Dormant Sprigging of Bermudagrass and Zoysiagrass

Many bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) and zoysiagrass (Zoysia sp.) cultivars are not available as seed and are commonly planted vegetatively using sprigs, especially for sod production or in sand-based systems. Sprig planting is typically done in late spring or early summer, but this can result in an extended grow-in period and delay the use of the turf in the first growing season. The objective of this study was to determine if sprigs of bermudagrass and zoysiagrass could be planted earlier in the year, during the dormancy phase, to hasten establishment. A field study was carried out in Fayetteville, AR, in 2014 and 2016 using ‘Tifway’ hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis) and ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica), and in Guangzhou, China, in 2015, using ‘Tifway’ hybrid bermudagrass and ‘Lanyin III’ zoysiagrass (Z. japonica). Sprigs were planted in March (dormant), May (spring) and July (summer) in Fayetteville, and in January (dormant), March (spring) and May (summer) in Guangzhou. Sprigging rates of 30, 60, and 90 m3·ha−1 were tested at both locations and across all planting dates. Bermudagrass was less affected by planting date, with dormant, spring or summer plantings effectively establishing full cover in the first growing season. Zoysiagrass that was sprigged in the dormant season was successfully established by the end of the first growing season while a full zoysiagrass cover was not achieved with either spring or summer plantings in Arkansas. Dormant sprigging reached full coverage as fast or faster than traditional spring or summer planting dates at both locations, indicating that bermudagrass and zoysiagrass establishment can be achieved earlier in the growing season using dormant sprigging methods.

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PLANTING DATE EFFECT ON PIGEONPEA DEVELOPMENT IN MID-MISSOURI

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.26.5.494g ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 494g-495

Author(s):

Lurline Marsh ◽

Mohsen Dkhili

Keyword(s):

Field Study ◽

Temperature Region ◽

Cajanus Cajan ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Growing Season ◽

Planting Date ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Pod Length ◽

Number Of Seeds ◽

Short Growing Season

Determinate, photoperiod-insensitive genotypes of pigeonpea, (Cajanus cajan) have the potential for production in the short growing season of the temperature region. A field study was conducted to determine the effect of three planting dates on the growth and development of this crop in Missouri. Seeds of four genotypes, ICPL 87 Isolation (85k), ICPL 85010, ICPL 85024 and ICPL 8304 were planted at three planting dates in 1990, May 1, May 15 and May 31. Germination of the earliest planted seeds was low but increased in the later planted ones. The earlier the planting date the longer was the time to flowering, but the earlier was pod maturity. The earliest planted group flowered within 78-110 days after planting. The genotypes in this group produced the highest fresh pod weights of 330-730 g/plant and the latest planted ones produced the least. Pod length, the number of seeds per pod and weight of 100 seeds had ranges of 5.1-5.9 cm, 3-4 seeds and 17-23 g, respectively and were unaffected by planting dates.

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Planting Date Affects Survival and Height Growth of Hybrid Poplar

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc62164-3 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 164-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Edward A. Hansen

Keyword(s):

Hybrid Poplar ◽

Late Summer ◽

Growing Season ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Planting Date ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Soil Frost ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Poplar Cuttings ◽

Energy Plantations

In this study I investigated the effects of planting date for soaked versus unsoaked cuttings of two hybrid poplar clones under irrigated versus unirrigated and weedy versus weed-free conditions. Cuttings were planted each year for 4 years. Survival at the end of the first growing season was generally greater than 90% for all planting dates. At the end of the second growing season survival for trees planted before July 16 was again generally more than 90%. However, cuttings planted from July 30 through August 27 showed a major decline in survival and survival of fall planted cuttings ranged from 6 to 90%. Mortality of late summer- or fall-planted cuttings occurred prior to the beginning of the second growing season and was attributed to frost heaving. The tallest trees were not those planted at the earliest possible dates (April in Rhinelander). Instead, the tallest trees at the end of the first and second growing seasons were those planted in early- and mid-May. This optimum planting period was the same regardless of clone, soaking, irrigation, or weed treatment. Actual optimum planting date would change with location and local climatic conditions. Some climatic indices may prove more universal in predicting when to plant. Although tentative, it appears that for best growth, unrooted hybrid poplar cuttings should be planted in soil warmer than 10 °C. Trees do not grow as well if planted immediately after soil frost leaves the ground. Key words: Energy plantations, plantation establishment, woody biomass, intensive culture, Populus.

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Effet de la date de semis sur la productivité du lin oléagineux cultivé en climat frais

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps10021 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 29-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Denis Pageau ◽

Julie Lajeunesse

Keyword(s):

Growing Season ◽

Planting Date ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Linum Usitatissimum L ◽

Seeding Date ◽

Sowing Dates ◽

1000 Grain Weight ◽

Late Sowing ◽

Cool Climate

Pageau, D. and Lajeunesse, J. 2011. Effect of seeding date on oilseed flax grown in a cool climate. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 29–35. In Quebec, the growing season is relatively short and most crops are sown early in the spring. However, flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) production is recent in Quebec and the effect of time of seeding on flax productivity has not yet been studied. The objective of this project was to determine the effect of four different sowing dates on the productivity of oilseed flax grown in a cool climate in Quebec. Four planting dates (mid-May to mid-June) were evaluated for 4 yr (2004, 2006, 2007 and 2008) with four cultivars (AC Emerson, AC McDuff, CDC Bethune and Lightning). During 2 yr, delays in seeding reduced grain yields. Moreover, in 2006 and 2007, flax seeded at the last planting date (mid-June) did not reach maturity. Compared with the earliest seeding date, a 2-wk delay in sowing reduced grain yields by 34 to 42% in 2006 and by 25 to 51% in 2007. Late sowing also reduced the oil content and 1000-grain weight of flax. These results indicate that oilseed flax should be sown early (11–18 May) in regions where the climate is cool.

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Purple Nutsedge Control by Bentazon and Perfluidone in Turfgrasses

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500062640 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 349-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

B. J. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Late Summer ◽

Late Spring ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Single Application ◽

Zoysia Japonica ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Stenotaphrum Secundatum ◽

Repeated Applications ◽

Common Bermudagrass

Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted on bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)one 2,2-dioxide] at 2.2 and 4.4 kg/ha and perfluidone {1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl) phenyl] methanesulfonamide} at 4.5 and 9.0 kg/ha for purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) control and tolerance of five turfgrasses. A single application of each herbicide was applied to purple nutsedge, but single and repeated applications were applied to turfgrasses. Purple nutsedge control during the initial year of treatment was 98 to 100% when bentazon was applied in late spring, but the control was only 28 to 68% when applied in mid or late summer. Perfluidone controlled 76 to 87% of purple nutsedge when applied in late spring and 95 to 100% when applied in late summer. Bentazon treatments generally did not cause turf injury. In the field, perfluidone treatments injured St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum(Walt.) Kuntze], zoysia grass (Zoysia japonica×Z. teniuflolia‘Emerald’), centipedegrass [Erenoehloa ophiuroides(Munro) Hack.], and common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.]. ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass was generally tolerant to perfluidone treatments. In the greenhouse, perfluidone reduced the root growth of all turfgrasses except centipedegrass when compared with untreated checks.

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188 Influence of Planting Date on Strawberry Growth and Development in the Low Desert

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.474e ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 474E-474

Author(s):

M.A. Maurer ◽

K. Umeda

Keyword(s):

Field Study ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Planting Date ◽

The Other ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Fruit Number ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Strawberry Cultivars

A field study was designed to determine the effect of planting date and cultivar on growth and yield of strawberries in the low desert. The study was conducted at the Univ.of Arizona, Citrus Agricultural Center, near Waddell. Treatments included two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Chandler) and three planting dates 20 Aug. and 8 and 22 Oct. 1997. There was no significant difference in fruit yield between cultivars. However, fruit number was significantly greater for `Chandler', and, therefore, fruit size was smaller than `Camarosa.' Yield was significantly higher for strawberries planted 20 Aug., with nearly four times the yield compared to the other planting dates. Results of this study suggest summer planting of strawberries in the low desert to produce economically viable yields.

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Optimal planting date, row width, and critical weed-free period for grain amaranth and quinoa grown in Ontario, Canada

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.1139/cjps-2015-0160 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 96 (3) ◽

pp. 360-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Robert E. Nurse ◽

Kristen Obeid ◽

Eric R. Page

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Critical Period ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Growing Season ◽

Planting Date ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Southern Ontario ◽

Grain Amaranth ◽

Physiological Maturity ◽

Row Width

The popularity of grain amaranth and quinoa is growing in Ontario, increasing the interest in their cultivation. Two experiments were conducted in southern Ontario in 2013 and 2014 to evaluate optimal planting date (every two weeks from early May to late July), row width (38 or 75 cm), and critical weed-free period (the component of the critical period of weed control that defines the number of days that the crop must remain weed-free to prevent yield loss) in each crop. Grain amaranth and quinoa both reached physiological maturity and produced yields when planting dates ranged from mid-May to late-June. When either crop was seeded in July, yields decreased by more than 50% and the crop did not always reach maturity before the first frost. While row width did not have an impact on yield, it is advisable to grow the crops in wider rows (75 cm) to facilitate weed control early in the growing season (up to 30 d after emergence (DAE)). The critical weed-free period was 24 and 16 DAE for grain amaranth and quinoa, respectively, after which yields were maintained at 95% of the weed-free control. Based on these data, both crops could easily be integrated into the normal cropping rotations found in southern Ontario.

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Water use and drainage under phalaris, annual pasture, and crops on a duplex soil in Western Australia

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar99167 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 305 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

P. J. Dolling

Keyword(s):

Soil Water ◽

Water Use ◽

Western Australia ◽

Water Storage ◽

Growing Season ◽

Early Summer ◽

Late Spring ◽

Soil Water Storage ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Annual Crops

Rising water tables in southern Western Australia are causing waterlogging and salinity problems. These issues are related to a lower level of water use by annual plants than by the native vegetation. Phalaris can use more water than annual pastures and crops because of deeper rooting characteristics and longer growing season. However, there is limited information on the water use of phalaris in the Western Australian environment. There is also very little information on water balances under annual crops and pastures outside the growing season. A field experiment was carried out on a duplex soil between March 1994 and March 1999. Annual rainfall varied between 321 and 572 mm. The study examined soil water content, deep drainage, and productivity of phalaris-based pasture, continuous annual pasture, annual pasture–wheat rotation, and a wheat–lupin rotation. The results showed that the phalaris-based pasture after the establishment year was 25% (1.9 t dry matter/ha) more productive than continuous annual pasture, with the main difference occurring in late spring–early summer. The phalaris-based pasture used, on average, 45 mm/year more water and reduced drainage below 1 m by 44 mm/year compared with the annual pastures and crops. Total drainage below 1 m was 30 mm under the phalaris-based pasture and 74 mm under annual pasture. The greater water use in the phalaris-based pasture occurred in late spring and early summer. Although differences in total biomass per year occurred between wheat in different rotations there was no difference in the soil water storage prior to the break of the season. There was also no difference in the soil water balance between any of the annual crops and pastures. Differences in soil water storage did occur in some years in October but disappeared by May the following year.

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Effect of Emergence Time on Growth and Fecundity of Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and Slender Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis): Emerging Problem Weeds in Australian Summer Crops

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/wsc.2021.9 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-26

Author(s):

Asad M. Khan ◽

Ahmadreza Mobli ◽

Jeff A Werth ◽

Bhagirath S. Chauhan

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Weed Management ◽

Management Practice ◽

Growth Period ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Planting Date ◽

Late Spring ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Planting Time ◽

Redroot Pigweed

Abstract Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and Slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.) are considered emerging problematic weeds in summer crops in Australia. An outdoor pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of planting time of two populations of A. retroflexus and A. viridis at the research farm of the University of Queensland, Australia. Both species were planted every month from October to January (2017-18 and 2018-19), and their growth and seed production was recorded. Although both weeds matured at a similar number of growing degree days (GDDs), these weeds required a different number of days to complete their life cycle within each planting date. The growth period was reduced, and flowering occurred sooner as both species experienced cooler temperatures and shorter daylight hours. Compared to other planting times, both species exhibited increased height, biomass, and seed production for the October-sown plants, and these parameters were reduced by delaying the planting time. The shoot and root biomass of A. retroflexus and A. viridis (averaged over both populations) was reduced by more than 70% and 65%, respectively, when planted in January, in comparison to planting in October. When planted in October, A. retroflexus and A. viridis produced 11,350 and 5,780 seeds per plant, but these were reduced to 770 and 365 seeds per plant in planting date January, respectively. Although the growth and fecundity of these species were dependent on planting time, these weeds could emerge throughout the late spring to summer growing season (October to March) in southeast Australia and produce a significant number of seeds. The results showed that when these species emerged in the late spring (October), they grew vigorously and produced more biomass, in comparison with the other planting dates. Therefore, any early weed management practice for these species could be beneficial for minimizing the subsequent cost and inputs towards their control.

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Plant production after defoliation of native, Northern Mixed Prairie on hummocky terrain in Saskatchewan

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps09164 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 90 (4) ◽

pp. 421-433 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. Pantel ◽

J T Romo ◽

Y. Bai

Keyword(s):

Standing Crop ◽

Late Summer ◽

Growing Season ◽

Early Summer ◽

Plant Production ◽

Short Period ◽

Dormant Season ◽

Second Year ◽

Mixed Prairie ◽

June July

Resting plants after grazing is central to sustaining potential plant production. Growth of graminoids and forbs was determined for 3 yr after a single defoliation to 7.5 cm in May, June, July, August, September, October, November, or April on five different landform elements in the Northern Mixed Prairie. Green standing crop and cumulative green standing crop of forbs, graminoids, and their total varied with months of defoliation, landform elements, and years after defoliation. Green standing crop and cumulative green standing crop of forbs, graminoids, and their total was less than the control (P ≤ 0.05) on at least one of five landform elements until the second year after defoliation. This pattern of growth suggests the need to defer grazing for at least 1 yr after use to allow plants to regain their production potential. Plants defoliated early in the growing season recovered their production sooner or at the same time as those defoliated later in the growing season or when dormant. Generalizations that spring or early summer defoliation of native range reduces production and late summer or dormant season grazing has no effect on production warrants reconsideration where adequate rest is provided following a short period of grazing.Key words: Landform, landscape, primary production, rangeland, regrowth, standing crop

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Effect of Planting Date and Nitrogen Fertilization Rates on No-till Pumpkins

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.3.857 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 857-861 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. Ryan Harrelson ◽

Greg D. Hoyt ◽

John L. Havlin ◽

David W. Monks

Keyword(s):

Cultural Practices ◽

Growing Season ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Planting Date ◽

Yield Response ◽

Research Station ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Fertilization Rates ◽

No Till ◽

N Rates

Vegetable growers in the Mountain region of North Carolina are faced with increased land prices resulting from urbanization and reduced farm income from low-commodity prices. Local consumer use of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) for jack-o-lanterns and baking provides a fall market for growers to increase production and profitability on-farm. Most soils in these regions are highly erodible and susceptible to drought during the growing season. Little information is available on cultural practices for no-till pumpkin production in this region. Field studies were established to evaluate the yield response of no-till pumpkin to planting date and nitrogen (N) fertilization. Experiments were conducted at the Mountain (MRS), Upper Mountain (UMRS), and the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Stations (MHCRS) in Summer 2003 and 2004 using no-till cultural practices. Three planting dates were established at 2-week intervals and 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg·ha−1 N treatments were applied at each planting date in a randomized complete block design. The 80 and 120 kg·ha−1 N fertilization rates produced greater yields and larger fruit size than the 0 and 40 kg·ha−1 N rates. Pumpkins planted earliest produced the greatest marketable and total yields for all N rates at all three locations. The latest planting date (9 July) and highest N rate yielded more cull fruit compared with marketable pumpkins with the earlier planting date at the Upper Mountain Research Station. This location has a shorter growing season and cooler summer temperatures than the two other locations. Although the third planting date was late for pumpkin planting, higher N rate treatments at that timing produced marketable yields comparable to earlier planting dates at the two warmer summer locations (MRS and MHCRS). In these experiments, the highest rate applied (120 kg·ha−1 N) maximized pumpkin yield. This observation would indicate that higher yields might be possible with even greater N rates.

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