct market rate of $4.50/lb, the second-year spring yields produced in the present study had a direct market value of between $3899/ha and $95,647/ha, depending on cultivar and year. We demonstrate that it is not only possible to overwinter DN strawberry plants in northern New England, but that the second-year yield may even exceed first-year production. The results from the present study indicate great potential for profitability from an overwintered DN crop.

Survival rates of radio-collared female polar bears and their dependent young

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 1312-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Amstrup ◽  
G. M. Durner
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Beaufort Sea ◽  
First Year ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Sea Survival

Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are hunted throughout most of their range. In addition to hunting, polar bears of the Beaufort Sea region are exposed to mineral and hydrocarbon extraction and related human activities such as shipping, road building, and seismic testing. As human populations increase and demands for polar bears and other arctic resources escalate, reliable estimates of survivorship of polar bears are needed to predict and manage the impacts of those activities. We used the Kaplan–Meier model to estimate annual survival (with 95% confidence intervals) for radio-collared female polar bears and their dependent young that were followed during a 12-year study in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Survival of adult female polar bears was higher than had been previously thought: Ŝ = 0.969 (range 0.952–0.983). If human-caused mortalities were deleted, the computed survival rate was 0.996 (0.990–1.002). Survival of young from den exit to weaning was 0.676 (0.634–0.701). Survival during the second year of life, 0.860 (0.751–0.903), was substantially higher than during the first year, 0.651 (0.610–0.675). Shooting by local hunters accounted for 85% of the documented deaths of adult female polar bears. Conversely, 90% of documented losses of young accompanying radio-collared females were not directly caused by humans. Deaths of dependent young were independent of litter size (P = 0.36), indicating that parental investment in single cubs was not different from investment in litters of two or more. Precise estimates of the survival of independent juveniles and adult males still need to be developed.

Factors limiting fecundity of the tropical tree Ipomoea wolcottiana (Convolvulaceae) in a Mexican tropical dry forest

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Parra-Tabla ◽  
Stephen H. Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Tropical Dry Forest ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Tropical Tree ◽  
First Year ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Phosphorus Application

To explain very low fruit production in the tropical tree Ipomoea wolcottiana (Convolvulaceae), experiments and observations are presented regarding hypotheses that fecundity is limited by foliar herbivory, low soil phosphorus, inadequate cross-pollination, low rates of pollinator visitors, and parasitism of flower buds. A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was undertaken in two consecutive years which included control of herbivores with contact and systemic insecticides and addition of phosphorus. Phosphorus application in the second year increased the number of inflorescences and flowers by 200%, and the initiation of fruits by 400%. No response was observed for the number of mature fruits. Herbivore control and the addition of phosphorus increased seed weight by 22% in the first year, but could not be measured in the second year. Hand-pollination experiments increased the fruit set by 58% in the first year and by 75% in the second. Observations on visits to the flowers showed a six-fold difference between years in rates of pollinator visits. Parasitism of flower buds was 18% in the first year and 33% in the second. Several of the differences between years probably resulted from lesser and desynchronized flowering, due to heavy unseasonal rains in the second year. The differences in floral visitation and predation of floral buds were reflected in open fruit production: 16% in the first year and 6% in the second. All the factors investigated have important effects on the fecundity of I. wolcottiana. From the evolutionary point of view, the results suggest a complex interaction among selective forces which interact with the reproductive system. The theories of sexual selection and bet-hedging are the most plausible alternatives for explaining high levels of floral abortion in this species.

scholarly journals Selection in the First Year of Passion Fruit Production: A Potential Strategy for Breeding

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Luciana Domiciano Silva Rosado ◽  
Renato Domiciano Silva Rosado ◽  
Rosana Gonçalves Pires Matias ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Magalhães dos Santos ◽  
Claudio Horst Bruckner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Production ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
First Year ◽  
Aggregate Production ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Fruit Cultivation ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Potential Strategy

The objective was to compare the results obtained in the first and second year of production, with the aggregate production at the end of the two years of cultivation to determine the stage of the crop cycle most suitable for selection processes. We evaluated the fruits of 26 German-sib progenies of passion fruit during the peak production of the 1st year (December/2004) and the 2nd year (April/2006). There was little or no difference between the means of selected families in the two production years in terms of the evaluated traits. Selection should therefore be performed in the fist production year to reduce cultivation costs, making passion fruit cultivation more economically feasible.

scholarly journals Variability of demographic parameters and population dynamics of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in a south-west French river

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dumas ◽  
P. Prouzet
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
South West ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
Second Year ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
French River ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract The abundance of the salmon population in the Nivelle River was assessed for 11 cohorts during all the stages of their life cycle, from eggs to spawners. A stochastic life history model was used to simulate the changes in numbers at each stage over several years and to evaluate the parameters of a Ricker-type Stock and Recruitment (S–R) relationship. Parameters necessary for managing the exploitation of the species were also estimated. The results indicated that an average deposition of 611 700 eggs (values varying in a proportion of 1 to 3, depending on the year) produced 4870 0+ parr in autumn (variation from 1 to 5.6); 71.8% of which belonged to the group of future 1-year old smolts. The age 1+ parr were eight times less numerous. Survival from egg to 0+ parr was on average 0.97%, but highly variable (varying from 1 to 15). It was density-dependent and followed Ricker S–R model with an optimum of 7800 parr for a survival rate of 3%. During their second year, the survival of 1+ parr reached 53.4% and varied little. The adult runs of complete cohorts amounted to 196 maiden salmon (range, 88 to 382) and previous spawners comprised only 0.9% of adults. Grilse (1 year in the sea) constituted the majority (88.7%). The overall survival rates from 0+ parr to adult returns (6.2% on average) varied three-fold. The majority was females among the grilse (56.2%) and 2-sea-year salmon (88.6%); all 3-sea-year adults were female. Eggs deposited per female averaged 4200, 8500 and 12 750 eggs in each age group, respectively. Simulations of population abundances at various life stages were in good agreement with the observed data. The S–R relationship revealed the low productivity and the vulnerability of this stock, mainly due to the low survival rate of the young during their first year of life. The maximum yield of 12.2% of recruits could be obtained from a deposition of 1 424 000 eggs, which is twice the present average level.

After initial invigoration by heading, young pear trees show reduction in axis vigour and increased propensity to flower

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla N. Seleznyova ◽  
Geegana A. Dayatilake ◽  
Amy E. Watson ◽  
D. Stuart Tustin
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
First Year ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Primary Axis ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Second Year

Fast establishment of the canopy in young trees, followed by reduced vegetative vigour and precocity are desirable traits in fruit production. Severe heading (cutting back the primary axis of the tree after the first year of growth) to induce branching is a nursery practice to increase early fruit yield. Our aim was to provide a systematic study of the responses of young pear trees to severe heading. We used an experimental system with two scion genotypes and three rootstocks to create trees with contrasting branching habits and vigour. The trees’ trunks were headed and a single bud was allowed to outgrow in the following season. Architectural analysis was used to quantify the development of regenerated trees. In the first year after heading, the growth of the primary axes and, depending on the scion genotype, the sylleptic branching of regenerating trees, were invigorated. In the second year, the percentage of budbreak was also increased, but the shoot growth was greatly reduced. Axis propensity to flower in spring of the third year of growth was increased. The new insights into the effects of heading on tree aging and flowering will be used for guiding the best approaches to managing young pear trees.

scholarly journals Growth and Yield of Organic Day-neutral Strawberries in Low Tunnels inside High Tunnel in North Carolina

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tekan S. Rana ◽  
Sanjun Gu
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
San Andreas ◽  
High Tunnels ◽  
Low Tunnels

North Carolina’s fresh strawberry has a $21.4 million economic value, which is primarily from short-day cultivars in the annual plasticulture system. Organic and off-season day-neutral strawberries have higher prices than the conventional, field-grown strawberries. There have been no published studies on suitable cultivars, transplanting dates, and additional winter protection methods for day-neutral strawberry production in high tunnels in North Carolina. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of low tunnels, planting dates, and cultivars on growth, yield, and season extension potential of day-neutral strawberries in high tunnels. Plugs of day-neutral cultivars Albion and San Andreas were either transplanted in raised beds covered with low tunnels (LT) or without low tunnels (control, NLT), inside high tunnels on the N.C. A&T State University Farm (Greensboro, NC) on two different planting dates, which were 1 Sept. (D1) and 29 Sept. (D2) of 2016, or 9 Sept. (D1) and 10 Oct. (D2) of 2017, respectively. A completely randomized design with split-split plots was used. LT did not significantly affect the total yield and plant phenology, but they promoted the first harvest by a week compared with NLT, which resulted in higher yield during the winter of both years. D1 promoted about 24 days of earlier harvest than D2. ‘Albion’ had an earlier bloom and harvest date (by 1 to 3 weeks and 2 to 3 weeks, respectively) than ‘San Andreas’. Strawberry yield was low in the fall season, but it started to increase from January, peaked in April, and decreased again in May. D1 increased the whole season’s marketable yield of ‘Albion’ (430.3 g/plant), compared with that of ‘San Andreas’ (330.9 g/plant). During the winter, ‘Albion’ had a higher yield than ‘San Andreas’. Our study indicates that LT inside HT might not significantly improve the plant growth, early harvest, or total yield. Planting dates had no consistent effect on yield. It was suggested that ‘Albion’ should be considered for high winter yields, and ‘San Andreas’ be a cultivar with high yields of the entire season in high tunnels.

scholarly journals Low Tunnel and Cultivar Effects on Day-neutral Strawberry Yield and Characteristics in New Hampshire

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 795-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn M. Orde ◽  
Rebecca Grube Sideman
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Cultivar Selection ◽  
Low Tunnels

Day-neutral strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) cultivars show promise for extending the fruiting season and increasing production in the northeastern United States, but published research on cultivar yield in the region is lacking. Furthermore, few studies have investigated the effects of low tunnels on yield, fruit, and plant characteristics. We evaluated eight day-neutral cultivars (Albion, Aromas, Cabrillo, Monterey, Portola, San Andreas, Seascape, and Sweet Ann) on open beds and under low tunnels in two separate experiments conducted in 2017 and 2018. Cultivars began producing ripe fruit within 10 weeks of planting in both years, and continued producing fruit without interruption for 20 weeks (2017) and 18 weeks (2018). Annual total yield ranged from 234.9 to 497.8 g/plant and marketable yield ranged 126.4 to 389.1 g/plant, depending on cultivar and year. Cultivar significantly affected the percent marketable yield, late season yield, fruit size, soluble solids content (SSC), runner emergence, and plant size. Except for the cultivar Sweet Ann, low tunnels did not increase season-long marketable or total yield, but did increase the percent marketable yield for all cultivars in 2017, and most cultivars in 2018. Furthermore, marketable yield was significantly greater under low tunnels than open beds during 6 late-season weeks in 2018. Fruit SSC was greater under low tunnels in 2018, and low tunnels reduced runner emergence for certain cultivars. Season-long average air temperatures were higher under low tunnels, but the greatest temperature differences occurred when low tunnels were closed. We demonstrate that day-neutral cultivars can produce high annual yields in New England, but that cultivar selection is paramount.

scholarly journals Use of Compost as an Alternative to Methyl Bromide for Vegetables

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1110E-1111
Author(s):  
Doug Sanders ◽  
Luz M. Reyes ◽  
David Monks ◽  
Frank Louws ◽  
James Driver
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
First Year ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Second Year

We evaluated the influence of three compost sources and compost amended with T382 with fumigant Telone C-35 and various combinations of compost and Telone C-35 on the yield and pest management of cucumber, pepper, tomato, collard, southern pea, and summer squash in a multicrop rotational system. In the first year, there were few differences between the compost treatments and Telone C-35, but all treatments resulted in more yield than the control. In the second year, all compost treatments and/or Telone C-35 improved total and marketable yield of cucumber, pepper, tomato, southern pea, and summer squash. Furthermore, in the second year, Telone C-35 treat-ments produced more yield than some of the compost treatments in tomatoes. Combining Telone C-35 with compost did not differ from either treatment alone. Nematode and disease assessments were not consistent and will be discussed in further detail.

scholarly journals Does fox control improve red–legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) survival? An experimental study in Northern Spain

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-404
Author(s):  
A. Mateo–Moriones ◽  
◽  
R. Villafuerte ◽  
P. Ferreras ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
First Year ◽  
Alectoris Rufa ◽  
Predator Control ◽  
Pica Pica ◽  
Chick Survival ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Fox Control

This work evaluates the effectiveness of fox control as a method to improve the survival of red–legged partridge (Alectoris rufa). We radio–tracked 89 adult partridges and their chicks (62 few days old chicks and 46 over one–month–old chicks) and monitored their nests (N = 45) on two hunting estates in northern Spain over two years. Generalist predators (red fox, Vulpes vulpes, and magpie, Pica pica) were selectively controlled on one half of each estate during the first year, and on the other half in the second year. We estimated the effect of predator control on survival rates. Predator control did not improve survival rates for adult partridges and nests, but it improved chick survival, especially for chicks over one–month old.

Plastic mulches and row covers for early and midseason crisphead lettuce produced on organic soils

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 921-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jenni ◽  
J. -F. Dubuc ◽  
K. A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
First Year ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Row Covers ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Low Tunnels

Plastic mulches and row covers for early and midseason crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Ithaca’) grown on organic soils were investigated over 2 yr. For early production, four mulch treatments (infrared transmitting, silver-on-black co-extruded polyethylene, white-on-black co-extruded polyethylene and a bare soil control) with and without an agrotextile low tunnel were tested. For midseason production, the same mulch treatments were evaluated in combination with normal and high planting densities (54 400 plants ha-1 and 65 200 plants ha-1). Low tunnels combined with mulches accelerated early growth and maturity by 10 d for infrared-transmitting mulch, 7–8 d for silver mulch and 3–5 d for white mulch, relative to production on bare soil control without a low tunnel. Infrared-transmitting mulch alone increased plant biomass early in the season and produced a lettuce head of heavier or similar weight relative to that from bare soil, even if harvested 3–4 d earlier. Lettuce heads grown on silver and white mulches were harvested 1–3 d earlier, and were 22% heavier in the first year and 29% heavier in the second year than when grown on bare soil. Head weights of lettuce under the low tunnels were higher than those from control plots in the first year only, and head size was similar in both years. For midseason production, infrared-transmitting and silver mulches accelerated the early growth of lettuce, but resulted in heads with long cores at maturity, particularly with infrared-transmitting mulch. Silver mulch increased the percentage of marketable heads in the first year and head weight and size at maturity in the second year, and reduced the incidence of aphids in both years, relative to plots without mulch. White mulch resulted in larger and heavier heads than those produced without mulch in the second year, and produced heads with shorter cores than those produced with other mulches in both years, even during particularly hot growing conditions. The percentage of marketable heads was similar for both the high- and low-density plantings and, as a result, the former produced more marketable heads per hectare. However, lettuce plants grown at the higher density were smaller in the second year. During conditions conducive to disease development in the first year, higher density plantings were more susceptible to downy mildew. Key words: Lactuca sativa, iceberg lettuce, muck soils, plasticulture, mini-tunnel, physiological disorder, planting densities

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