scholarly journals Antioxidant Defencive Response of Ray Florets Underuncutand Cut Conditions in Cosmos bipinnatus Sonata Pink Series

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 701-706
Keyword(s):  
Cosmos Bipinnatus ◽  
Ray Florets

Ontogeny and histochemistry of the intermediate and reproductive apices of Cosmos bipinnatus var. Sensation in response to gibberellin A3 and photoperiod

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marje Molder ◽  
John N. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Transitional Stage ◽  
Zonation Pattern ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Cosmos Bipinnatus ◽  
Cytological Features ◽  
Short Days

Plants of Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. ‘Sensation’ (a quantitative short-day plant) were grown under continuous conditions favorable or unfavorable for flowering, and some plants in each group were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3). Floral apices of Cosmos are formed by the transition of previously vegetative apices. The vegetative apex shows a cytohistological zonation pattern superimposed upon a tunica–corpus organization. The vegetative apex passes into an intermediate stage presumed typical of many plants held under non-inductive conditions. This stage is marked by many cytological features characteristic of both reproductive and vegetative apices but leaves continue to be produced. The presence of the intermediate stage accounts for conflicting results obtained in physiological studies since there is great variation in response rate depending on age of plant and the stage of the apex at the start of an experiment. This stage is followed by a typical transitional stage marked by an increase in RNA content, increased mitotic activity, and a change in zonation. Elongation of the apex and internodes occurs followed by initiation of the involucral bracts and floret primordia, marking the beginning of the prefloral and inflorescence stages respectively.GA3 specifically induces Cosmos to flower under non-inductive conditions thereby influencing floral initiation in a facultative short-day plant. Microscopic examination of the rate of apical transition revealed that GA3 substituted effectively for short days but was not as efficient an inducer as were short days.

scholarly journals Nectar feeding behavior of some butterflies in the botanical garden of Dhaka university

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Murshida Begum ◽  
Ummey Habiba ◽  
Moksed Ali Howlader
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Corolla Tube ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Tagetes Erecta ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Tephrosia Purpurea ◽  
Nectar Feeding ◽  
Cosmos Bipinnatus ◽  
Eurema Hecabe ◽  
Highly Correlated

Nectar feeding behavior of butterflies belonging to the families Nymphalidae, Danaidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae and Papilionidae were studied in the Botanical garden of Dhaka University. The highest and the lowest duration of searching time was 39 ± 2 and 36 ± 5 seconds respectively for the Catopsila pomona and Zizina otis. The highest and the lowest duration of feeding was 13.0 ± 1 and 9.9 ± 0.9 seconds respectively for the Danaus chrysippus and Zizina otis. The longest proboscis (12.6 ± mm) was recorded in Danaus chrysipus. The deepest corolla (22 ± 5mm) was found in the flower of Cosmos bipinnatus plants. The proboscis of 4 butterfly species named Eurema hecabe, Jononia almana, Catochrysopes strabo and D. chrysipus was highly correlated with the corolla tube of Cosmos bipinnatus, Tephrosia purpurea and Tagetes erecta repectively.Bangladesh J. Zool. 42(1): 85-90, 2014

Synopsis of the Genus Pentacalia (Compositae, Senecioneae) in Bolivia

2021 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 340-371
Author(s):  
Joel Calvo
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Montane Forests ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Northwestern Argentina ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Ray Florets ◽  
First Time ◽  
Subsequent Addition

The Neotropical genus Pentacalia Cass. (Compositae, Senecioneae) is distributed from southern Mexico to northwestern Argentina, plus two disjunct species that thrive in Brazil. Most species diversity occurs in the montane forests of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It comprises scandent woody plants characterized by displaying alternate leaves (opposite in three species), involucres with supplementary bracts, usually yellow ray florets (when present), sagittate to caudate anther bases, and truncate to obtuse style branches with a crown of sweeping trichomes (sometimes with a tuft of longer trichomes, but not strictly penicillate). The Bolivian species were revised for the first time by Cabrera (1985), who treated the group under Senecio L. sect. Streptothamni Greenm. Because of the subsequent addition of new species and the need of taxonomic arrangements, an updated synopsis of the genus recognizing 18 species is presented. The names P. brittoniana (Hieron.) Cuatrec. and P. miguelii (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec. are synonymized with P. psidiifolia (Rusby) Cuatrec., as well as P. inquisiviensis H. Rob. & Cuatrec. with P. cardenasii (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec. and P. sailapatensis (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec. with P. urubambensis (Cabrera) Cuatrec. Seven names are lectotypified and an epitype is designated for the name P. zongoensis (Cabrera) J. Calvo. The new species P. viburnifolia J. Calvo & A. Fuentes is described. Revised nomenclature, succinct descriptions, taxonomic discussions, lists of specimens examined, and distribution maps are provided for all accepted species, in addition to an identification key. Pictures of living plants are also presented for eight species.

Synopsis of Pentacalia (Compositae: Senecioneae) in Brazil

Rodriguésia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aristônio Magalhães Teles ◽  
Geovana Vieira da Fonseca ◽  
Lidyanne Yuriko Saleme Aona
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
New Record ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Northeast Region ◽  
Taxonomic Treatment ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Ray Florets

Abstract The genus Pentacalia belongs to the tribe Senecioneae. It is represented by approximately 160 species predominantly distributed in the Andes. Species of Pentacalia are characterized by having a scandent habit, usually alternate leaves, axillary or terminal capitulescence, homogamous or heterogamous capitula, commonly yellow ray-florets, yellowish, creamy, or whitish disc-florets, sagittate to caudate anther-bases, and cypselae with five to ten ribs. The aim of the present study was to perform a taxonomic treatment of Pentacalia in Brazil, where it is represented by two species, P. desiderabilis and P. tropicalis, from the Atlantic Forest Domain. Detailed descriptions, taxonomic discussions, geographical distributions, an identification key, illustrations and a new record of P. tropicalis for the Northeast Region are presented. Moreover, three names (Senecio desiderabilis, S. ellipticus, and S. tropicalis) are lectotypified.

scholarly journals Dramatic Increase in Content of Diverse Flavonoids Accompanied with Down-Regulation of F-Box Genes in a Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.) Mutant Cultivar Producing Dark-Purple Ray Florets

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 865
Author(s):  
Yeong Deuk Jo ◽  
Jaihyunk Ryu ◽  
Ye-Sol Kim ◽  
Kyung-Yun Kang ◽  
Min Jeong Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translational Regulation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Photodiode Array Detection ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Ray Florets ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat ◽  
Flavonoid Accumulation

Anthocyanins (a subclass of flavonoids) and flavonoids are crucial determinants of flower color and substances of pharmacological efficacy, respectively, in chrysanthemum. However, metabolic and transcriptomic profiling regarding flavonoid accumulation has not been performed simultaneously, thus the understanding of mechanisms gained has been limited. We performed HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS (high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) and transcriptome analyses using “ARTI-Dark Chocolate” (AD), which is a chrysanthemum mutant cultivar producing dark-purple ray florets, and the parental cultivar “Noble Wine” for metabolic characterization and elucidation of the genetic mechanism determining flavonoid content. Among 26 phenolic compounds identified, three cyanidins and eight other flavonoids were detected only in AD. The total amounts of diverse flavonoids were 8.0 to 10.3 times higher in AD. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were not up-regulated in AD at the early flower stage, implying that the transcriptional regulation of the pathway did not cause flavonoid accumulation. However, genes encoding post-translational regulation-related proteins, especially F-box genes in the mutated gene, were enriched among down-regulated genes in AD. From the combination of metabolic and transcriptomic data, we suggest that the suppression of post-translational regulation is a possible mechanism for flavonoid accumulation in AD. These results will contribute to research on the regulation and manipulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in chrysanthemum.

scholarly journals DET MORPH- a new method for an accurate acquisition of fine-morpholoqical data - Exemplified on the Achillea millefolium group (Asteraceae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-58
Author(s):  
Johannes Saukel ◽  
Wolfgang Wlach
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
New Method ◽  
Achillea Millefolium ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Ray Florets

Det-Morph is a new approach for a detailed morphological analysis of primary segments of leafs and ray florets from some species of the Achillea millefolium group (Asteraceae). 56 features of primary segments and 21 features of ray florets both in two different transformation types are yielded by the new software. The usefulness of these features is shown on data of 616 specimens of Achillea setacea, A. collina, A.ceretanica, Adistans s.l., A. millefolium s.l. and A.pannonica.

scholarly journals Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis provides new insights into the mechanism of ray floret morphogenesis in chrysanthemum

BMC Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Pu ◽  
He Huang ◽  
Xiaohui Wen ◽  
Chenfei Lu ◽  
Bohan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Model Material ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Tubular Type ◽  
Ring Shape ◽  
Flat Type ◽  
Ray Florets ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Ornamental Traits

Abstract Background The ray floret shapes referred to as petal types on the chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.) capitulum is extremely abundant, which is one of the most important ornamental traits of chrysanthemum. However, the regulatory mechanisms of different ray floret shapes are still unknown. C. vestitum is a major origin species of cultivated chrysanthemum and has flat, spoon, and tubular type of ray florets which are the three basic petal types of chrysanthemum. Therefore, it is an ideal model material for studying ray floret morphogenesis in chrysanthemum. Here, using morphological, gene expression and transcriptomic analyses of different ray floret types of C. vestitum, we explored the developmental processes and underlying regulatory networks of ray florets. Results The formation of the flat type was due to stagnation of its dorsal petal primordium, while the petal primordium of the tubular type had an intact ring shape. Morphological differences between the two ray floret types occurred during the initial stage with vigorous cell division. Analysis of genes related to flower development showed that CYCLOIDEA genes, including CYC2b, CYC2d, CYC2e, and CYC2f, were differentially expressed in different ray floret types, while the transcriptional levels of others, such as MADS-box genes, were not significantly different. Hormone-related genes, including SMALL AUXIN UPREGULATED RNA (SAUR), GRETCHEN HAGEN3 (GH3), GIBBERELLIN 2-BETA-DIOXYGENASE 1 (GA2OX1) and APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF), were identified from 1532 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in pairwise comparisons among the flat, spoon, and tubular types, with significantly higher expression in the tubular type than that in the flat type and potential involvement in the morphogenesis of different ray floret types. Conclusions Our findings, together with the gene interactional relationships reported for Arabidopsis thaliana, suggest that hormone-related genes are highly expressed in the tubular type, promoting petal cell division and leading to the formation of a complete ring of the petal primordium. These results provide novel insights into the morphological variation of ray floret of chrysanthemum.

Inflorescence and floral ontogeny in Osteospermum ecklonis (Asteraceae)

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 605-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Dadpour ◽  
Somayeh Naghiloo ◽  
Gholamreza Gohari
Keyword(s):  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Floral Apex ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ray Florets ◽  
Developmental Features

Development of the capitulum inflorescence with different types of florets in Asteraceae is an interesting issue in the field of plant evolution and development. In this study, ontogeny of the inflorescence and florets of Osteospermum ecklonis (DC.) Norl., an ornamental and evergreen subshrub, was investigated using epi-illumination light microscopy. The initiation and subsequent development of florets on the highly convex inflorescence apex occurred acropetally, except for the ray florets, which showed a lag in initiation. Organogenesis in disc florets started with unidirectional initiation of corolla lobes from the adaxial side and then proceeded by simultaneous appearance of five stamen and finally two median carpel primordia. Significant developmental features included the lack of pappus differentiation, formation of nonsyngenesious stamens, and formation of the ovule-less ovary. Ray florets showed significant differences from disc florets as reflected by the zygomorphic shape of floral apex and shift of floral merosithy from pentamery to tetramery. Also, expansion of corolla lobes to form the ligule and the formation of staminodia were observed. It is hypothesized that the actinomorphic pentamerous disc florets are most primitive among the family from which the tetramerous ray florets are derived. Accordingly, ray florets evolved from disc florets under long-term selective pressure and play a crucial role in enhancing reproductive success.

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