scholarly journals Sweet Potato Canopy Morphology: Leaf Distribution

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zana C. Somda ◽  
Stanley J. Kays
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Leaf Distribution

Changes in leaf distribution of the sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivar Jewel were assessed bi-weekly for 18 weeks at three plant densities (15, 30, and 45 cm × 96-cm spacing). The distribution of leaves on the branches and the timing at which leaf number stabilized were affected by the plant density. Plant density resulted in significant differences in the number of leaves and percentage of missing leaves during the growing season. Leaf number and total leaf area varied substantially in response to plant density, but individual lamina and petiole lengths and leaf area did not vary. Average petiole and leaf lengths and leaf size increased during the season, with the maximum length and area dependent on the type of branch on which the leaf was formed. Average petiole length per branch and the susceptibility to leaf loss increased with descending branch hierarchy (secondary branch < primary branch < main stem). Leaf losses after the 4th week tended to parallel a progressive increase in petiole length of new leaves, suggesting shading as a primary cause of leaf shedding and the loss of the oldest leaves first.

Comparison of suckering, leaf and corm characteristics of taro grown from tissue culture and conventional planting material

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Johnston ◽  
I. C. Onwueme ◽  
A. J. Dowling ◽  
B. C. Rodoni
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Tissue Culture Plantlets

Summary. The growth of taro plants propagated either from tissue culture plantlets or conventionally using huli (sections of corm containing the shoot apex) was followed throughout a season. The plants grown from huli began suckering 11 weeks after planting and produced an average of 5 suckers per plant. During most of the season, the huli-grown plants maintained 4–5 leaves at any one time, but had a high turnover of leaves producing 25 leaves during the 30 week period (0.8 leaves per week). At harvest the corms of the suckers contributed about one-third of the total corm weight to the entire huli stand. Plants grown from tissue culture exhibited earlier suckering (starting 8 weeks after planting) and a more profuse suckering, producing an average of about 8 suckers per plant. The tissue culture plants had a similar number and turnover of leaves on the main plant as the huli plants. However, due to the early and more profuse suckering of the tissue culture plants, the suckers contributed more to the leaf area, leaf number and yield of the entire stand than the huli suckers. The tissue culture main plants had a decreased leaf area, leaf size and shorter petiole length than the huli plants. The total corm yield of the huli and tissue culture entire stand was similar. However, the main corm of the tissue culture plants was smaller as the suckers contributed over 50% to the total corm weight of the entire stand in tissue culture plants.

scholarly journals GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG SWEET POTATO CROPS CULTIVATED BY TRADITIONAL FARMERS

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 779-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
PABLO FORLAN VARGAS ◽  
ERIC WATZKE ENGELKING ◽  
LUIS CARLOS FERREIRA DE ALMEIDA ◽  
ELIEL ALVES FERREIRA ◽  
HAMILTON CESAR DE OLIVERIA CHARLO
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Crop Species

ABSTRACT The genetic variability within the crop species Ipomoea batatas is broad, hence, in order to support future breeding programs it is of the utmost importance that germplasm banks be created, conserved, and characterized. Therefore, the objective of this work was to rescue and evaluate the genetic divergence in sweet potato accessions collected in traditional communities of Vale do Ribeira Paulista. Sweet potato samples were collected from quilombos, indigenous villages, caiçaras communities, and small farms. The study was conducted between February 2013 and August 2014 in a randomized block design with three replications. Genetic material included 95 collected accessions and two commercial cultivars. Morphological characteristics of the accessions were evaluated and distances in the genetic distance matrix were estimated by means of multi-category variables, the data being subsequently clustered by the Tocher method. Analysis of the relative contribution of each characteristic and phenotypic correlation of descriptors was also performed. Results evidenced wide genetic diversity among the sweet potato accessions collected in Vale do Ribeira, which were not grouped according to the collection point. The descriptors that contributed more than 60% of genetic diversity included: leaf size, general leaf profile, immature leaf color, petiole pigmentation, predominant branch color, branch secondary color, stem length, cortical thickness, predominant periderm color, and periderm color intensity. Correlations between morphological descriptors was observed in 22.26% of the paired traits.

Defoliation frequency and the response by white clover to increasing phosphorus supply 1. Leaf dry matter yield and plant morphology responses

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Singh ◽  
P. W. G. Sale
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Defoliation Frequency ◽  
P Supply

A glasshouse experiment was carried out to determine how an increasing P supply influences the growth and survival of white clover plants subjected to a range of defoliation frequencies. Treatments involved the factorial combination of P application rate (0, 30, 90, and 180 mg/pot) to a P-deficient Krasnozem soil and defoliation frequency (1, 2, or 4 defoliations over 36 days). The survival of P-deficient plants was threatened by the most frequent defoliation; their leaf area declined owing to a reduction in leaf number and individual leaf size with each successive defoliation. Increasing the P supply to 180 mg/pot reversed this downward trend as the high P plants were able to maintain leaf area by increasing leaf size and number. Increasing the frequency from 1 to 4 defoliations over the 36 days also changed the form of the leaf dry matter response to added P, from an asymptotic to a linear response. The P requirement of white clover for maximum leaf yield therefore increased under frequent defoliation. This effect was also apparent for a range of morphological measurements including stolon elongation rate, leaf area, root mass, leaf number, and stolon number, where the magnitude of the P response was consistently greater for frequently defoliated plants. Exceptions included stolon mass, which responded more to P addition under infrequent defoliation.

INFLUENCE OF SHADE ON STOMATAL DENSITY, LEAF SIZE AND OTHER LEAF CHARACTERISTICS IN THE MAJOR TROPICAL ROOT CROPS, TANNIA, SWEET POTATO, YAM, CASSAVA AND TARO

2000 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. ONWUEME ◽  
M. JOHNSTON
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Alley Cropping ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Epidermis

Since shading often occurs under normal growing conditions in various cropping systems (for example, intercropping, alley cropping), field experiments were carried out to determine the effects of shading on stomatal density, leaf size, leaf dry matter, and leaf lamina thickness in the major tropical root and tuber crops, tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), yam (Dioscorea esculenta), cassava (Manihot esculenta), and taro (Colocasia esculenta). Shading decreased stomatal density in the lower epidermis of tannia, sweet potato, yam and cassava, and in the upper epidermis also in tannia and sweet potato; the upper epidermis of yam and cassava were devoid of stomata. In contrast to the other species, taro under shade had an increased stomatal density in both the upper and lower epidermis, a finding which was confirmed in subsequent pot experiments. This response of taro was postulated as a possible manifestation of greater shade adaptation by the species.For all the species, shading generally resulted in the production of larger (in terms of surface area) but thinner leaves, with a decreased dry matter concentration. For the two species (yam and cassava) that had stomata only on the lower epidermis, normal sun-grown plants had about twice as many stomata per unit area of lower epidermis than did corresponding plants of the other three species. The agronomic and physiological significance of the findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparison of Growth Indices of Nigella sativa L. under Different Plant Densities and Fertilization

2019 ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Ioannis Roussis, Ioanna Kakabouki, Dimitrios Bilalis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Area Index ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Plant Densities

Agronomic practices such as plant density and fertilizer management are referred to comprise crop environment, which influences plant growth, productivity, and ultimately the yield. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the influence of plant density and fertilization on the growth and growth indices of Nigella sativa crop and to determine the association between yield and growth characteristics at both the single plant and crop stand level. The 2-year experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, with three replications, two main plots (200 and 300 plants m-2) and four sub-plots (fertilization treatments: control, compost, farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer). The highest absolute growth rate (AGR) (0.0321 g day-1) and relative growth rate (RGR) (0.0714 g g-1 day-1) values were recorded when plants subjected to low-density and inorganic fertilization, while the highest crop growth rate (CGR) (8.0342 g m-2 day-1) was obtained under high-plant density and inorganic fertilization. Concerning specific leaf area (SLA), the highest value (196.28 cm2 g-1) was found in inorganic fertilized treatment. Leaf area index (LAI), Leaf area duration (LAD) and Biomass duration (BMD) were positively affected by both plant density and fertilization with the greatest values observed under high-density and fertilization. In conclusion, plant densities higher than 200 plants m-2 lead to higher crop growth, but lower growth of individual plants and decreased seed yield, while the application of inorganic fertilizers increases crop growth and yield as these fertilizers contain higher levels of nitrogen with high solubility and therefore quick availability for the crop than the organic fertilizers.

scholarly journals Leaf area of common bean genotypes during early pod filling as related to plant adaptation to limited phosphorus supply

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Santos Trindade ◽  
Adelson Paulo Araújo ◽  
Marcelo Grandi Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Plant Adaptation ◽  
Net Assimilation

Low phosphorus supply markedly limits leaf growth and genotypes able to maintain adequate leaf area at low P could adapt better to limited-P conditions. This work aimed to investigate the relationship between leaf area production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes during early pod filling and plant adaptation to limited P supply. Twenty-four genotypes, comprised of the four growth habits in the species and two weedy accessions, were grown at two P level applied to the soil (20 and 80 mg kg-1) in 4 kg pots and harvested at two growth stages (pod setting and early pod filling). High P level markedly increased the leaf number and leaf size (leaf area per leaf), slightly increased specific leaf area but did not affect the net assimilation rate. At low P level most genotypic variation for plant dry mass was associated with leaf size, whereas at high P level this variation was associated primarily with the number of leaves and secondarily with leaf size, specific leaf area playing a minor role at both P level. Determinate bush genotypes presented a smaller leaf area, fewer but larger leaves with higher specific leaf area and lower net assimilation rate. Climbing genotypes showed numerous leaves, smaller and thicker leaves with a higher net assimilation rate. Indeterminate bush and indeterminate prostrate genotypes presented the highest leaf area, achieved through intermediate leaf number, leaf size and specific leaf area. The latter groups were better adapted to limited P. It is concluded that improved growth at low P during early pod filling was associated with common bean genotypes able to maintain leaf expansion through leaves with greater individual leaf area.

scholarly journals Sweet Potato Canopy Architecture: Branching Pattern

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zana C. Somda ◽  
Stanley J. Kays
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Canopy Architecture ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Branch Formation ◽  
Number Of Branches

The effect of the plant density (15, 30, 45 × 96-cm spacing) on the branching pattern `Jewel' sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] was determined bi-weekly for 18 weeks. Plant density effects were significant for the number of branches formed and timing of branch formation. Plant density did not affect the type of branches formed (e.g., primary, secondary, and tertiary), but did alter the timing of induction during the growing season. By the end of the growing period, the ratios for the number of primary to secondary branches were 1.5:1, 1.3:1, and 0.6:1 at the 15-, 30-, and 45-cm spacing, respectively. Few tertiary branches were formed, but were present on some plants at each spacing. Tertiary branches most commonly occurred on plants at the widest spacing. While the number of branches per plant was highly plastic and inversely related to plant density, nodes per branch and internode length were not significantly affected. Average internode length per branch decreased with descending branch hierarchy (i,e., main stem < primary branch < secondary branch). `Jewel' sweet potato responded to increased space available largely through production of additional branches with the modification of branching pattern increasing as the season progressed.

scholarly journals INTERAÇÃO DE NÍVEIS DE ÁGUA E DENSIDADE DE PLANTAS NO CRESCIMENTO E PRODUTIVIDADE DO FEIJÃO-CAUPI, EM TERESINA, PI

Irriga ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Raquel Mendes de Oliveira ◽  
Aderson Soares de Andrade Júnior ◽  
Valdenir Queiroz Ribeiro ◽  
Ramilos Rodrigues de Brito ◽  
Marcus Willame Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Water Plant ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Pod Length ◽  
Irrigation Levels

INTERAÇÃO DE NÍVEIS DE ÁGUA E DENSIDADE DE PLANTAS NO CRESCIMENTO E PRODUTIVIDADE DO FEIJÃO-CAUPI, EM TERESINA, PI  SIMONE RAQUEL MENDES DE OLIVEIRA1; ADERSON SOARES DE ANDRADE JÚNIOR2; VALDENIR QUEIROZ RIBEIRO3; RAMILOS RODRIGUES DE BRITO4 E MARCUS WILLAME CARVALHO5 1Eng. Agrônoma, Doutora em Engenharia Agrícola, Professora Colégio Técnico de Teresina, Teresina – PI, e-mail: [email protected]. Agrônomo, Doutor em Irrigação e Drenagem, Pesquisador da Embrapa Meio-Norte, Teresina – PI.3Eng. Agrônomo, Mestre em Estatística Experimental, Pesquisador da Embrapa Meio-Norte, Teresina – PI.4Eng. Agrônomo, Doutorando em Irrigação e Drenagem, UNESP/FCA, Botucatu – SP.5Eng. Agrônomo, Mestre em Irrigação e Drenagem, CCA-UFPI, Teresina – PI.  1 RESUMO O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência de níveis de água e densidade de plantas no crescimento (matéria seca e área foliar) e produtividade do feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Embrapa Meio-Norte, localizada no município de Teresina, Piauí - Brasil, no período de julho a setembro de 2012. O solo local foi classificado como Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo de textura franco-arenosa. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados num esquema fatorial 5 x 4, sendo os fatores cinco níveis de irrigação: 393,53; 340,34; 300,50; 260,39 e 201,73 mm, aplicados por meio de um sistema de irrigação por aspersão convencional, e quatro densidades de plantas: 150.000; 200.000; 250.000; 300.000 plantas ha-1. Apenas na matéria seca não houve interação significativa entre os níveis de irrigação e densidade de plantas. A área foliar, produtividade de grãos, número de vagens por planta, massa de vagens, produtividade de vagens, comprimento de vagem e massa de cem grãos que apresentaram valores máximos de: 1.301,89 cm²; 1.668,86 kg ha-1; 2,24; 2.248,16 kg; 1.873,45 kg ha-1; 18,70 cm e 22,72 g, alcançados com as lâminas de: 367,86; 390,88; 393,53; 393,53; 393,53; 348,40 e 322,63 mm associados às densidades de: 188.000; 241.000; 110.000; 254.000; 254.000; 223.000 e 300.000 plantas.ha-1, respectivamente. Palavras-chave: estresse hídrico, adensamento, competição intraespecífica.  OLIVEIRA, S. R. M. de; ANDRADE JÚNIOR, A. S. de; RIBEIRO, V. Q.; BRITO, R. R. de; CARVALHO, M. W. INTERACTION BETWEEN LEVELS OF WATER AND PLANT DENSITY ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF COWPEA IN TERESINA, PI   2 ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of levels of water, plant density and their interaction  on growth (dry matter and leaf area) and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). The experiment was carried out at the experimental area of Middle- North Embrapa in Teresina city, Piauí-Brazil from July to September 2012 in a Ultisol soil.  A randomized block experimental design was used with four replicates.  Treatments were applied in a   5 x 4 factorial design and 5 levels of irrigation as factors:  393.53; 340.34; 300.50; 260.39 and 201.73 mm applied through  an irrigation system by conventional sprinkler, and four plant densities:  150,000; 200,000; 250,000; 300,000 plants ha-1. A significant interaction between irrigation levels and plant density was found in all study parameters except for dry matter.  Leaf area, grain yield, number of pods per plant, pod weight, pod yield, pod length and hundred grain weight had maximum values of   1,301.89 cm²;  1,668.86 kg ha-1; 2.24; 2,248.16 kg; 1,873.45 kg ha-1; 18.70 cm and 22.72 g,  which were reached using the following  water depths:   367.86; 390.88; 393.53; 393.53; 393.53; 348.40 and  322.63 mm associated with densities of : 188,000; 241,000; 110,000;254,000; 254,000; 223,000 and  300,000 plants.ha-1 , respectively. Keywords: water stress, density, intraspecific competition. 

scholarly journals Effect of Plant Density on Photosynthesis Productivity and Yield of Spring Garlic

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Đorđe Moravčević ◽  
Jelica Gvozdanović Varga ◽  
Anamarija Stojanović ◽  
Damir Beatović ◽  
Vida Todorović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Crop Establishment ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Net Assimilation

Garlic was examined in field experiments conducted in central Ser­bia (Belgrade). Spring garlic was examined. The objective was to examine the effect of plant density on photosynthesis productivity (LAR-Leaf Area Ratio, NAR- Net Assimilation Rate) and the yield of garlic. The analysis involved the following plant densities: 300 (G1), 450 (G2), 600 (G3), 750 (G4) and 900 (G5) thousand plants ha-1. The garlic exhibited better results in denser crop establishment. It is clearly indicated by the yield of garlic attained in the experiments. Average yield rates range from 5.6 (G1) to 12.5 t ha-1 (G5). The results demonstrate that the garlic should be grown in high density establishment.

scholarly journals Incident Irradiance and Cupric Hydroxide Container Treatment Effects on Early Growth and Development of Container-grown Pawpaw Seedlings

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk W. Pomper ◽  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
Snake C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
The North ◽  
Landscape Plant ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Cupric Hydroxide

The North American pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] has great potential as a fruit crop or as a landscape plant. The influence of incident irradiance on pawpaw seedling growth and development in containers was examined in the greenhouse and outdoors. Root spiraling can be a problem for container-grown pawpaw seedlings; therefore, the influence of paint containing cupric hydroxide [Cu(OH)2] at 100 g·L-1 applied to the interior of containers on plant growth was also examined in a greenhouse environment. In pawpaw seedlings grown outdoors for 11 weeks, low to moderate shading levels of 28%, 51%, or 81% increased leaf number, total leaf area, and total plant dry weight (DW) compared to nonshaded seedlings. A shading level of 81% decreased the root to shoot ratio by half compared to nonshaded plants. Shading of 98% reduced leaf number, leaf size, and shoot, root, and total plant DW. Shading increased leaf chlorophyll a and b concentrations for pawpaw seedlings grown outdoors, while it decreased average specific leaf DW (mg·cm-2). In a separate greenhouse experiment, pawpaw seedlings subjected to shade treatments of 0%, 33%, 56%, 81%, or 98% did not respond as greatly to shading as plants grown outdoors. Greenhouse-grown plants had greater total and average leaf area under 33% or 56% shading than nonshaded plants; however, shading >56% reduced root, shoot, and total plant DW. Total shoot DW was greater in greenhouse grown plants with 33% shading compared to nonshaded plants. Pawpaw seedlings in control and most shade treatments (33% to 81%) in the greenhouse environment had more leaves and greater leaf area, as well as larger shoot, root, and total plant DW than seedlings in similar treatments grown outdoors. The greenhouse environment had a 10% lower irradiance, a 60% lower ultraviolet irradiance, and a significantly higher (1.23 vs. 1.20) red to far-red light ratio than the outdoors environment. Treatment of container interiors with Cu(OH)2 decreased total and lateral root DW in nonshaded seedlings, and it adversely affected plant quality by causing a yellowing of leaves and reduction of chlorophyll levels by the end of the experiment in shaded plants. Growth characteristics of pawpaw seedlings were positively influenced by low to moderate shading (28% or 51%) outdoors and low shading (33%) in the greenhouse. Seedlings did not benefit from application of Cu(OH)2 to containers at the concentration used in this study. Commercial nurseries can further improve production of pawpaw seedlings using low to moderate shading outdoors.

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