scholarly journals Rootstock Effects on Shoot Morphology and Spur Quality of `Delicious' Apple and Relationships with Precocity and Productivity

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 622-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Hirst ◽  
David C. Ferree
Keyword(s):  
Regression Line ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Flower Density ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
A Minor ◽  
High Degree

Two-year-old branch sections of `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees growing on 17 rootstock were studied over 6 years to determine the effects of rootstock on shoot morphology and spur quality and describe how these factors may be related to precocity and productivity. Shoot length was affected by rootstock and was positively related to trunk cross-sectional area within each year, but the slope of the regression line decreased as trees matured. The number of spurs on a shoot was largely a product of shoot length. Spur density was inversely related to shoot length, where rootstock with longer shoots had lower spur densities. Flower density was not related to spur density, and shoot length only accounted for a minor part of the variation in flower density. The proportion of spurs that produced flowers was closely related to flower density, indicating that rootstock influence flower density by affecting the development of individual buds rather than by the production of more buds. More vigorous rootstock generally had spurs with larger individual leaves and higher total leaf area per spur, but fewer spur leaves with lower specific leaf weights. More precocious rootstock were also more productive over a 10-year period when yields were standardized for tree size. Tree size was the best indicator of precocity and productivity, which could be predicted with a high degree of certainty as early as the 4th year.

scholarly journals 314 ROOTSTOCK EFFECTS ON SHOOT MORPHOLOGY OF `DELICIOUS' APPLE

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 475d-475
Author(s):  
Peter M. Hirst ◽  
David C. Ferree
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Strong Negative Relationship ◽  
Flower Density

One way in which rootstocks may influence production efficiency is by altering the number of spurs, and in particular reproductive spurs. However, rootstock influences on the morpholgy of shoots have not been quantified. Measurements were made on `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' trees growing on 17 rootstocks and planted in 1984 as part of the NC-140 regional rootstock trial. In each of the 6 years from 1988-1993, the length of the 2-year old section of wood of selected branches was measured and the number of spurs, flowers and shoots counted. For all rootstocks, trunk cross-sectional area was closely related to shoot length. Trees on P.22 (the most dwarfing rootstock in the planting) had shoot lengths 40-50% of those of trees on seedling rootstocks. For each rootstock, there was a strong negative relationship between shoot length and spur density, but there was not a common relationship among rootstocks. Similarly, flower number per shoot was also related to shoot length with different relationships for each rootstock. Flower density was not related to vigor for any of the rootstocks.

A Stepped-Bar Apparatus for Thermal Resistance Measurements

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dakotah R. Thompson ◽  
Sameer R. Rao ◽  
Baratunde A. Cola
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Design Modification ◽  
Nonlinear Temperature ◽  
Steady State Heat ◽  
Steady State Heat Transfer ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Good Agreement

A stepped-bar apparatus has been designed and constructed to characterize the thermal resistance of materials using steady-state heat transfer techniques. The design of the apparatus is a modification of the ASTM D5470 standard where reference bars of equal cross-sectional area are used to extrapolate surface temperatures and heat flux across a sample of unknown thermal resistance. The design modification involves intentionally oversizing the upper reference bar (URB) of the apparatus to avoid contact area uncertainty due to reference bar misalignment, which is difficult to account for, as well as the high cost that can be associated with equipping the apparatus with precise alignment controls (e.g., pneumatic alignment). Multidimensional heat transfer in the upper reference bar near the sample interface is anticipated using numerical modeling. The resulting nonlinear temperature profile in the upper reference bar is accounted for by fitting a second order regression line through thermocouple readings near the sample interface. The thermal resistances of commercially available thermal gap pads and thermal pastes were measured with the stepped-bar apparatus; the measured values were in good agreement with published results, and exhibited a high degree of reproducibility. The measurement uncertainty of both the standard and stepped-bar apparatus decrease with increased thermocouple precision. Notably, the uncertainty due to reference bar misalignment with the standard apparatus becomes more pronounced as thermocouple precision and the number of thermocouples increases, which suggests that the stepped-bar apparatus would be especially advantageous for enabling accurate, high-precision measurements of very low thermal resistances.

scholarly journals South Carolina: Republican Success, Democratic Decline

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 109-130
Author(s):  
Laurence W. Moreland ◽  
Robert P. Steed
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
The State ◽  
Campaign Strategies ◽  
Presidential Candidates ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Fail Safe ◽  
High Degree

In 2004 South Carolina continued to play an increasingly familiar role: a critical battleground state in the presidential nomination process but a minor, generally ignored player in the general election. South Carolina has become such a reliable source of eight electoral votes for Republican presidential candidates that the state no longer figures in presidential campaign strategies. Republican presidential candidates assume that the state will be a nearly fail-safe “red state” with little or no effort, and Democratic presidential candidates assume with a high degree of certainty that the state will once again be a Republican stronghold, regard-less of what happens elsewhere. In the 2004 presidential election these assumptions quickly turned into hard facts early on in the election cycle. Indeed, beginning with the 1964 presidential election, Republican presidential candidates have carried the state in ten of the eleven presidential contests to date, with only 1976 standing as the lone exception (when Georgia neighbor Jimmy Carter carried the state).

Sapwood area as an estimator of foliage biomass and projected leaf area for Abiesbalsamea and Picearubens

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Marchand
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
High Degree

Sapwood conducting area was found to be highly correlated with foliage biomass and projected leaf area in both balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill) and red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.). Linear regression equations from sapwood measured at breast height (1.3 m) were as follows: for balsam fir, foliage mass = 0.138X − 1.491 (R = 0.978) and projected leaf area = 0.673X − 5.453 (R = 0.952), where X is sapwood conducting area in cm2. For red spruce, foliage mass = 0.072X − 0.410 (R = 0.914) and projected leaf area = 0.167X + 6.772 (R = 0.934). Regressions improved when sapwood area was measured at the base of the live crown. The relationship between sapwood area and foliage mass or projected area in balsam fir was very similar for trees from three sites of greatly different character, suggesting a close, species dependent, physiological relationship between crown size and the cross-sectional area of conductive xylem needed to supply water to the foliage. Thus, it appears that foliage area can be predicted from increment cores with a high degree of certainty and without concern for differences in stand condition or individual tree vigor.

Computer Reconstruction of the Cellular Architecture of the Daphnia Magna Optic Ganglion

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 284-285
Author(s):  
E. R. Macagno ◽  
C. Levinthal
Keyword(s):  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Compound Eye ◽  
Synaptic Connectivity ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Small Crustacean ◽  
Optic Ganglion ◽  
Structural Invariance ◽  
High Degree

The optic ganglion of Daphnia Magna, a small crustacean that reproduces parthenogenetically contains about three hundred neurons: 110 neurons in the Lamina or anterior region and about 190 neurons in the Medulla or posterior region. The ganglion lies in the midplane of the organism and shows a high degree of left-right symmetry in its structures. The Lamina neurons form the first projection of the visual output from 176 retinula cells in the compound eye. In order to answer questions about structural invariance under constant genetic background, we have begun to reconstruct in detail the morphology and synaptic connectivity of various neurons in this ganglion from electron micrographs of serial sections (1). The ganglion is sectioned in a dorso-ventra1 direction so as to minimize the cross-sectional area photographed in each section. This area is about 60 μm x 120 μm, and hence most of the ganglion fit in a single 70 mm micrograph at the lowest magnification (685x) available on our Zeiss EM9-S.

THE ROLE OF ANTHROPONYMS IN THE SEMANTIC FIELD OF ARTISTIC WORKS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (29) ◽  
pp. 66-77
Author(s):  
Lidiya Derbenyova
Keyword(s):  
Literary Work ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Horizon Of Expectations

The article explores the role of antropoetonyms in the reader’s “horizon of expectation” formation. As a kind of “text in the text”, antropoetonyms are concentrating a large amount of information on a minor part of the text, reflecting the main theme of the work. As a “text” this class of poetonyms performs a number of functions: transmission and storage of information, generation of new meanings, the function of “cultural memory”, which explains the readers’ “horizon of expectations”. In analyzing the context of the literary work we should consider the function of antropoetonyms in vertical context (the link between artistic and other texts, and the groundwork system of culture), as well as in the context of the horizontal one (times’ connection realized in the communication chain from the word to the text; the author’s intention). In this aspect, the role of antropoetonyms in the structure of the literary text is extremely significant because antropoetonyms convey an associative nature, generating a complex mechanism of allusions. It’s an open fact that they always transmit information about the preceding text and suggest a double decoding. On the one hand, the recipient decodes this information, on the other – accepts this as a sort of hidden, “secret” sense.

Electrostatic effects on ionization equilibria: An MNDO study of proton and hydrogen transfer reactions of 4-fluorobutylamine

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Friedl ◽  
Stanislav Böhm
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Transfer ◽  
Substituent Effects ◽  
Radical Cations ◽  
Transfer Reactions ◽  
Protonated Forms ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
Bond Strengths ◽  
Ionization Equilibria ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Gas Phase Basicities

The relative enthalpies of proton transfer δ ΔH0and homolytic bond strengths δDH0(B-H+) were calculated by the MNDO method for the sp and ap conformers of 4-flurobutylamine. The data obtained, along with the experimental gas phase basicities, are compared with the values predicted by the electrostatic theory. It is shown that the substituent polar effects FD on the basicities of amines are predominantly due to interactions in their protonated forms (X-B-H+) and/or radical-cations (X-B+.), those in the neutral species (X-B) playing a minor part. A contribution, which is considerably more significant in the sp conformer than in the ap conformer, arises probably also from substituent effects on the homolytic bond strength DH0(B-H+.

Biographic Characteristics and Factors Perceived as Affecting Female and Male Careers in Academic Surgery: The Tenured Gender Battle to Make It to the Top

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 139-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Schwarz ◽  
Sonia Sippel ◽  
Andrew Entwistle ◽  
Anna Kathrin Hell ◽  
Sarah Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Career Guidance ◽  
Work Satisfaction ◽  
Attrition Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Academic Surgery ◽  
Female Surgeons ◽  
High Degree

Purpose: Given the high attrition rate in the field of academic surgery, we aimed to characterise the professional and personal situations of female and male academic surgeons as well as to gather data on their respective perceptions of career advancement and work satisfaction. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in Germany, inviting all identifiable academically highly qualified female surgeons and their male counterparts in a 1:2 ratio to participate. An anonymous 103-item online questionnaire was designed and the data collected between July and September 2014. Results: The questionnaire was sent to 93 female and 200 male surgeons, of whom 63 women (67.7%) and 70 men (35.0%) replied. The average age was 47.5 and 47.1 years, respectively. Respondents identified ‘high degree of expertise', ‘ambition', and ‘clarity of one's professional aims' as important factors affecting professional career development. Both groups felt ‘workload', ‘working hours/shifts', and ‘gender' to be a hindrance, the latter of significantly greater importance to female surgeons. The mean work satisfaction scores were high in both female (69.5%) and male (75.7%) surgeons. The predictors ‘support from superiors' (standardised β coefficient = 0.41) and ‘manual aptitude' (β = 0.41) contributed incrementally to the variance in ‘high degree of work satisfaction' (90-100%) observed for female surgeons. However, childcare provided by ‘kindergarten/crèche/after-school care' had the greatest negative predictive value (β = -1.33). Conclusions: Although there are many parallels, female faculty members experience the culture of academic surgery to some extent differently from their male counterparts, especially when impacted by parenthood and childcare. Faculty development programmes need to develop strategies to improve perceived equality in career opportunities by respecting individuals' requirements as well as offering gender-appropriate career guidance.

scholarly journals Suicidal Ideation Profiles in Patients with Fibromyalgia Using Transdiagnostic Psychological and Fibromyalgia-Associated Variables

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Jorge L. Ordóñez-Carrasco ◽  
María Sánchez-Castelló ◽  
Elena P. Calandre ◽  
Isabel Cuadrado-Guirado ◽  
Antonio J. Rojas-Tejada
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Psychological Pain ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire ◽  
High Degree

Several studies have emphasized the heterogeneity of fibromyalgia patients. Furthermore, fibromyalgia patients are considered a high-risk suicide group. The ideation-to-action framework proposes a set of transdiagnostic psychological factors involved in the development of suicidal ideation. The present study aims to explore the existence of different subgroups according to their vulnerability to suicidal ideation through these transdiagnostic psychological variables and a set of variables typically associated with fibromyalgia. In this cross-sectional study, 151 fibromyalgia patients were assessed through the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale, Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire, Defeat Scale, Entrapment Scale, Psychache Scale, and Beck Hopelessness Scale. A K-means cluster analysis identified two clusters, one (45.70%) according to a low vulnerability, and a second (54.30%) with a high vulnerability to suicidal ideation. These clusters showed statistically significant differences in suicidal ideation and suicide risk. However, no differences were observed in most socio-demographic variables. In conclusion, fibromyalgia patients who present a clinical condition characterized by a moderate-high degree of physical dysfunction, overall disease impact and intensity of fibromyalgia-associated symptoms, along with a high degree of perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, defeat, entrapment, psychological pain and hopelessness, form a homogeneous group at high risk for suicidal ideation.

Formation and dynamics of Saturn and its disk simulated by using a new N-body model

Open Physics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pavlov ◽  
Y. Pavlova
Keyword(s):  
Surface Density ◽  
Electromagnetic Interaction ◽  
The Core ◽  
Body Model ◽  
Magnetic Forces ◽  
Axis Of Rotation ◽  
Gravitational Model ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
Body Self ◽  
A Minor

AbstractThe formation of Saturn and its disk is simulated using a new N-body self-gravitational model. It is demonstrated that the formation of the disk and the planet is the result of gravitational contraction of a slowly rotated particle cloud that have a shape of slightly deformed sphere. The sphere was flattened by a coefficient of 0.8 along the axis of rotation. During the gravitational contraction, the major part of the cloud transformed into a planet and a minor part transformed into a disk. The thin structured disk is a result of the electromagnetic interaction in which the magnetic forces acting on charged particles of the cloud originate in the core of the planet. The simulation program gives such parameters of Saturn as the escape velocity of about 35 km/s at the surface, density, rotational velocities of the rings and temperature distribution.

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