scholarly journals Legal issues encountered by translators and interpreters in Romania, in their activity

2019 ◽  
Vol XXII (2) ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
Istratie-Macarov A. L.
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Daily Activity ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Practical Approach ◽  
The Law

This article is an analysis of the legal framework which regulates the activity of translators and interpreters in Romania. This is not an exhaustive analysis, since legislation is constantly changing and the activity of each translator is different. However, it covers the main aspects a translator should keep in mind when setting up shop. The article is organized around the main institutions which affect the authorization and the activity of translators and interpreters. The analysis focuses both on activity-specific requirements and on requirements targeting sole traders and companies, which cover, among others, health and safety, fire safety, financial statements and GDPR. Taxation is another point in the analysis. The article has a practical approach, discussing some of the difficulties a translator might face in their daily activity, when dealing with the requirements of the law.

8 Close-Out Netting and Safe Harbours

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Early Termination ◽  
Insolvency Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
Safe Harbours ◽  
Multiple Jurisdictions

This chapter studies the early termination of collateral transactions. It is in this context that the transactions must prove their worth, i.e. must show they indeed reduce or limit the credit risk the collateral taker runs on the collateral provider. To achieve this result, contractual techniques have been developed that have subsequently been sanctioned and protected by the law. The chapter looks at the legal framework regulating those contractual techniques. However, the early termination of collateral transactions and the enforcement by the collateral taker of its rights in the assets provided as collateral involve specific legal issues. The majority of collateral transactions provide for 'close-out netting' as a way of enforcement; close-out netting thus replaces traditional enforcement of security interests, such as public auction. In addition, the termination of collateral transactions, and close-out netting in particular, in multiple jurisdictions is protected by 'safe harbours', i.e. shielded from insolvency law rules that would otherwise be applicable.

Naval mines: Legal considerations in armed conflict and peacetime

2016 ◽  
Vol 98 (902) ◽  
pp. 543-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Letts
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Relevant Factor ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Law

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to examine the key elements of the legal framework in which naval mines are used both across the spectrum of conflict and during peacetime. The article will also consider the legal issues associated with the use of mines by States in international armed conflict, and address the distinct legal issues which arise in non-international armed conflict, where the emergence of an increasing presence of non-State armed groups has been a hallmark of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The obligations placed upon States in peacetime, and under the law of neutrality, when the use and presence of naval mines is a relevant factor will also be analyzed.

scholarly journals Fairness in Algorithmic Decision-making

Amicus Curiae ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-96
Author(s):  
Adam Harkens
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Law

This article discusses conceptions of fairness in algorithmic decision-making, within the context of the UK’s legal system. Using practical operational examples of algorithmic tools, itargues that such practices involve inherent technical trade-offs over multiple, competing notions of fairness, which are further exacerbated by policy choices made by those public authorities who use them. This raises major concerns regarding the ability of such choices to affect legal issues in decision-making, and transform legal protections, without adequate legal oversight, or a clear legal framework. This is not to say that the law does not have the capacity to regulate and ensure fairness, but that a more expansive idea of its function is required.

scholarly journals ANALISA KRITIS: HAK KONSTITUSIONAL PROFESI GURU

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-134
Author(s):  
Triwahyu Budi Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
The Law ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
Receive Treatment

Problems constitutional rights of citizens, especially the constitutional right of Master in performing the tasks their profession very interesting to be studied in depth. Many phenomena memprihatin happens to teachers in performing the duties of his profession. \ Legal framework is indispensable for teachers in carrying out the duties of his profession. Konstkitusi rights are the legal rights of the highest level, how 1945 has dimanademen able to give a guarantee of protection for teachers in carrying out the duties of his profession. Constitutional rights contained in the 1945 Constitution before the amendment is 7 chapters that consist of Article 27 paragraph (2), article 28, article 29 (paragraph (2), Article 30 paragraph (1), Article 31 paragraph (1) and Article 32. Meanwhile, after the Second Amendment in 2000, the overall material provisions of the rights of human rights in the 1945 Constitution, which when combined with the various provisions contained in the legislation relating to human rights, can be grouped into four groups containing 37 grains provisions , The teacher is a profession that vulnerable groups receive treatment that could interfere with the task of his profession, thus requiring special treatment for access protection and fulfillment of the constitutional right to avoid the violence and achieve justice with dignity. Constitutional rights for teachers in carrying out professional duties is guaranteed in the Law on Teachers and Lecturers and implied the existence of protection for teachers in implementing professional duties which include: (1) protection of the law; (2) the protection of the profession: and (3) the protection of health and safety.

Mental Health and the Law

2019 ◽  
pp. 373-402
Author(s):  
Deborah Agus ◽  
Kristin E. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
The Law ◽  
Constitutional System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Health Service System

The law lays the framework for all government systems, and public health is no exception. Understanding the legal framework of the United States is essential to designing a functional and legitimate behavioral health service system. The unique structure of US law, which is a constitutional system balanced by statutes and which is federalist in principle, creates both opportunities and challenges to a public health system that similarly strives to balance individual needs and rights with the health and needs of the community. The chapter explains how law is developed and delves into current legal issues that are understood through the lens of a permanent legal structure as interpreted over time. The chapter begins with an explanation of the legal system and legal methods and then explores issues related to individual rights and concerns such as dangerousness, right to treatment, coercive treatment, and the individual rights of choice. When finished, the reader will have a comprehensive outlook providing a tool to analyze issues that are current and dynamic.

The Impact of Emerging Technologies on the Law of Armed Conflict

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Law Of Armed Conflict ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Impact

Emerging technologies have always played an important role in armed conflict. From the crossbow to cyber capabilities, technology that could be weaponized to create an advantage over an adversary has inevitably found its way into military arsenals for use in armed conflict. The weaponization of emerging technologies, however, raises challenging legal issues with respect to the law of armed conflict. As States continue to develop and exploit new technologies, how will the law of armed conflict address the use of these technologies on the battlefield? Is existing law sufficient to regulate new technologies, such as cyber capabilities, autonomous weapons systems, and artificial intelligence? Have emerging technologies fundamentally altered the way we should understand concepts such as law-of-war precautions and the principle of distinction? How can we ensure compliance and accountability in light of technological advancement? This book explores these critical questions while highlighting the legal challenges—and opportunities—presented by the use of emerging technologies on the battlefield.

Education in Virtual Environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Saiger
Keyword(s):  
Progressive Era ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Student Rights ◽  
Education Law ◽  
Virtual Schooling ◽  
Virtual Technology ◽  
The Law ◽  
Bureaucratic Institutions ◽  
Fixed Times

The bricks-and-mortar schools contemplated by American education law and regulation are discrete, bureaucratic institutions, where children interact in person with one another, and with adults who supervise them, inside fixed physical borders at fixed times. Their governance is likewise defined geographically. Virtual schooling, by contrast, is untethered from geography, is ubiquitously asynchronous, and involves the interaction of machine representations of people rather than of people themselves. Virtuality privileges the consumer over the bureaucrat, encourages the disaggregation and recombination of educational components on a bespoke basis, and brings different economies of scale and competitive features to the educational marketplace. The education law we have—the law of the traditional, embodied school—fits virtual technology poorly in critical respects. Virtuality demands fundamentally new legal approaches to areas as diverse as curriculum, attendance, student health and safety, privacy, parental responsibility, disability, student rights, discipline, governance, and equity. Responding to these demands provides occasion to see the law afresh, to reassess and redirect, to align principle and practice more closely, and ultimately to transform educational regulation in the service of equity and learning. This is an opportunity of a kind that has not presented itself since the beginning of the Progressive Era.

Transgender Students

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne E. Eckes ◽  
Maria M. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
School Districts ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Legal Authority ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Student Records ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Transgender Students

Controversies over school policies that impact transgender students have garnered increased attention in recent years. For example, some transgender students have been prohibited from using the restroom that aligns with their gender identity, and others have not been addressed by their preferred names. Thus, in this chapter, we focus on cutting-edge issues that relate specifically to transgender students. In doing so we explore the legal landscape related to transgender student inclusion. We will begin with an overview of relevant research, followed by a presentation of the legal framework and finishing with a discussion of important legal issues, including topics such as access to facilities, privacy, pronouns and student records, athletics, and dress codes. As this chapter will demonstrate, unprecedented efforts in research have revealed alarming inequities experienced by transgender individuals. Concurrently, with some limitations or exceptions, there is a growing body of legal authority that has been successfully relied upon to protect the rights of transgender students. To be certain, the law impacting transgender individuals is multifaceted and evolving. Of notable significance, transgender students who have initiated legal claims against school districts for their discriminatory practices have all ended in favorable outcomes for the students.

scholarly journals Regulating the Tyrell Corporation: the Emergence of Novel Beings

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-434
Author(s):  
David R Lawrence ◽  
Sarah Morley
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Epochal Change ◽  
The Law

AbstractEmerging biotechnologies and advances in computer science promise the arrival of novel beings possessed of some degree of moral status, even potentially sentient or sapient life. Such a manifestation will constitute an epochal change, and perhaps threaten Homo sapiens’ status as the only being generally considered worthy of personhood and its contingent protections; as well as being the root of any number of social and legal issues. The law as it stands is not likely to be capable of managing or adapting to this challenge. This paper highlights the likely societal ramifications of novel beings and the gaps in the legislation which is likely to be relied upon to respond to these. In so doing, the authors make a case for the development of new regulatory structures to manage the moral issues surrounding this new technological upheaval.

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