scholarly journals NFLUENCE OF FAT PHASE ONTECHNOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT INDICATORS OF ICE CREAM PLOMBIR WITHOUT EMULSIFIERS

Food systems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Shobanova ◽  
A. A. Tvorogova
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
High Dispersity ◽  
Fat Particles

The determination of the technological functionality of milk fat particles in terms of their effect on the nucleation in ice cream plombir with a mass fraction of milk fat of at least 15% was the aim of the study. this work was carried out to justify the possibility of producing ice cream without emulsifiers — components that stabilize the air phase. It has been established that milk fat, with content of at least 15% in the ice cream, as a structural element of the system, positively influences the effective viscosity, which optimal value is necessary for the distribution of structural elements in ice cream. Besides the particles of milk fat in plombir are partially demulsified and there-fore are involved in the stabilization of the air phase because of their presence in a higher quantity if to compare with other types of ice cream due to its fragile protein-lipid shell. It promotes also the nucleation of ice crystals, thus ensuring their high dispersity. As stabilizers of the structure the products of physical modification are used, which firmly hold water in the structure, including after temperature fluctuations. the practical importance of the research was found in the development of ice cream plombir technology without the use of emulsifiers — a product without food additives or with a limited use of them.

scholarly journals Structural vehicle impact loading

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-292
Author(s):  
Dragoslav Stojic ◽  
Stefan Conic
Keyword(s):  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Impact Loads ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Static Loads ◽  
Equivalent Static Loads ◽  
Vehicle Impact ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Force Intensity

In contemporary design, vehicle impact into the structures is paid great attention since they can be dominant, depending on the type of structure. The key issue in the vehicle impact analysis is the proper determination of intensity and way of action of dynamic forces on the structural element and its behavior after the imparted load. The Eurocodes, in the annexes provide recommendations for determination of force intensity depending on mass and velocity of the colliding vehicle. Equivalent static loads causing approximate effects on the structural elements are used as quite approximate and efficient methods. The paper comprises the analysis of deformation of columns having the same characteristics, exposed to impact loads via the equivalent static loads, depending on the stress state in columns, and a comparative analysis has been done.

Design Curves for High-Cycle Fatigue Loaded Structural Elements

2013 ◽  
Vol 752 ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Koncsik ◽  
János Lukács
Keyword(s):  
High Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Fatigue Design ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Important Design

Frequently, the cause of the failure of different structures or structural elements is the cyclic loading. Both fatigue design curves and methods for determination of these curves can be found in the literature. Even so, there are structural details whereabouts executing of examinations is necessary. The aims of the study are as follows: to give a short summary of important design curves can be found in different standards or specifications; and to demonstrate of own high cycle fatigue tests on a soldered structural element and the comparing of our results and the results of an empirical method.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF SERVICEABILITY IN THE PROCESS OF WEAR OF ELEMENTS DURING THE OPERATION OF OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Sevda Aliyeva Sevda Aliyeva
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Production Equipment ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Total Utility ◽  
Generalized Indicator

The generalized indicator of useful use, depending on the state of individual elements of oil-producing equipment, characterizes the ability of this equipment to perform its function during operation at optimal working time. The generalized indicator of the useful use of operational equipment can be described as the calculated sum of the indicator of the useful use of individual equipment elements. If, during operation, the oil-producing equipment retains its operability due to frequent replacement of its structural and non-structural elements, then such operational equipment is considered by users as outdated. Operating equipment can be divided into 6 categories according to the indicators of suitability. The article analyzes the state of useful use of equipment and, as a result, the total utility of equipment is calculated in accordance with the indicators of useful use by category, and graphs of changes in the state of useful use are constructed. Based on the study of the graphs of the useful use of equipment, it was proposed to conduct an analysis in the following areas: • Evaluation of the design and technological perfection of the equipment by users according to important new parameters. • Determination of equipment compliance with wear standards during operation. Keywords: structural element, wear theory, the usefulness of jam, categories, schedule of changes, reliability.

scholarly journals STUDIES OF WATER FREEZING FEATURES IN ICE CREAM WITH STARCH SYRUP

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Polischuk ◽  
T. Sharahmatova ◽  
N. Breus ◽  
O. Bass ◽  
I. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Technological Process ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Dextrose Equivalent ◽  
Cooling Chamber ◽  
Fine Crystalline Structure

The purpose of the study is to research the process of water freezing in new types of ice cream with starch syrup at certain stages of the technological process. Starch syrup as a degradation product of corn starch is characterized by different values of the dextrose equivalent (DE). Starch syrup is a source of solids, sweetener, cryoprotectants (at high DE) and thickener (for low values of DE). The starch syrups  with fundamentally different functional and technological properties are chosen for the study: high glucose-fructose syrup HGFS-98 (DE = 98) and low-sugar starch syrup GFS-30 (DE = 30). To determine the size of ice crystals in ice cream, a light microscope of the brand XS-2610 with a cooling chamber is used for an increase of x600, and the cryoscopic temperature is measured by cryostat and Beckmann thermometer (TL-1) to calculate the content of frozen out water. The regularities of the process of water freez-out in ice cream with milk fat content of 3.5%, creamy fat content of 10% and filling with fat content of 15% in the temperature range from minus 6ºС to minus 40ºС are established. In particular, the content of frozenwater in ice-cream at certain stages of the technological process is determined. The results are used to optimize the prescription composition of ice cream with starch syrup. It is recommended to use hydrocarbon complexes consisting of HGFS-98 and GFS-30 in the ratio of 30:70 to 80:20 to reduce the content of frozen water in ice cream of different chemical compositions. The results of the study are of practical importance and allow to obtain in production conditions the fine-crystalline structure of ice cream with starch syrup.

scholarly journals Kajian Analisis Respon Struktur Bangunan Baja di Bawah Pengaruh Kombinasi Beban Termal (Kebakaran) dan Beban Angin. (Hal. 13-25)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Amatulhay Pribadi
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Load ◽  
Stress Ratio ◽  
Steel Structure ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Temperature Load ◽  
Critical Thermal Load ◽  
Steel Properties

ABSTRAKBeban termal yang terjadi pada bangunan dapat mengakibatkan degradasi pada struktur baja dan menyebabkan keruntuhan. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh beban termal disertai beban angin terhadap respon dari struktur bangunan baja lima belas lantai yang berfungsi sebagai perkantoran dengan mempertimbangkan degradasi propertis baja, reduksi beban hidup dan beban mati tambahan, serta kecepatan penanganan pemadaman. Simulasi terbagi menjadi tiga kasus yaitu penanganan pemadaman kebakaran cepat, penanganan pemadaman kebakaran lambat, dan penentuan beban termal kritis. Analisis struktur dilakukan dengan bantuan software ETABS. Hasil simulasi kebakaran menunjukkan semakin tinggi temperatur maka stress ratio dari elemen struktur makin membesar. Pada penentuan beban termal kritis diperoleh bahwa besar beban termal yang dapat menyebabkan minimal satu elemen struktur utama mengalami kegagalan pada umumnya berbeda pada lantai level bawah, tengah, dan atas. Pada studi kasus ini diperoleh beban temperatur kritis paling besar yaitu pada lantai level atas.Kata kunci: beban termal, degradasi propertis baja, kegagalan struktur ABSTRACTThermal load on the building can lead into the degradation of steel structure and cause collapse. This study analyze the effect of thermal along with wind loads on the response of fifteen stories steel structure building which serves as an office by considering the degradation of steel properties, the reduction of live load and super imposed dead load, and the speed of handling the extinguishing. This simulation is divided into three cases which are fast handling of extinguishing, slow handling of extinguishing, and the determination of the critical thermal load. Structural analysis will be done using the ETABS software. The result of fire simulation showed that when the temperature is higher, the stress ratio of structural elements will also expand. In the determination of the critical thermal load, it is obtained that the thermal loads which can cause failure in minimum one major structural element are generally different at the bottom, middle, and top level of stories. In this case study, the highest critical temperature load is on the top level.Keywords: thermal load, steel properties degradation, structure failure

Experimental Determination of Stress Concentrations in Composite Laminates and their Effects on Damage Evolution

2006 ◽  
Vol 5-6 ◽  
pp. 383-390
Author(s):  
D.T.G. Katerelos ◽  
C. Galiotis
Keyword(s):  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Space Structures ◽  
Civil Infrastructure ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Stress Concentrations ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fail Safe ◽  
Circular Notch

Composite laminates are used for the construction of a wide range of products; from civil infrastructure to aeronautical or space structures. Since all these structures cannot be built at once, but they are composed by several structural elements connected in various patterns, the problem of stress concentrations strikes importantly. Additionally, the structures are often designed in a “fail safe” manner, which bespeaks the damage tolerance of the material. This means that the structural element and the structure are called to operate in the presence of various forms of damage. Damage locations within a structural element or a structure cause stress rising. In the present paper experimental investigation of the stress concentration arising in composite laminates, (a) around a circular notch and (b) due to damage onset and growth during their lifetime, is presented. The experimental results are compared to analytical model predictions.

STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY ANALYSIS BASED ON P-BOXES

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
S.A. SOLOVYEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Strength Criterion ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Distribution Shape

The article describes a method for reliability (probability of non-failure) analysis of structural elements based on p-boxes. An algorithm for constructing two p-blocks is shown. First p-box is used in the absence of information about the probability distribution shape of a random variable. Second p-box is used for a certain probability distribution function but with inaccurate (interval) function parameters. The algorithm for reliability analysis is presented on a numerical example of the reliability analysis for a flexural wooden beam by wood strength criterion. The result of the reliability analysis is an interval of the non-failure probability boundaries. Recommendations are given for narrowing the reliability boundaries which can reduce epistemic uncertainty. On the basis of the proposed approach, particular methods for reliability analysis for any structural elements can be developed. Design equations are given for a comprehensive assessment of the structural element reliability as a system taking into account all the criteria of limit states.

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