Comparison of suckering, leaf and corm characteristics of taro grown from tissue culture and conventional planting material

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Johnston ◽  
I. C. Onwueme ◽  
A. J. Dowling ◽  
B. C. Rodoni
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Tissue Culture Plantlets

Summary. The growth of taro plants propagated either from tissue culture plantlets or conventionally using huli (sections of corm containing the shoot apex) was followed throughout a season. The plants grown from huli began suckering 11 weeks after planting and produced an average of 5 suckers per plant. During most of the season, the huli-grown plants maintained 4–5 leaves at any one time, but had a high turnover of leaves producing 25 leaves during the 30 week period (0.8 leaves per week). At harvest the corms of the suckers contributed about one-third of the total corm weight to the entire huli stand. Plants grown from tissue culture exhibited earlier suckering (starting 8 weeks after planting) and a more profuse suckering, producing an average of about 8 suckers per plant. The tissue culture plants had a similar number and turnover of leaves on the main plant as the huli plants. However, due to the early and more profuse suckering of the tissue culture plants, the suckers contributed more to the leaf area, leaf number and yield of the entire stand than the huli suckers. The tissue culture main plants had a decreased leaf area, leaf size and shorter petiole length than the huli plants. The total corm yield of the huli and tissue culture entire stand was similar. However, the main corm of the tissue culture plants was smaller as the suckers contributed over 50% to the total corm weight of the entire stand in tissue culture plants.

scholarly journals Sweet Potato Canopy Morphology: Leaf Distribution

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zana C. Somda ◽  
Stanley J. Kays
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Leaf Distribution

Changes in leaf distribution of the sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivar Jewel were assessed bi-weekly for 18 weeks at three plant densities (15, 30, and 45 cm × 96-cm spacing). The distribution of leaves on the branches and the timing at which leaf number stabilized were affected by the plant density. Plant density resulted in significant differences in the number of leaves and percentage of missing leaves during the growing season. Leaf number and total leaf area varied substantially in response to plant density, but individual lamina and petiole lengths and leaf area did not vary. Average petiole and leaf lengths and leaf size increased during the season, with the maximum length and area dependent on the type of branch on which the leaf was formed. Average petiole length per branch and the susceptibility to leaf loss increased with descending branch hierarchy (secondary branch < primary branch < main stem). Leaf losses after the 4th week tended to parallel a progressive increase in petiole length of new leaves, suggesting shading as a primary cause of leaf shedding and the loss of the oldest leaves first.

Defoliation frequency and the response by white clover to increasing phosphorus supply 1. Leaf dry matter yield and plant morphology responses

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Singh ◽  
P. W. G. Sale
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Defoliation Frequency ◽  
P Supply

A glasshouse experiment was carried out to determine how an increasing P supply influences the growth and survival of white clover plants subjected to a range of defoliation frequencies. Treatments involved the factorial combination of P application rate (0, 30, 90, and 180 mg/pot) to a P-deficient Krasnozem soil and defoliation frequency (1, 2, or 4 defoliations over 36 days). The survival of P-deficient plants was threatened by the most frequent defoliation; their leaf area declined owing to a reduction in leaf number and individual leaf size with each successive defoliation. Increasing the P supply to 180 mg/pot reversed this downward trend as the high P plants were able to maintain leaf area by increasing leaf size and number. Increasing the frequency from 1 to 4 defoliations over the 36 days also changed the form of the leaf dry matter response to added P, from an asymptotic to a linear response. The P requirement of white clover for maximum leaf yield therefore increased under frequent defoliation. This effect was also apparent for a range of morphological measurements including stolon elongation rate, leaf area, root mass, leaf number, and stolon number, where the magnitude of the P response was consistently greater for frequently defoliated plants. Exceptions included stolon mass, which responded more to P addition under infrequent defoliation.

scholarly journals Leaf area of common bean genotypes during early pod filling as related to plant adaptation to limited phosphorus supply

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Santos Trindade ◽  
Adelson Paulo Araújo ◽  
Marcelo Grandi Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Plant Adaptation ◽  
Net Assimilation

Low phosphorus supply markedly limits leaf growth and genotypes able to maintain adequate leaf area at low P could adapt better to limited-P conditions. This work aimed to investigate the relationship between leaf area production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes during early pod filling and plant adaptation to limited P supply. Twenty-four genotypes, comprised of the four growth habits in the species and two weedy accessions, were grown at two P level applied to the soil (20 and 80 mg kg-1) in 4 kg pots and harvested at two growth stages (pod setting and early pod filling). High P level markedly increased the leaf number and leaf size (leaf area per leaf), slightly increased specific leaf area but did not affect the net assimilation rate. At low P level most genotypic variation for plant dry mass was associated with leaf size, whereas at high P level this variation was associated primarily with the number of leaves and secondarily with leaf size, specific leaf area playing a minor role at both P level. Determinate bush genotypes presented a smaller leaf area, fewer but larger leaves with higher specific leaf area and lower net assimilation rate. Climbing genotypes showed numerous leaves, smaller and thicker leaves with a higher net assimilation rate. Indeterminate bush and indeterminate prostrate genotypes presented the highest leaf area, achieved through intermediate leaf number, leaf size and specific leaf area. The latter groups were better adapted to limited P. It is concluded that improved growth at low P during early pod filling was associated with common bean genotypes able to maintain leaf expansion through leaves with greater individual leaf area.

scholarly journals Incident Irradiance and Cupric Hydroxide Container Treatment Effects on Early Growth and Development of Container-grown Pawpaw Seedlings

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk W. Pomper ◽  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
Snake C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
The North ◽  
Landscape Plant ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Cupric Hydroxide

The North American pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] has great potential as a fruit crop or as a landscape plant. The influence of incident irradiance on pawpaw seedling growth and development in containers was examined in the greenhouse and outdoors. Root spiraling can be a problem for container-grown pawpaw seedlings; therefore, the influence of paint containing cupric hydroxide [Cu(OH)2] at 100 g·L-1 applied to the interior of containers on plant growth was also examined in a greenhouse environment. In pawpaw seedlings grown outdoors for 11 weeks, low to moderate shading levels of 28%, 51%, or 81% increased leaf number, total leaf area, and total plant dry weight (DW) compared to nonshaded seedlings. A shading level of 81% decreased the root to shoot ratio by half compared to nonshaded plants. Shading of 98% reduced leaf number, leaf size, and shoot, root, and total plant DW. Shading increased leaf chlorophyll a and b concentrations for pawpaw seedlings grown outdoors, while it decreased average specific leaf DW (mg·cm-2). In a separate greenhouse experiment, pawpaw seedlings subjected to shade treatments of 0%, 33%, 56%, 81%, or 98% did not respond as greatly to shading as plants grown outdoors. Greenhouse-grown plants had greater total and average leaf area under 33% or 56% shading than nonshaded plants; however, shading >56% reduced root, shoot, and total plant DW. Total shoot DW was greater in greenhouse grown plants with 33% shading compared to nonshaded plants. Pawpaw seedlings in control and most shade treatments (33% to 81%) in the greenhouse environment had more leaves and greater leaf area, as well as larger shoot, root, and total plant DW than seedlings in similar treatments grown outdoors. The greenhouse environment had a 10% lower irradiance, a 60% lower ultraviolet irradiance, and a significantly higher (1.23 vs. 1.20) red to far-red light ratio than the outdoors environment. Treatment of container interiors with Cu(OH)2 decreased total and lateral root DW in nonshaded seedlings, and it adversely affected plant quality by causing a yellowing of leaves and reduction of chlorophyll levels by the end of the experiment in shaded plants. Growth characteristics of pawpaw seedlings were positively influenced by low to moderate shading (28% or 51%) outdoors and low shading (33%) in the greenhouse. Seedlings did not benefit from application of Cu(OH)2 to containers at the concentration used in this study. Commercial nurseries can further improve production of pawpaw seedlings using low to moderate shading outdoors.

Effects of Nitrogen on Melon (Citrillus lanatus) at Ibadan, Nigeria

1978 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Ogunremi
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria

SUMMARYThree experiments testing the effects of nitrogen on melon showed significant varietal differences. Nitrogen increased yields by increasing fruits/plant, seeds/fruit and seed weight, had no effect on fruit weight, size and husk, and increased leaf area through leaf number and leaf size. Fruit growth coincided with a rapid decline in leaf area, indicating that the mottled green fruits contributed appreciable assimilates towards their own growth. The implications of the findings, and the inefficiency of the crop in seed formation, are discussed.

scholarly journals Breeding strategies for soybean canopy structure optimization in dry regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 186 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
V.E. Rosenzweig ◽  
◽  
D.V. Goloenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Soybean Canopy

Water supply is one of the key factors limiting soybean yield. Coming from the monsoon climate region, soybean lacks effective means of leaf surface growth restriction and is prone to produce excessive leaf area that leads to undesirable transpiration increase. Reducing branching rate and, correspondingly, leaf number per plant is usually proposed to decrease leaf area. However, as far as branching ability is generally a useful trait contributing to yield stability, we have undertaken a search for possible alternative ways of leaf area reduction. Soybean canopy structure was studied in our germplasm nursery in Kursk region. We have updated an express method of soybean trifoliate leaf surface calculation. A regression index for soybean trifoliate leaf surface by central leaflet length and width product characterizes leaflet shape and depends from its length to width ratio. In the sampling studied, trifoliate leaf surface varied from 79 to 150sq. cm. Leaf area index (LAI) varied from 4.0 to 8.6 sq. m/sq. m, with optimal LAI equal to 6.0 sq. m/sq. m. Excessive LAI (over 7.7 sq. m/sq. m) decreased yield by 20 %. Optimal LAI may be achieved by various combinations of leaf size and leaf number per plant. Lines possessing good branching rate but remaining within optimal LAI values due to small leaf size were revealed. Thus, lamina size reduction may be proposed as an alternative breeding direction to solve a conflict of bushy plant type and drought tolerance.

scholarly journals Influence of Soil Moisture Stress on Vegetative Growth and Mycorrhizal Colonization in Hound’s-tongue (Cynoglossum officinale)

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Mina Momayyezi ◽  
Mahesh K. Upadhyaya
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress

Hound’s-tongue is an invasive, biennial weed that thrives in dry rangelands of British Columbia. Rosette formation in the first year of growth and a deep root system offer this weed a competitive advantage against associated grasses under dry conditions. To study effects of water stress on seedling growth and mycorrhizal colonization in hound’s-tongue, seedlings of this weed were grown in pots in a greenhouse and subjected to four (100, 80, 60, and 40% of field capacity) soil moisture treatments. Effects of soil moisture stress (SMS) on several growth parameters as well as mycorrhizal colonization of roots were studied. The total biomass, shoot and root fresh and dry weights, leaf number, petiole length, leaf area, and specific leaf weight (leaf dry weight per unit leaf area) decreased with increasing SMS; shoot and root water content was not affected. Because of a greater effect of SMS on root compared with the shoot biomass, shoot:root ratio increased as the moisture stress increased. Water stress decreased mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscule and vesicle abundance. A reduction in total biomass, leaf number and leaf area per plant, petiole length, and mycorrhizal colonization may reduce the competitive advantage of hound’s-tongue over its neighbors under drought conditions. The effect on plant size may also influence herbivory, by biocontrol agents and other herbivores, and fecundity of this weed.

scholarly journals Morpho-Agronomical Diversity of Forest Clove in Moluccas, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Asri Subkhan Mahulette ◽  
Hariyadi Hariyadi ◽  
Sudirman Yahya ◽  
Ade Wachjar ◽  
Ilyas Marzuki
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Size Index ◽  
Main Component Analysis ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Agronomical Traits

Forest clove (Zyzygium aromaticum) is a type of wild clove found in Moluccas. The increasing interest of farmers in cultivating this plant leads to complete their information of morpho-agronomical characteristics which could provide diversity reflecting morpho-agronomical their distribution areas. This study aimed to characterize the morpho-agronomical traits of Forest clove plants in Moluccas. By survey, Forest clove more than 15 year old tree totalling of 50 populations were observed their 54 morpho-agronomical characteristics in two areas (Ambon and Seram) from March to June 2018. Two aromatic cloves, namely Tuni and Zanzibar were used for comparative analysis. The results showed that Forest cloves had a similarity of 78% among the population and grouped into 3 groups with a morpho-agronomical variation of 22%. On the contrary, Forest cloves and comparators (Tuni and Zanzibar) had morpho-agronomical differences of 58%. Based on the main component analysis, there were 11 most influential characters of Forest cloves (leaf size index, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, petiole length, flower length, diameter of flower tube, ripe flower weight, fruit length, fruit width, and fruit weight) which could be descriptors for this plant species.

Effects of sowing date, photoperiod and nitrogen on variation in main culm leaf dimensions in field-grown wheat

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Hotsonyame ◽  
L. A. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Key Words Wheat ◽  
Leaf Dimensions ◽  
Low Nitrogen

In some cereal simulation models, canopy leaf area development is calculated using relationships that summarize how leaf size changes with position. The nature and extent to which various environmental factors interact with ontogenetic variations in leaf size, however, is not clearly understood. This study was undertaken, therefore, to evaluate how temperature, photoperiod and nitrogen impact on leaf to leaf relationships in wheat grown under field conditions. Four contrasting genotypes of wheat comprising two spring and two unvernalized winter types were sown on five dates, supplied with one of two levels of nitrogen (150 kg N ha−1 and 0 kg N ha−1), and grown under natural and extended photoperiod conditions. For the spring wheats, individual mature leaf area increased along with leaf number up to leaf 5 (a stage that coincided with rapid stem elongation) but varied for subsequent leaves in a manner that was dependent on genotype and environment.In the period prior to the expansion of the fifth leaf, neither nitrogen nor photoperiod significantly influenced the pattern of change in leaf size. Thereafter, leaves under low nitrogen and extended photoperiod progressively became smaller, an effect that was due primarily to changes in length rather than in width. For the winter genotypes, which did not reach the stage of rapid stem elongation, mature leaf dimensions increased along with leaf number during the whole period of study and were not markedly affected by photoperiod but, after leaf 5, were smaller for the low nitrogen level. For all genotypes, the size of the first leaf and the coefficients derived by regressing the area of successive leaves on the area of the previous leaf during the vegetative phase varied among sowing dates due partly to the temperature environment under which the leaves at each node developed. The results, however, indicated that the potential leaf size at any of the lowermost leaf positions can be obtained by using a logarithmic function that relates the potential size of one leaf to its predecessor. Such relationship can be used to calculate actual leaf size if account is taken of environmental and assimilate supply factors that operate during leaf expansion. Key words: Wheat, sowing date, leaf area, temperature, photoperiod

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